十二指肠球部恶性肿瘤14例误诊分析

[目的]总结十二指肠球部恶性肿瘤的临床特征,分析误诊原因,以降低其误诊率。[方法]回顾性总结本院2007-01-01—2013-12-31期间被误诊的十二指肠球部恶性肿瘤14例的临床资料。[结果]首发症状:腹痛6例,黑便3例,反酸3例,腹胀2例。病理类型:腺癌8例,黏液细胞癌3例,类癌2例,鳞状细胞癌1例。肿瘤部位:十二指肠球部前壁7例,小弯侧3例,后壁2例,弥漫型2例。内镜分型:溃疡型7例,隆起型5例,平坦糜烂型2例。误诊分布:十二指肠球部良性溃疡8例,息肉3例,十二指肠球炎2例,腺癌1例。[结论]十二指肠球部恶性肿瘤易误诊为十二指肠球部良性溃疡及息肉;提高对十二指肠球部恶性肿瘤的全面认识,重视上消化道内镜检查及组织学检查,可降低十二指肠球部恶性肿瘤的误诊率。     

十二指肠肿瘤的影像诊断与内镜对比分析19例

目的为提高对十二指肠肿瘤的正确诊断率，本文进行影像诊断与内镜的对比分析．方法本组19例，分析了其X线表现，B超，CT表现与内镜所见及手术病理的情况．结果本组19例十二指肠肿瘤分良性4例，恶性15例，腺癌13例，息肉2例，炎性肿块1例，平滑肌肉瘤1例，脉瘤样增生1例，胃窦癌侵及十二指肠球部1例．肿瘤分类：且息肉型，2．溃疡型，3．浸润型．结论对十二指肠肿瘤采用多影像检查，综合分析诊断，能提高诊断率．     

上消化道内镜的规范化操作

上消化道内镜能清晰地观察食管、胃、十二指肠球部、降段甚至水平段的黏膜形态及生理和病理改变,并且可以在发现病变的同时进行活体组织病理学和细胞学检查以确定诊断,因此已经成为诊断上消化道疾病的一项临床常规检查.目前在我国,上消化道内镜已经得到广泛普及,多数消化科医生已经能够顺利完成上消化道内镜检查基本操作,但由于历史原因,多数医生是经过"师带徒、手把手"的训练方式学会和掌握上消化内镜操作方法的,甚至尚有少数医生仍然采用双人操作法进行上消化道内镜检查,缺乏统一的操作规范及相应的诊断和治疗标准.部分医生对于溃疡、胃食管反流、息肉、进展期胃癌等常见疾病可以作出正确诊断,但在发现早期上消化道肿瘤方面还重视不够.而上消化道肿瘤如能在癌前病变的阶段发现并治疗,则肿瘤的早期诊断率和治愈率可望明显提高.本章着重阐述上消化道内镜在临床诊断与治疗中的规范化操作方法,对内镜检查的术前准备、适应症和禁忌症等进行了介绍,并对胃癌相关病变的检查注意事项进行了讨论.     

35例原发性十二指肠癌的诊断及治疗分析

目的总结原发性十二指肠癌的诊治经验,提高其诊治水平。方法回顾分析2001年1月～2007年12月我院经内镜及手术确诊的35例原发性十二指肠癌患者的临床资料。结果本组病例肿瘤位于十二指肠球部6例;十二指肠降部26例;十二指肠水平部3例。其中乳头状腺癌8例、管状腺癌23例、黏液腺癌2例,类癌1例,恶性间质瘤1例。胃镜确诊率为77.4%;上消化道钡餐造影确诊率为52.4%。CT确诊率为46.7%;B超确诊率为10.3%;MRCP确诊率为6.9%。行胰十二指肠切除术22例,十二指肠乳头切除、乳头成形术6例,胃空肠吻合术3例,单纯肿物切除术1例,姑息性旁路手术2例。结论原发性十二指肠癌发病部位以十二指肠降部尤其乳头周围部为多,病理以腺癌为主;本病诊断首选内镜检查,其次是十二指肠气钡双重造影;手术切除尤其是胰十二指肠切除术是最常用、最可靠的治疗方法。     

十二指肠隆起病变内镜手术的疗效分析

[目的]分析十二指肠隆起病变内镜下治疗多种方法的有效性与安全性.[方法]对经内镜治疗的十二指肠隆起病变患者的临床资料、病理特点、内镜手术方法、并发症和随访情况进行回顾性分析.[结果]117例中除1例十二指肠癌、1例类癌、1例＞2 cm的间质瘤转外科手术外,其余114例均行内镜治疗.114例中行氩气凝固术45例,圈套切除术27例,内镜黏膜切除术36例,3例十二指肠囊肿行开窗引流术,3例直径≤2cm的间质瘤行介入性超声内镜（EUS）随访;4例术中发生出血,均在内镜下用钛夹或者氩气刀止血成功.术后随访1～12个月总有效率100％.[结论]十二指肠壁较薄,操作空间相对较小,内镜治疗时尤需注意切除深度.对来源于固有肌层的直径＞2 cm的病变,不主张内镜下治疗;对≤2 cm的病变采用EUS随访为较适宜的选择.     

