成人肝海绵状血管瘤并发动静脉短路的DSA检查和诊断

目的：纠正成人肝海绵状血管瘤（ＣＨＬ）罕见并发动静脉短路（ＡＶＳ）的传统认识,提高其ＤＳＡ诊断率。方法回顾性分析确诊为ＣＨＬ且不伴有其他肝脏疾患和肝损伤的３０例成人患者的ＤＳＡ图像,并与其他中并发ＶＡＳ的２１例行经导管动脉碘油栓塞术（Ｌ－ＴＡＥ）后的即时Ｘ线片进行对比,通过观察碘油的沉积分布状况再次验证ＤＳＡ显示的ＡＶＳ。结果３０例中２２例（７３％）获得ＤＳＡ明确诊断的ＡＶＳ,皆出现于瘤周肝组织,     

Diagnostic angioscintigraphic evaluation of malignant hepatic tumors before catheter embolization: Determination of shunt,flow distribution,and reflux

Purpose: The aim of this study was to evaluate quantitatively arteriovenous shunts in malignant liver tumors by injection of ^99mTc macroaggregates of albumin (MAA) into the tumor-feeding artery after selective catheterization. Methods: In 40 patients with malignant liver tumors (33 hepatocellular carcinomas and 7 metastases of colorectal cancer), a mean dose of 200 MBq ^99mTc MAA was injected arterially during angiography. The embolized area and the lungs were then visualized using a gamma camera. A dedicated computer program calculated pulmonary shunt rates. Results: The majority of patients (n= 30) with hepatocellular carcinoma showed small shunts varying from 0 to 15%; only 3 of these patients had shunts ranging from 18% to 37%. In patients with colorectal carcinoma metastases (n= 7) the shunt varied from 0 to 3% (2 ± 1%), probably due to a physiological shunt in normal liver tissue in the embolized area. Importantly, the degree of shunt found bore no correlation to the tumor volume or to the pattern of vascularity on angiography. Conclusion: Diagnostic angioscintigraphy is a useful tool for pretherapeutic evaluation of the capacity of an individual tumor to retain particles and to measure extratumoral shunting; these are essential for therapy planning, as they can help to increase the safety and effectiveness of embolization.     

Pleural and pulmonary staining at inferior phrenic arteriography mimicking a tumor staining of hepatocellular carcinoma

Purpose: To describe the findings of pleural and pulmonary staining of the inferior phrenic artery, which can be confused with tumor staining during transarterial chemoembolization (TACE) of hepatoma. Methods: Fifteen patients who showed pleural and pulmonary staining without relationship to hepatic masses at inferior phrenic arteriography were enrolled. The staining was noted at initial TACE (n = 8), at successive TACE (n = 5), and after hepatic surgery (n = 2). The angiographic pattern, the presence of pleural change on computed tomography (CT), and clinical history were evaluated. Results: Draining pulmonary veins were seen in all cases. The lower margin of the staining corresponded to the lower margin of the pleura in 10 patients. CT showed pleural and/or pulmonary abnormalities in all cases. After embolization of the inferior phrenic artery, the accumulation of iodized oil in the lung was noted. Conclusion: Understanding the CT and angiographic findings of pleural and pulmonary staining during TACE may help differentiate benign staining from tumor staining.     

Balloon-Occluded Retrograde Transvenous Obliteration for Gastric Varices: A Feasibility Study

Purpose: To evaluate the clinical feasibility of balloon-occluded retrograde transvenous obliteration (BORTO) for gastric varices. Methods: BORTO was performed in 14 patients with gastric varices due to liver cirrhosis. The gastric varices were confirmed by endoscopy, and their feeding and draining veins were identified by contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CT) and angiography. A 6 Fr Simmons-shaped balloon catheter was inserted into the gastrorenal shunt. The balloon was inflated, and 5% ethanolamine oleate iopamidol was infused slowly through the catheter. Patients were followed up with endoscopy and enhanced CT at 1 week, 1, 3, and 6 months after the procedure and every 6 months thereafter. Results: The gastric varices completely disappeared in 12 of 14 patients and was partially resolved in the remaining 2 patients. Neither a recurrence nor an aggravation of gastric varices were found. No major complications were experienced. Conclusion: BORTO is a safe and effective treatment for gastric varices. Received: 0/00/00/Accepted: 0/00/00     

