枢椎横突孔与椎弓根螺钉植入解剖学研究

目的通过解剖研究对枢椎（C2）横突孔与椎弓根的关系进行分析,并进一步研究椎弓根螺钉植入过程中如何避免误入横突孔。方法C2骨性标本23个,分别观察横突孔在C2内的走向及与椎弓根、椎弓根峡部的关系,并对相关数据进行测量。结果根据椎动脉进入的方向,C2横突孔可以进一步分为椎弓根外侧的椎弓根段、向后外走行的弯曲段及上关节突下方的关节突段。横突孔弯曲段与椎弓根内上缘的距离D为决定螺钉能否植入的关键,分别为右（6．6±1．4）mm、左（7．0±1．8）mm,小于5mm的有3侧,占6．5%。D与椎弓根宽度P、及横突孔弯曲段上关节突的厚度T负相关（P＜0．01）,据此横突孔与椎弓根的关系分为五种类型：I．P及T均较大,占21．7%;Ⅱ．P及T均居中,占56．5%（26/46）;Ⅲ．P居中但T较小,占13．0%（6/46）;Ⅳ．P及T均较小,占6．5% （3/46）;Ⅴ．P较小但T居中,2．2%（1/46）。结论6．5%的情况下,即Ⅳ型横突孔,由于横突孔弯曲段与椎弓根内上缘的距离D太小,不适合螺钉植入。其他情况下,选择椎弓根内上缘作为进钉方向,均可安全植入椎弓根螺钉。     

寰枕融合对枢椎椎弓根螺钉植入的影响

目的 研究寰枕融合(C1A)对枢椎(C2)椎弓根大小的影响及不同C2螺钉植入技术.方法 C1A患者17例,其中合并寰枢椎脱位14例,合并颅底凹陷、Chiari畸形3例;非寰枕融合(non-C1A)患者25例作为正常对照组.所有患者术前均行CT薄层扫描,导航系统中模拟植入C2椎弓根螺钉,以不破坏椎弓根骨皮质为准,分别测量两组患者C2椎弓根所能容纳的最大椎弓根螺钉直径(MPSD).结果 C1A组17例,34侧C2椎弓根平均MPSD为(5.8±1.4)mm,其中5侧小于4 mm(15%);non-C1A组25例,50侧C2椎弓根平均MPSD为(6.5±1.4)mm,4侧小于4 mm(8%).二组平均MPSD差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).对不适合C2椎弓根螺钉植入的患者,延长固定节段至C3侧块2例,C2椎弓根峡部螺钉2例,椎板间螺钉1例.结论 C1A患者C2椎弓根较正常相对狭小,螺钉植入时应更加小心或选用其他固定方式.     

计算机导航辅助椎弓根螺钉固定的临床研究

目的椎弓根螺钉固定是脊柱病变切除后稳定性重建的标准方法。常规术中透视监测行颈胸节段椎弓根螺钉固定具有相当挑战性,本文旨在就计算机导航辅助椎弓根螺钉固定技术进行初步分析。方法2005年1月至2006年3月在计算机导航系统辅助下,对21例患者（年龄17～63岁,平均43．4岁）共行102枚椎弓根螺钉固定。术前采用0．75mm薄层螺旋CT数据扫描并导入计算机工作站进行脊柱三维重建;术中进行工具注册和匹配后对椎弓根螺钉固定进行实时显示。术后所有病例均采用CT和X线平片随访监测效果。结果手术顺利,螺钉大小选择合适,102枚椎弓根螺钉中100枚螺钉（98%）固定位置及方向准确,2枚椎弓根螺钉突破椎弓根外壁距离小于2mm。所有操作均未发生血管和神经损伤并发症。术中透视次数及手术室人员所受X线辐射量明显减少。结论计算机导航辅助椎弓根螺钉固定是一项安全的手术,且手术精度高。     