十二指肠乳头部肿瘤29例临床特点分析

目的分析29例经病理证实的十二指肠乳头部肿瘤患者的临床资料,以提高对十二指肠乳头部肿瘤的认识,做出早期诊断及治疗。方法对我院2006.5～2009.5收治的29例十二指肠乳头部肿瘤患者的临床、影像、生化、内镜及病理资料作回顾性分析。结果 29例十二指肠乳头部肿瘤均有AKP、γ-GT升高;其中25例为恶性肿瘤,以腺癌最常见(24例);首发症状以腹痛(17例)、发热(13例)最为多见;B超、CT、MRCP检查可发现胆管扩张,但难以明确肿瘤位置。结论十二指肠乳头部肿瘤早期症状不典型,但有其特异的影像学及生化学特点。临床医师应对可疑患者进行全面细致的检查,以提高早期诊断率。     

十二指肠脂肪瘤的诊治

目的 总结十二指肠脂肪瘤的临床特点,探讨有效的术前诊断方法 与恰当的治疗方案.方法 回顾性分析浙江大学医学院附属第一医院2000年6月至2008年12月间8例十二指肠脂肪瘤患者的临床表现、实验室检查结果 、内镜下表现、影像学特点及病理组织学结果 .结果 8例中反复黑便者4例,上腹不适、反酸或呃逆者3例,无症状者1例.血脂及血清肿瘤标志物测定均未见明显异常.胃镜检查发现病灶6例(球部2例,降部4例,其中2例首次检查时漏诊).CT发现十二指肠肠壁局部增厚6例,局部肠腔变窄4例,肠腔内低密度病灶3例,CT值平均-85 HU,增强后病灶均匀强化.超声内镜下表现为起源于黏膜下层的密集高回声区,圆形或椭圆形,边界清楚,内部回声均匀.内镜活检结果 均为黏膜慢性炎症,外科手术或内镜下切除术后病理结果 均为十二指肠脂肪瘤.行胰十二指肠切除术1例,十二指肠肿瘤切除术3例,内镜下行圈套摘除术4例,无出血、穿孔等相关并发症发生.结论 十二指肠脂肪瘤好发于降部,临床表现无特异性,内镜与影像学检查是发现病灶的主要手段,内镜超声具有重要的诊断与鉴别诊断价值,除肿瘤局部切除术或局部肠段切除术外,对有适应证者可在内镜下行圈套摘除术.     

原发性十二指肠肿瘤26例诊治分析

目的回顾性分析26例原发性十二指肠肿瘤的诊治情况。方法收集本院内镜室近两年来所检出的原发性十二指肠肿瘤患者26例,对其一般情况、临床症状、肿瘤发生部位及病理检查、诊治情况进行分析。结果原发性十二指肠肿瘤临床上以腹痛、黄疸多见;病变多发于十二指肠乳头周围部;良性肿瘤者病理多表现为腺瘤,而恶性肿瘤者多表现为腺癌;内镜（包括胃镜和十二指肠镜）结合十二指肠低张造影可显著提高该病的诊出率,而其他检查方法检出率不高;外科手术切除是最基本的治疗方法。结论本病的误诊率相对较高,对于40岁以上患者出现腹痛、黄疸、上消化道出血、高位肠梗阻及溃疡症状而又不能用肝、胆、胃等疾病解释时,要考虑该病的可能,从而针对本病做详细地检查,减少误诊,提高早期诊出率。     