Radiologic Damage Control: Evaluation of a Combined CT and Angiography Suite with a Pivoting Table

Purpose: To evaluate retrospectively the integrated diagnostic and therapeutic management of severely polytraumatized patients using a combined computed tomography (CT) and angiography suite with a single pivoting table. Methods: Eleven patients, aged 16–74 years (median 30 years), were managed with spiral CT and angiography without patient transfer. Four patients were unstable, seven had received blood transfusions (2–18 units) and six were intubated. In 10 patients in whom active bleeding was demonstrated (splenic 5, hepatic 2, renal 2, left inferior epigastric artery 1), hemostatic embolization was obtained. Results: Total procedure time did not exceed 80 min. Immediate hemostasis was achieved in all patients. Recurrent bleeding from the liver required additional embolization in one patient. Median length of stay in the intensive care unit was 4 days and median hospital stay was 27 days. All patients survived without significant sequelae. Conclusion: The use of a combined CT–angiography suite enables rapid diagnostic investigation and hemostatic embolization in actively bleeding trauma patients.     

Successful Transcatheter Embolotherapy with a New Platinum Microcoil: The Berenstein Liquid Coil

Purpose: To determine the usefulness of a new platinum microcoil, the Berenstein Liquid Coil for vascular embolization. Methods: Nine patients underwent transcatheter arterial embolization with liquid coils. The occluded vessels included the splenic artery in four patients, gastroduodenal artery in two, arteriovenous malformation or fistula in two, and middle hepatic artery in one. All coils were delivered with a saline flush through a Tracker-18 catheter. Results: All arteries except one were successfully occluded in a one-stage procedure using liquid coils. No friction was observed between the liquid coils and the microcatheter regardless of the tortuosity of the artery. Platelet counts in all patients had increased after splenic embolization. In two patients with liver tumors, perfusion to the inappropriate area during intraarterial chemotherapy was prevented by selective embolization. Life-threatening bleeding was successfully treated by gastroduodenal artery occlusion. No complications were encountered. Conclusion: The Berenstein Liquid Coil provides easy, safe, and rapid vascular occlusion.     

肝癌介入术中动静脉瘘的评判与处理

目的 分析肝癌动静脉瘘(AVS)的DSA表现,寻找与其相适应的瘘口封堵方法,改善合并AVS 肝癌的治疗效果.方法 通过对637例患者中发现的183例AVS进行影像学分析,对轻度AVS患者在碘油栓塞后进行供血动脉栓塞,对中、重度患者先行瘘口处理,保证药物在肿瘤组织中的有效灌注与碘油在瘤组织中的良好沉积.结果 89例轻度AVS碘油栓塞后都能成功地进行肿瘤供血动脉的栓塞,94例中、重度患者中68.1%(64例)封堵后碘油得到良好或较好沉积,14.8%(13例)栓塞不完全,进行单纯化疗药物灌注,11.7%(11例)过度栓塞导致碘油沉积不满意,6.4%(6例)痿口过大或瘘口过于弥漫未能封堵.未发生严重并发症.结论 绝大多数肝癌伴AVS患者都能得到有效的瘘口封堵,改善了肝癌合并AVS的疗效,对瘘口的栓塞处理是安全、可靠的.     

原发性肝癌合并动静脉瘘的介入治疗(附34例报告)

目的：探讨超选择性明胶海绵瘘口栓塞术对原发性肝癌所致动静脉瘘的治疗方法及疗效。方法：本组对34例经DSA检查确诊为原发性肝癌合并动-静脉瘘（AVS）行超选择性瘘口栓塞，根据瘘口闭塞及肿瘤染色情况确定是否行肿瘤碘化油栓塞治疗。闭塞瘘口材料主要为明胶海绵辅以弹簧圈。结果：34例中33例一次性瘘口闭塞成功，其中28例成功地行肿瘤栓塞治疗，1例因瘘口闭塞早期即发生肺栓塞症状，1月后行弹簧圈瘘口闭塞成功。结论：超选择性明胶海绵瘘口栓塞术对原发性肝癌所致的动静脉瘘的治疗是一种安全、有效、并发症少的治疗方法，能为肿瘤碘化油栓塞提供良好治疗环境。     