内侧"in-out-in"枢椎椎弓根螺钉在上颈椎手术中的应用研究

目的探讨上颈椎手术中应用内侧"in-out-in"枢椎椎弓根螺钉治疗寰枢椎脱位或不稳的临床疗效。方法选择河南省人民医院脊柱脊髓科自2017年1月至2020年1月收治的31例寰枢椎脱位或不稳患者进行研究, 其中17例患者单侧椎弓根狭窄(优势椎动脉15例, 单侧椎动脉2例), 于该侧置入内侧"in-out-in"枢椎椎弓根螺钉, 另一侧置入常规枢椎椎弓根螺钉;14例患者双侧椎弓根狭窄(优势椎动脉13例, 单侧椎动脉1例), 于优势或单侧椎动脉侧置入内侧"in-out-in"枢椎椎弓根螺钉, 另一侧置入内侧或外侧"in-out-in"枢椎椎弓根螺钉。术前及术后5 d、3个月、6个月、12个月时对所有患者行X线、CT、MRI等检查, 对比观察植骨融合情况;收集术前及术后7 d、3个月、6个月、末次随访时所有患者的视觉模拟评分(VAS)、日本矫形外科协会(JOA)评分, 对比评估患者的临床疗效。结果本组患者的手术时间为(164.2±28.3) min(136～224 min), 术中出血量为(283.6±74.5) mL(180～560 mL), 且均无脊髓血管损伤及其他严重并发症发生。术后2例...     

不适合枢椎椎弓根螺钉植入的颅颈交界区后路螺钉固定方法的选择

目的 评价不适合枢椎椎弓根螺钉植入的颅颈交界区后路固定方法的安全性及有效性.方法 回顾性总结分析自2004年5月至2011年8月,32例未采用枢椎椎弓根螺钉固定患者的临床资料,针对性采用枢椎椎板螺钉、枢椎侧块螺钉和延长固定节段至C3侧块的方法.采用问卷调查、电话和门诊复查进行随访,手术前后分别行MRI及CT薄层扫描及重建,评价脊髓受压程度,螺钉位置及脱位复位程度,6个月后复查CT观察骨融合情况.通过比较术前、术后日本骨科协会(JOA)评分评判患者疗效.结果 32例病例均行钉棒固定,共植入枢椎椎板螺钉14枚,枢椎侧块螺钉13枚,C3侧块螺钉36枚.术中未发生椎动脉和脊髓损伤.1枚椎板螺钉突破枢椎椎板外层皮质,但没有影响到固定的稳定性;1枚枢椎侧块螺钉突入横突孔,但未造成椎动脉损伤.32例病例均获得不同程度的复位,随访中1例病例出现复位丢失.结论 根据个体解剖特点,在不适合植入枢椎椎弓根螺钉时,灵活选择不同的替代螺钉固定方式,可以提高手术的安全性和成功率.但其长期有效性仍有待进一步观察研究.     

三维虚拟图像导航技术在脊柱椎弓根螺钉固定中的应用☆

背景：近年来经椎弓根螺钉固定技术显著提高了脊柱固定强度和融合效率,但是椎弓根螺钉置入位置不佳可能损害脊髓和神经引起严重并发症。 目的：评估置入前CT扫描三维虚拟图像导航技术在脊柱椎弓根螺钉固定中的应用价值。 设计、时间及地点：前瞻性、随机对照观察,于2006-01/2008-12在中国医学科学院北京协和医院骨科完成。 对象：纳入因脊柱疾病行椎弓根螺钉固定的患者95例,导航组45例,常规组50例。 方法：将95例患者按随机数字表法分为2组,导航组术中在计算机导航技术辅助下置入椎弓根螺钉,常规组采用传统的解剖标志法结合术中透视定位置入椎弓根螺钉。 主要观察指标：比较2组间螺钉钉道准备时间、螺钉位置优良率及螺钉置入后并发症的发生率。 结果：导航组中36例患者共置入椎弓根螺钉206枚,优良率96.1%;有9例患者因故未能行导航。常规组50例患者共置入椎弓根螺钉285枚,优良率100.0%,无位置差的螺钉。2组患者的螺钉位置优良率差异无显著性意义(P > 0.05)。导航组的钉道准备时间显著长于常规组[(360±22),(56±8) s,P < 0.01]。2组患者螺钉置入后均无并发症发生。 结论：与传统解剖标志定位法相比,应用置入前CT扫描三维虚拟图像导航技术置入椎弓根螺钉的精度无明显差异,且延长了手术时间,其在脊柱椎弓根螺钉固定中的应用价值有限。     