上消化道多源癌的内镜诊断

目的探讨上消化道多源癌的发病特征，提高多源癌的术前诊断．方法对可凝消化道肿瘤的患者进行内镜检查，对消化道肿瘤、溃疡，至局部炎症改变明显的部位分别进行活检．多源癌诊断标准为：①镜下发现两个以上肿瘤（病灶），而且肿瘤之问粘膜完好，病灶不连续．②经病理活检证实每个肿瘤都是恶性的．结果在1375例上消化道癌中，检出多源癌20例（1．45％，20／1375），其中食管多源癌6例（30％），食管贲门多源癌3例（15％），食管咽喉部多源癌2例（10％），食管胃多源癌5例（25％），胃多源癌4例（20％）本组20例共发现41个病灶，双源癌19例，三源癌1例，多源癌各病灶病理类型相同者17例，不同者3例．其中多源鳞癌10例，双源腺癌6例，双源小细胞癌1例，鳞癌腺癌共存1例，印戒细胞癌与腺癌共存1例．结论上消化道多源癌可发生于任何部位，以食管和食管胃多源癌较多见，内镜检查是提高其术前诊断的一重要手段．为减少漏诊，在镜检中引起足够重视，不能仅满足于一个痛灶的诊断，做到内镜与X线诊断相结合．     

磁控胶囊内镜在37例上消化道疾病患者诊断中的临床应用

目的 探讨磁控胶囊内镜在上消化道疾病诊断中的临床应用.方法 对37例有上消化道症状的患者随机进行食管胃十二指肠镜检查和磁控胶囊内镜检查.通过体外巡航胶囊内镜控制系统对磁控胶囊内镜进行控制,完成磁控胶囊内镜对食管、贲门、胃底、胃体、胃窦和十二指肠球部的观察,并与食管胃十二指肠镜检查结果进行比较,观察磁控胶囊内镜对上消化道病变的检出率、阳性预测值、阴性预测值、敏感性以及特异性.结果 食管胃十二指肠镜检查发现病变34例,磁控胶囊内镜发现病变32例,两者检查一致率为86.5％.磁控胶囊内镜检查对上消化道病变检查的敏感性为91％,特异性为67％,阳性预测值为97％,阴性预测值为40％.结论 磁控胶囊内镜对发现上消化道病变有较高的敏感性和阳性预测值,并且检查过程无创、可控,可用于上消化道疾病的诊断.     

胰岛素瘤的解剖分布特点分析

目的胰岛素瘤是最常见的胰腺神经内分泌肿瘤，因其临床表现多样，导致诊断困难。影像学诊断尤其是超声内镜(EUS)在胰岛素瘤的诊断中起着重要作用，拥有较高的敏感性和特异性。本研究拟通过明确胰岛素瘤的解剖分布特点，以期有助于提高影像学的诊断准确率和降低漏诊率，尤其是在教育和培训实践中对于EUS的学习者更具有指导价值。 方法回顾性分析解放军总医院第一医学中心病案资料数据库1993年1月至2019年11月经外科手术、病理确诊为胰岛素瘤的患者的临床资料，检索方法采取搜索术后病理诊断为"胰岛素瘤"的病例，通过查阅病例的方法，提取出胰岛素瘤的大小和解剖分布等数据，进一步分析其特点。 结果共检索到确诊为胰岛素瘤的患者116例，其中，男45例、女71例，年龄13～76岁，平均年龄(44.4±14.85)岁。胰岛素瘤单发110例(94.8%)、多发6例(5.2%)。位置分布：头颈部46例(39.7%)，单发45例、多发1例；体尾部68例(58.6%)，单发65例、多发3例；全胰腺多发2例(1.7%)。病变大小特点：最大径0.4～3.4 cm，平均大小(1.53±0.58)cm。≤1 cm 29例、>1 cm而≤1.5 cm41例、>1.5 cm而≤2.0 cm28例，≤3 cm 15例，>3 cm 3例。年龄与肿瘤的大小相关，≤44岁患者肿瘤平均大小为(1.36±0.51)cm、>44岁患者肿瘤平均大小为(1.70±0.60)cm，P<0.05。头颈部的肿瘤大于体尾部的肿瘤，头颈部肿瘤平均大小(1.66±0.63)cm，体尾部(1.42±0.52)cm，P<0.05。 结论胰岛素瘤在胰腺体尾部较头颈部更好发；绝大多数单发，但可以全胰腺多发；多数小于1.5 cm，肿瘤的大小与患者年龄和肿瘤的解剖分布相关。     