Microcatheter embolization of Intractable Idiopathic Epistaxis

Purpose: To assess the efficacy and safety of microcatheter embolization in the treatment of intractable idiopathic epistaxis. Methods: Thirty-seven patients underwent microcatheter embolization in 1991–1998. We evaluated retrospectively the technical and clinical outcome, the number of complications, the duration of embolization in each case, and the number of blood transfusions needed. All embolizations were done with biplane digital subtraction angiography (DSA) equipment. The procedure was carried out under local anesthesia using transfemoral catheterization, except in one case where the translumbar route was used. Tracker 18 or 10 microcatheters were advanced as far as possible to the distal branches of the sphenopalatine artery. Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) particles were used for embolization in most cases, while platinum coils or a combination of these two materials were occasionally used. The primary outcome was always assessed immediately by angiography. Follow-up data were obtained from patient records, by interviewing patients on the telephone or by postal questionnaires when necessary. The mean follow-up time was 21 months. Results: The embolization was technically successful in all 37 cases. A curative outcome was achieved in 33 cases (89%). The mean duration of the procedure was 110 min. Four patients (8%) had mild transient complications, but no severe or persistent complications were encountered. Twenty-three patients needed a blood transfusion. Slight rebleeding occurred in three patients during the follow-up; all responded to conservative treatment. One patient suffered two episodes of rebleeding within 2 months after primary embolization. Re-embolizations successfully stopped the bleeding. Conclusion: Embolization is the primary invasive modality for treating intractable idiopathic epistaxis. It proved both safe and effective over a relatively long follow-up.     

Simulation Model Based on Non-Newtonian Fluid Mechanics Applied to the Evaluation of the Embolic Effect of Emulsions of Iodized Oil and Anticancer Drug

Purpose: To verify the difference in embolic effect between oil-in-water (O-W) and water-in-oil (W-O) emulsions composed of iodized oil and an anticancer drug, epirubicin, using a simulation model based on non-Newtonian fluid mechanics. Methods: Flow curves of pure iodized oil and two types of O-W and W-O emulsions immediately and 1 hr after preparation were examined with a viscometer. Using the yield stress data obtained, we simulated the stagnation of each fluid with steady flow in a rigid tube. Results: The W-O emulsions were observed to stagnate in the thin tube at a low pressure gradient. However, the embolic effect of the W-O emulsions decreased 1 hr after preparation. The O-W emulsions were stable and did not stagnate under the conditions in which the W-O emulsions stagnated. Conclusion: The simulation model showed that the embolic effect of the W-O emulsions was superior to that of the O-W emulsions.     

双途径注药术治疗肝海绵状血管瘤的疗效评价

目的探讨经肝动脉栓塞结合经皮瘤体内直接注射治疗肝血管瘤的疗效和价值。资料与方法采用Seldinger技术行肝动脉插管至血管瘤供血动脉,对32例肝海绵状血管瘤注入平阳霉素碘油乳剂(PLE)至血管瘤体大部分充填,用明胶海绵颗粒栓塞供血动脉;对碘油空虚区域再行经皮瘤体内直接注射PLE。定期观察瘤体碘油充填情况,瘤体大小和并发症。结果经肝动脉栓塞结合经皮瘤体内直接注射治疗肝血管瘤后,碘油沉积好,血管瘤体积明显缩小,无严重并发症。结论经肝动脉栓塞结合经皮瘤体内直接注射治疗肝血管瘤具有疗效好,并发症少等优点。     

数字减影技术在肺动静脉畸形介入治疗中的应用

目的 :探讨肺动静脉畸形 (PAVM )的数字减影 (DSA)成像技术 ,评价其在肺动静脉畸形介入治疗中的价值。方法 :搜集 1995年 5月～ 2 0 0 3年 7月我院诊断的PAVM患者 12例 ,经数字减影肺动脉造影 (PA DSA)检查并选择适当的技术参数充分显示肺动静脉畸形通道后行栓塞治疗 ,术后复查DSA评价手术效果 ;并对介入治疗前后图像作回顾性分析。结果 :12例患者经PA DSA确诊病灶 3 0个 ,可清晰显示纡曲扩张的供血动脉和引流静脉 ,引流静脉及左房提前显影 ,病灶呈境界清楚的动脉瘤样、多房囊状或局限性纡曲扩张。介入治疗前后PA DSA成像良好 ,图像清晰 ,手术效果满意。结论 :合理注射参数、恰当的体位、后处理技术和延长采像时间等方法可提高肺动静脉畸形通道的显示率。     