颈椎后路椎弓根螺钉系统C2,3短节段固定材料置入治疗Hangman骨折

目的：分析椎弓根螺钉系统短节段内固定材料置入治疗枢椎椎弓根骨折（Hangman骨折）的临床疗效，评价其应用价值。 方法：回顾性分析四川省人民医院骨科自2004年以来收治的枢椎椎弓根骨折17例患者，按Levine-Edwards分型，其中Ⅱ型4例，ⅡA型6例，Ⅲ型7例，脊髓功能按Frankel分级，12例E级，5例D级；行颅骨牵引复位病情稳定后用椎弓根螺钉系统（美敦力枢法模产品）短节段置入材料固定C2，C3椎弓根。 结果：术中无椎动脉损伤及脊髓损伤，术后摄片及CT检查显示1例两侧椎弓根骨折未复位，其余均复位良好；1例出现脑脊液漏，经常规治疗痊愈。所有病例随访12~24个月，平均14.5个月，骨折均在6个月内愈合，颈椎活动无明显受限，神经功能4例D级恢复至E级。术中所用材料均为钛合金体内置入物，与人体组织的生物相容性好，到随访结束时，无血液、免疫、组织等反应；亦无钛合金腐蚀、磨损等材料反应的发生。 结论：椎弓根螺钉系统短节段固定材料置入治疗Hangman骨折，复位固定及骨折愈合良好，对颈椎功能影响小，神经功能恢复满意。     

脊柱导航手术机器人寰枢椎椎弓根的双置入方法

背景：寰枢椎椎弓根内固定具有良好的生物力学效果,但因其椎弓根容积小、个体差异大,与脊髓、椎动脉及神经根等组织毗邻等原因使这一内固定技术的推广应用受到限制,寰枢椎椎弓根置入精度有待进一步提高。 目的：探索自主研制的脊柱导航手术机器人进行寰枢椎椎弓根双置入的原理,以建立一种精度更高、更为安全且简便易行的新方法。 方法：置入前在头尾侧等分椎弓根的寰枢椎CT剖面图像上,于正中矢状线两侧、椎骨后部弧形骨线上各选取一点,其联线构成一条横线;位于该横线与切过寰枢椎后部最远点的水平线间的正中矢状线构成一条竖线,这样就在寰枢椎椎骨上即体内设置了一条长度已知且相互垂直的横线与竖线。术中在双置入机器手两定位杆尖端间和线配准器上各设定一条相互垂直的横线和竖线,即体外横线和竖线,其长度分别与体内横线和竖线相等。通过X射线侧位透视,将体内和体外的横线与竖线配准,并使两定位杆的尖端紧压寰椎后弓骨面,从而确定寰枢椎椎骨的正中矢状面、冠状面及水平面。设定双置入机器手两导针中心轴线间的距离与左右两置入点间的距离相等,且其中心轴线与正中面的夹角与术前测量的椎弓根中心轴线与正中矢状线的夹角相等,实时动态监测下,脊柱导航手术机器人沿椎弓根中心轴线准确双侧置入。 结果与结论：应用脊柱导航手术机器人行寰枢椎椎弓根双置入,当体内、外的横线及竖线配准及双置入机器手两定位杆的尖端紧密接触弧形骨面时,两导针的尖端只能落在左右椎弓根的置入点上。实时动态监测下,可保证沿寰枢椎左右椎弓根中心轴线准确双置入。     

经伤椎椎弓根螺钉置入内固定治疗胸腰椎骨折

目的：评价经伤椎椎弓根钉内固定治疗胸腰椎骨折的效果及不良反应。 方法：以胸腰椎、骨折、伤椎、椎弓根螺钉、内固定为中文关键词;以thoracolumbar,fracture,Injury vertebral,Pedicle screws,Internal fixation为英文关键词,采用计算机检索1993-01/2009-10相关文章。纳入与有关经伤椎椎弓根钉内固定治疗胸腰椎骨折相关的文章;排除重复研究或Meta分析类文章。以22篇文献为主重点讨论经伤椎椎弓根钉内固定治疗胸腰椎骨折的临床效果及不良反应。 结果：经伤椎椎弓根螺钉内固定能让胸腰骨折获得满意复位,重建椎体高度,增强脊柱的抗压稳定性,提供脊柱的长期稳定;既可有效的使胸腰椎骨折良好复位,牢固固定,又可减少内固定的松动或断裂,减少后凸的形成等内固定并发症;生物力学测试证明胸腰椎骨折伤椎椎弓根内固定能加强脊柱的稳定性;临床应用表明伤椎椎弓根内固定在技术操作上是可行的,选择合适、可靠的内固定物及工具,规范、严格地手术操作,不良反应会降低。 结论：经伤椎椎弓根螺钉内固定是治疗胸腰椎骨折的可靠、有效方法,且不良反应低。     