Pathogenesis of carcinoma of the papilla of Vater

Most adenomas and carcinomas of the small intestine and extrahepatic bile ducts arise in the region of the papilla of Vater. In familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) it is the main location for carcinomas after proctocolectomy. In many cases symptoms due to stenosis lead to diagnosis at an early tumor stage. In about 80%, curative intended resection is possible. Operability is the most relevant prognostic factor. Most ampullary carcinomas resp. carcinomas of the papilla of Vater develop from adenomatous or flat dysplastic precursor lesions. They can be sited in the ampulloduodenal part of the papilla of Vater, which is lined by intestinal mucosa. They also can develop in deeper parts of the ampulla, which are lined by pancreaticobiliary duct mucosa. Intestinal-type adenocarcinoma and pancreaticobiliary-type adenocarcinoma represent the main histological types of ampullary carcinoma. Furthermore, there exist unusual types and undifferentiated carcinomas. Many carcinomas of intestinal type express the immunohistochemical marker profile of intestinal mucosa (keratin 7?, keratin 20+, MUC2+). Carcinomas of pancreaticobiliary type usually show the immunohistochemical profile of pancreaticobiliary duct mucosa (keratin 7+, keratin 20?, MUC2?). Even poorly differentiated carcinomas, as well as unusual histological types, may conserve the marker profile of the mucosa they developed from. These findings underline the concept of histogenetically different carcinomas of the papilla of Vater which develop either from intestinal- or from pancreaticobiliary-type mucosa of the papilla of Vater. Molecular alterations in ampullary carcinomas are similar to those of colorectal as well as pancreatic carcinomas, although they appear at different frequencies. In future studies, molecular alterations in ampullary carcinomas should be correlated closely with the different histologic tumor types. Consequently, the histologic classification should reflect the histogenesis of ampullary tumors from the two different types of papillary mucosa.     

Lack of correlation of degree of villous atrophy with severity of clinical presentation of coeliac disease

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Both the clinical presentation and the degree of mucosal damage in coeliac disease vary greatly. In view of conflicting information as to whether the mode of presentation correlates with the degree of villous atrophy, we reviewed a large cohort of patients with coeliac disease. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We correlated mode of presentation (classical, diarrhoea predominant or atypical/silent) with histology of duodenal biopsies and examined their trends over time. RESULTS: The cohort consisted of 499 adults, mean age 44.1 years, 68% females. The majority had silent coeliac disease (56%) and total villous atrophy (65%). There was no correlation of mode of presentation with the degree of villous atrophy (p=0.25). Sixty-eight percent of females and 58% of males had a severe villous atrophy (p=0.052). There was a significant trend over time for a greater proportion of patients presenting as atypical/silent coeliac disease and having partial villous atrophy, though the majority still had total villous atrophy. CONCLUSIONS: Among our patients the degree of villous atrophy in duodenal biopsies did not correlate with the mode of presentation, indicating that factors other than the degree of villous atrophy must account for diarrhoea in coeliac disease.     

Demonstration of the mechanism of action of biguanides

Summary Palmitic acid oxidation in rat diaphragm homogenate is depressed by biguanide concentrations that are still incapable of inhibiting oxidative phosphorylation. Glucose oxidation is not directly effected by the same biguanide concentrations: however, the inhibitory effect of palmitic acid on glucose oxidation is partly removed by biguanides. Inhibition of fatty acid oxidation, which accounts for most of the metabolic effects caused by these drugs, can be regarded as the fundamental mechanism of action of biguanides. There is some evidence suggesting that these drugs might interact with carnitine, thus preventing long-chain fatty acids from being transported across the mitochondrial membrane to the site of oxidation. Traduzione a cura degli AA.     

血吸虫童虫生长发育及其机制的研究进展

血吸虫童虫是宿主免疫系统攻击的重要靶标,包括皮肤型、肺型和肝门型童虫。宿主分子对童虫生长发育具有重要作用。童虫生长发育机制包括免疫调节、信号转导、性别发育及凋亡等。肌动蛋白、组织蛋白酶、烯醇化酶和葡萄糖基转移酶等分子为血吸虫童虫生长发育的重要分子。本文对血吸虫童虫生长发育及其机制的研究进展做一综述。     

124例耐多药结核分枝杆菌基因突变特征分析

目的对临床分离的耐多药结核分枝杆菌相关基因的突变特征进行分析。方法对124例耐多药结核分枝杆菌以及50株敏感株的耐药相关基因(包括异烟肼inh A、kat G、oxyR-ahp C间隔区以及利福平rpo B)进行序列测定,分析其基因突变情况。结果异烟肼耐药inh A基因突变率为14.5%;kat G基因突变率为70.2%(87/124),主要位于315位;oxyR-ahp C间隔区突变率为15.3%;inh A、kat G两种基因同时突变率75.0%,三种基因同时突变率为89.5%。利福平rpo B基因突变的检出率高达95.2%,突变主要发生在531、526、516位点。结论我省耐多药菌异烟肼耐药相关基因最常见突变为kat G 315、inh A C-T(-15)、axyR-ahp C间隔区(-10)C-T,利福平为rpo B531、526、516。结合MDR-TB耐药相关基因的特征分析,可以建立一种快速、准确、特异的适合于我省的检测结核菌耐多药性的新方法。     