Venous sac embolization of pulmonary arteriovenous malformation: Preliminary experience using interlocking detachable coils

Purpose: To evaluate the indication and advantages of venous sac embolization of pulmonary arteriovenous malformations (PAVMs) using interlocking detachable coils (IDCs). Methods: We performed percutaneous embolization in 12 PAVMs in four patients using IDCs, initially placed in the venous sac or at the feeding artery to prevent systemic migration of additional coils. We placed the IDCs in the venous sac in PAVMs with the following vascular architecture: the draining vein was larger than the feeding arteries and both vessels were interposed with the venous sac or there were short feeding arteries. Results: Complete occlusion was achieved in all 12 PAVMs without significant complications. We deployed IDCs in the venous sac in eight PAVMs and in the feeding artery in four. Conclusion: Venous sac embolization may be beneficial in PAVMs with large out-flow vessels or short feeding arteries. IDCs are suitable for this procedure.     

Massive lower gastrointestinal hemorrhage from the surgical anastomosis in patients with multiorgan trauma: Treatment by subselective embolization with polyvinyl alcohol particles

Purpose: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of subselective arterial embolization with polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) particles with or without microcoil augmentation to control postoperative lower gastrointestinal (GI) bleeding. Methods: Ten patients with clinical, scintigraphic, and angiographic evidence of postoperative lower GI bleeding were considered for subselective embolization. Subselective embolizations were performed through coaxial microcatheters with 355–500 μm PVA particles with or without additional coil embolization. Results: Embolization was technically successful in 9 of 10 (90%) patients. In one patient, subselective embolization was not possible; consequently no embolization was performed. Clinical success was achieved after a single embolization in 6 of 10 (60%) patients and after a second embolization in an additional 3 of the 10 (30%) patients. While there was no rebleeding in patients with normal coagulation parameters, all three patients (100%) with coagulopathy rebled, two of them from another source. Although no acute ischemic effects developed, no long-term sequela such as ischemic stricture were specifically looked for. Seven patients developed abdominal discomfort and/or fever within 24–48 hr. Four of 10 patients died of complications other than hemorrhage or ischemia. Conclusion: Subselective PVA embolization with or without a microcoil embolization is an effective and safe means of managing postoperative lower GI hemorrhage in patients with multiorgan trauma.     

超选择性动脉栓塞治疗巨大肝血管瘤

目的 评价超选择性动脉插管栓塞治疗肝血和瘤的应用价值。方法 本组２０例,男８例,女１２例。肝血管瘤体最大直径５ｃｍ～２３ｃｍ,将导管超选择插入血管瘤供体血动脉,一次或分次输注平阳霉不和超液化碘油乳剂。最后用明胶海绵颗粒栓塞供血动脉。术后定期复查。结果 介入手术成功率９０．５％总胶有效率９０％（１８／２０）,并发症少,术后复发率低。结论 超选择动脉插管栓塞是治疗肝血管瘤的很有价值的方法,可作为首选。     

Embolization of Iatrogenic Vascular Injuries of Renal Transplants: Immediate and Follow-Up Results

Purpose: To evaluate the outcome in seven patients in whom iatrogenic vascular complications were treated with catheter embolization. Methods: Angiography showed an arteriovenous fistula in six of the seven patients, a pseudoaneurysm in three patients, and an arteriocaliceal fistula in three patients. Embolization was performed with GAW coils or microcoils in all cases. In three patients enbucrilate, polyvinyl alcohol, or absorbable gelatin powder was administered as an adjunct to the coils. Results: Angiographic success with total occlusion of the vascular injury was achieved in five of the seven patients and clinical success was achieved in four of seven cases. In two cases, nephrectomy after embolization was necessary because of renal artery occlusion or acute hemorrhage at the renal artery anastomosis, respectively. Infarction of 30%–50% of the renal parenchyma was seen in two cases. Conclusion: Angiographically successful embolization is not necessarily associated with clinical success. The complication rate is high.     