以CT三维重建技术测量颈椎椎弓根螺钉的置入参数

背景：因颈椎椎弓根细小,走行方向复杂,个体变异大,椎弓根钉置入时易误伤脊髓、椎动脉及神经根,颈椎节段椎弓根螺钉固定技术的应用和推广受到限制,术前测量椎弓根螺钉置入参数的准确度有待提高。 目的：应用CT三维重建技术模拟颈椎椎弓根螺钉置入,获取预植螺钉的椎弓根三维定量解剖数据及置钉参数的方法。 方法：将颈椎16排CT扫描的Dicom数据导入Mimics软件和GE后处理工作站,进行颈椎三维重建和图像处理,测量在置入椎弓根螺钉情况下的置钉参数。 结果与结论：应用CT三维重建技术可以获得清晰颈椎三维图像,使用软件测量功能可精确地获取预置螺钉的椎弓根管宽度、轴线长度、α及β角;在颈椎椎弓螺钉置入情况下,可测量置钉的水平角度安全范围。通过本方法可模拟手术过程,进行常规方法难以完成的三维测量,获取椎弓根螺钉置入个体化数据,为研究颈椎椎弓根螺钉置入的安全性提供了一种可靠的研究方法。     

框架立体定向图像引导颈椎弓根螺钉个体化置钉的实验研究

目的探索一种基于虚拟现实可视化技术的颈椎弓根螺钉置钉方法。方法选取6例成人颅-颈椎标本，改进的四柱式定位框架以螺钉固定于枕颈部，使颅-颈-肩形成统一刚性结构，保持空间位置恒定。CT薄层扫描获取60个椎弓根的空间定位数据，Aero—tech手术规划系统三维建模，设计安全、个体化的置钉路径，导向弓把持下经皮细钻钻孔，套管针导引下置入攻丝，复查CT评价置钉的准确性。结果60个椎弓根置钉中，攻丝与规划路径有偏差者8个，失败率为13％，横突孔方向突破5个，椎管骨皮质突破3个；6例位于C（3-5）（占75％）；2例位于C1、C2椎体（占25％）。结论框架立体定向图像引导的颈椎弓根螺钉个体化置入方向精确，减少置钉的并发症，置钉过程直观、简单，能术前虚拟演示，有临床应用前景。     

A novel technique for placement of sacro-alar-iliac (S2AI) screws by K-wire insertion using intraoperative navigation

Sacral-iliac fixation techniques may be indicated in the management of various lumbosacral pathologies including spinal degeneration, infection, tumour resection, fracture, pseudarthrosis, correction of spinal deformities involving long fusion constructs to the sacrum and cases with poor sacral fixation. There are a number of options for lumbosacral fixation each with their own advantages and disadvantages. Though S2-alar-iliac (S2AI) have demonstrated promising advantages over alternatives, the complex anatomy of the spinopelvic region demands precise insertion of the screws to create a biomechanically robust construct safely. As such, we present a novel technique of using intra-operative CT navigation and K-wires to establish and secure a planned trajectory, thereby ensuring solid spinopelvic fixation with S2AI screws. This was performed as part of a long fusion construct for correction of kyphosis deformity in a male patient.     

True accuracy of percutaneous pedicle screw placement in thoracic and lumbar spinal fixation with a CT-based navigation system: Intraoperative and postoperative assessment of 763 percutaneous pedicle screws

PurposeTo investigate intraoperative reinsertion of percutaneous pedicle screw (PPS) with intraoperative CT-based navigation and to evaluate the rate of deviation of PPS at postoperative radiographic examination.MethodsSeven hundred sixty-three screws were inserted in 138 patients. We investigated the rate of occurrence of intraoperative PPS reinsertion after the diagnosis of screw deviation by fluoroscopy and the causes of each screw deviation. The subsequent distribution of PPS deviation was evaluated by postoperative CT. We also assess the difference in variance between the group judged to be PPS misplaced intra-/postoperatively (IOD group/POD group) and appropriate PPS placement (ND group).ResultsAmong all the screws inserted, 10 (1.3%) were diagnosed as being deviated by fluoroscopy during surgery, and 74 (9.7%) screws were found to be deviated at postoperative CT evaluation. We found more pedicle screw mismatch in the POD group than in the ND group (52.7 vs 11.0%, P < 0.001). The distance between the screw and the reference was greater in the IOD group than that in the ND group (1.4 ± 1.2 vs 2.4 ± 1.1 vertebral levels, P = 0.016). In one patient in the IOD group, a motor function deficit was observed postoperatively.ConclusionPPS fixation under intraoperative CT-based navigation did not prevent screw deviation completely. It is necessary to consider errors that occur during surgery and to confirm placement with real-time assistance such as fluoroscopy even in a surgery performed under CT navigation assistance.     

Inferolateral Entry Point for C2 Pedicle Screw Fixation in High Cervical Lesions

Objective

The purpose of this retrospective study was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of atlantoaxial stabilization using a new entry point for C2 pedicle screw fixation.