Assessment of quality of life of parents of children with juvenile chronic arthritis

The aim of the study was to assess the quality of life (QOL) and the psychological status of parents of children with juvenile chronic arthritis (JCA). The QOL, anxiety and depression of the parents of 28 children with JCA were evaluated and compared to those of the parents of 28 healthy children. Mothers of JCA children and mothers of healthy children reported similar QOL. The reported anxiety and depression levels were similar for mothers and fathers in both groups. The parents of children with pauciarticular-type JCA reported lower QOL and higher levels of anxiety and depression than the parents of children with other types, namely polyarticular and systemic JCA. These findings may be explained by the fact that the pauciarticular patients had shorter disease duration and were less frequently seen in the outpatient clinic. The QOL of mothers of children with JCA was found to be slightly impaired in the group of children with pauciarticular JCA. Future larger studies are needed to confirm these results, as the number of subjects in the three groups was rather low. Received: 26 September 2001 / Accepted: 8 February 2002     

Numerical Simulation of the Effect of Rate of Change of Glucose on Measurement Error of Continuous Glucose Monitors

Background

A 5-day in-patient study designed to assess the accuracy of the FreeStyle Navigator® Continuous Glucose Monitoring System revealed that the level of accuracy of the continuous sensor measurements was dependent on the rate of glucose change. When the absolute rate of change was less than 1 mg•dl⁻¹•min⁻¹ (75% of the time), the median absolute relative difference (ARD) was 8.5%, with 85% of all points falling within the A zone of the Clarke error grid. When the absolute rate of change was greater than 2 mg•dl⁻¹•min⁻¹ (8% of the time), the median ARD was 17.5%, with 59% of all points falling within the Clarke A zone.

Method

Numerical simulations were performed to investigate effects of the rate of change of glucose on sensor measurement error. This approach enabled physiologically relevant distributions of glucose values to be reordered to explore the effect of different glucose rate-of-change distributions on apparent sensor accuracy.

Results

The physiological lag between blood and interstitial fluid glucose levels is sufficient to account for the observed difference in sensor accuracy between periods of stable glucose and periods of rapidly changing glucose.

Conclusions

The role of physiological lag on the apparent decrease in sensor accuracy at high glucose rates of change has implications for clinical study design, regulatory review of continuous glucose sensors, and development of performance standards for this new technology. This work demonstrates the difficulty in comparing accuracy measures between different clinical studies and highlights the need for studies to include both relevant glucose distributions and relevant glucose rate-of-change distributions.     

Angiographic diagnosis of the degree of serosal invasion of carcinoma of the colon

Angiography using Prostaglandin El^® was performed on 38 patients with carcinoma of the colon in order to diagnose the degree of serosal cancer invasion. The findings at angiography were classified into four groups:1) AG-S3, abnormal change (irregularity and/or encasement) up to marginal vessels; 2) AG-S2, abnormality up to vasa recta; 3) AG-S1, abnormality of penetrating branches of vasa recta within the wall of the colon; and 4) AG-S0, no distinct findings of abovementioned vessels. These angiographic findings were compared with both macroscopic and microscopic serosal cancer invasion. Angiographic diagnosis is in accord with the macroscopic findings in 84.2 percent of cases. Angiographic diagnosis is in accord with the microscopic findings in 32.4 percent of cases. Macroscopic findings confirm the angiographic diagnosis precisely but the conflict with microscopic findings should not be overlooked. This may be the result of inflammatory change, adhesion, and fibrosis around carcinoma of the colon.     

Study of constancy of hydrogen-consuming flora of human colon

The constancy of the hydrogen consuming flora of the human colon was studied in 15 healthy subjects via two measurements obtained 18 to 36 months apart. Hydrogen disappearance rate and the major products of H₂-consuming bacteria, methane and sulfide, were measured during incubation of fecal homogenates with excess hydrogen and sulfate. In 11/15, the hydrogen consumption rate and the predominant hydrogen-consuming pathway (methanogenesis, sulfate reduction, or neither) remained constant. However, major shifts in these pathways were observed in four subjects, with two losing and two gaining the ability to produce methane. Methanogenesis was associated with the highest hydrogen consumption rate. This study demonstrates that clinically unrecognizable, major alterations of the colonic flora occur in healthy subjects. Understanding of the factors responsible for these alterations might allow for therapeutic manipulation of the colonic flora.Supported in part by the Department of Veterans Affairs and NIDDKD RO1 DK 13309-25.