The protective effect of portoarterial shunts after experimental hepatic artery embolization in rats with liver cirrhosis

Purpose: The role of the portal system after hepatic artery emboiization (HAE) was examined. Methods: Using a Wistar strain rat model of liver cirrhosis, the route and occurrence of portoarterial (PA) shunts before and after HAE by scanning electron microscopic (SEM) and histologic methods were evaluated. HAE was performed with iodized oil and gelatir sponge particles. Results: In the SEM study, PA shunts did not develop in normal rats regardless of whether they did (n = 10) or did not have HAE (n = 5). The cirrhotic rat model showed PA shunts in both HAE (n = 5) and non-HAE (n = 5) animals. PA shunts were established via the peribiliary plexus and direct arterioportal anastomosis In the histologic study, the occurrence of PA shunts ir liver cirrhosis was significantly increased by HAE (HAE-6, non-HAE = 6,p < 0.01). Conclusion: The development of PA shunts, which help perfuse liver parenchyma, may explain why HAE can be safely performed in patients with liver cirrhosis, Key words: Hepatic artery emboiization-Portoarterial shunt-Liver cirrhosis-Scanning electron microscopy     

Hepatic Artery Angiography and Embolization for Hemobilia Following Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy

Purpose: The effectiveness of angiography and embolization in diagnosis and treatment were assessed in a cohort of patients presenting with upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage secondary to hepatic artery pseudoaneurysm following laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Methods: Over a 6-year period 1513 laparoscopic cholecystectomies were carried out in our region. Nine of these patients (0.6%) developed significant upper gastrointestinal bleeding, 5–43 days after surgery. All underwent emergency celiac and selective right hepatic artery angiography. All were treated by coil embolization of the right hepatic artery proximal and distal to the bleeding point. Results: Pseudoaneurysms of the hepatic artery adjacent to cholecystectomy clips were demonstrated in all nine patients at selective right hepatic angiography. In three patients celiac axis angiography alone failed to demonstrate the pseudoaneurysm. Embolization controlled hemorrhage in all patients with no further bleeding and no further intervention. One patient developed a candidal liver abscess in the post-procedure period. All patients are alive and well at follow-up. Conclusion: Selective right hepatic angiography is vital in the diagnosis of upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage following laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Embolization offers the advantage of minimally invasive treatment in unstable patients, does not disrupt recent biliary reconstruction, allows distal as well as proximal control of the hepatic artery, and is an effective treatment for this potentially life-threatening complication.     

Pulmonary angiography and embolization for severe hemoptysis due to cavitary pulmonary tuberculosis

Purpose: To identify the role of pulmonary angiography in the diagnosis and treatment of severe hemoptysis due to cavitary pulmonary tuberculosis. Methods: Selective pulmonary angiography was performed on eight patients with severe hemoptysis uncontrolled by previous bronchial and systemic arterial embolization. Results: Three (38%) patients had Rasmussen aneurysms, which were successfully embolized with steel coils. Five patients demonstrated pulmonary arterial hypoperfusion in the diseased lung. Conclusions: We recommend pulmonary angiography in cavitary tuberculous patients with severe hemoptysis who do not respond to systemic arterial embolization. Rasmussen aneurysms are effectively treated by steel coil occlusion.     

Endovascular Embolization of Varicoceles: Resorption of Tungsten Coils in the Spermatic Vein

Purpose: To investigate whether resorption of tungsten coils occurs in patients with varicoceles treated by endovascular embolization of the spermatic vein. Methods: Patients who had previously had varicocele embolization were requested by letter to attend the radiology department. Blood levels of tungsten were compared with a group of controls. Fluoroscopic images of the coils were taken and compared with those obtained during the original procedures. Results: Nineteen patients attended, whose procedure had been done 19–57 months previously (mean 40 months). Blood levels of tungsten were raised in 18 patients compared with the controls. Radiographic evidence of loss of substance of the coils was seen in four patients. Conclusion: Tungsten coil resorption occurs in varicocele embolization. In view of the unknown long-term effects of raised blood tungsten levels and the availability of alternative embolization agents, we feel that it is unwise to persist in the use of tungsten coils in this application.