Methods

Data were collected from 44 patients undergoing posterior C1 lateral mass screw and C2 screw fixation. The 20 cases were approached by the Harms entry point, 21 by the inferolateral point, and three by pars screw. The new inferolateral entry point of the C2 pedicle was located about 3-5 mm medial to the lateral border of the C2 lateral mass and 5-7 mm superior to the inferior border of the C2-3 facet joint. The screw was inserted at an angle 30° to 45° toward the midline in the transverse plane and 40° to 50° cephalad in the sagittal plane. Patients received followed-up with clinical examinations, radiographs and/or CT scans.

Results

There were 28 males and 16 females. No neurological deterioration or vertebral artery injuries were observed. Five cases showed malpositioned screws (2.84%), with four of the screws showing cortical breaches of the transverse foramen. There were no clinical consequences for these five patients. One screw in the C1 lateral mass had a medial cortical breach. None of the screws were malpositioned in patients treated using the new entry point. There was a significant relationship between two group (p=0.036).

Conclusion

Posterior C1-2 screw fixation can be performed safely using the new inferolateral entry point for C2 pedicle screw fixation for the treatment of high cervical lesions.     

Postoperative complications of Goel-Harms C1-C2 screw-rod fixation technique for C1-C2 instability after C2 nerve sacrifice,a prospective study over two years follow up

BackgroundAtlantoaxial instability is mainly caused by trauma. C2 nerve is usually needed to be sacrificed for adequate exposure of the lateral mass and screw insertion.ObjectivesThis study aimed to investigate the clinical outcome of postoperative complications of C1 and C2 screw-rod fixation using the Goel-Harms technique for C1-C2 instability after sacrificing the C2 nerve root.MethodsAmongst forty patients with C1-C2 pathology, twenty-seven cases were enrolled into the study, then variables, including age, sex, primary pathology, operation duration, postoperative pain, paresthesia, anesthesia, and other specific conditions, were documented. Data analyzed by an expert biostatistician. p-value < 0.05 was considered significant.ResultsRegardless of gender, the most postoperative adverse effect was occipital anesthesia (81.5%). Most of the patients (63%) had both occipital pain and anesthesia one-month post-surgery. At 3- and 6-months post-surgery, occipital pain and anesthesia were seen in 40.7% and 14.8%, respectively.ConclusionThe most common postoperative adverse effect of C2 nerve root scarification after C1-C2 fixation is occipital anesthesia followed by occipital paresthesia and pain, which are reduced in severity over time.     

Evaluation of heart involvement in gamma-sarcoglycanopathy (LGMD2C). A study of ten patients

Thorough non-invasive cardiovascular studies were conducted in a series of ten gamma-sarcoglycanopathy Gypsy patients with the founder C283Y mutation in 13q12. Results were compared with those obtained in an age-matched group of normal boys and girls. The studies included electrocardiographic and echocardiographic evaluations using pulsed wave Doppler tissue imaging to assess regional diastolic function and myocardial velocities at various levels. This study confirms the significant electrocardiographic abnormalities described in previous studies. Furthermore, measurement of myocardial velocity at different levels demonstrated an abnormal relaxation pattern in the tricuspid annulus in four of the oldest patients, which strongly suggests intrinsic myocardial involvement of the right ventricle. To our knowledge, these specific studies have not been previously performed in a clinically and genetically homogeneous group of gamma-sarcoglycanopathy patients and suggest primary myocardial involvement probably due to γ-sarcoglycan deficiency in cardiac muscle fibres. Our results could be of interest in the follow-up of these patients and the prevention and treatment of late cardiological complications.     

Evidence for cell density affecting C2C12 myogenesis: possible regulation of myogenesis by cell-cell communication

Introduction: Community effect is a phenomenon caused by cell–cell communication during myogenesis. In myogenic C2C12 cells in vitro, the confluent phase is needed for myogenesis induction. Methods: To examine the cell‐density effect, growth kinetics and myogenic differentiation were investigated in cells plated at four different cell densities. Results: We found that expression of a myogenic differentiation marker was high in a density‐dependent manner. At high density, where cell–cell contact was obvious, contact inhibition after the proliferation stage was accompanied by microarray findings demonstrating upregulation of negative regulating cell‐cycle markers, including CDKI p21 and the muscle differentiation markers MyoD and myogenin. Interestingly, developmentally regulated protein expression (drebrin) protein expression was also upregulated in a density‐dependent manner. Conclusions: These results suggest that contact inhibition after the proliferation stage may induce growth arrest via cell–cell communication through the expression of CDKI p21 and may be responsible for progressing cell fusion. Muscle Nerve 2011