螺旋CT双期薄层扫描对胰头癌可切除性的评估

目的 探讨螺旋ＣＴ双期薄层增强扫描对胰头癌可切除性的评估价值。方法 回顾性分析２４例经螺旋ＣＴ双期薄层增强扫描胰头癌的ＣＴ表现,观察肿块对邻近器官或组织侵犯情况,以及有无远处器官和淋巴结转移,据此判断肿块能否切除,并将其结果与手术病理结果相对照。结果 螺旋ＣＴ诊断胰头癌可切除的敏感性为９０．９％,特异性为８４．６％,阳性预测值为８３．３％,阴性预测值为９１．７％,准确性为８７．５％。结论 螺旋ＣＴ     

胰头癌侵及胰周重要血管的外科治疗

目的 总结我院1989～1998年治疗侵及胰周重要血管的胰腺癌治疗经验。方法 回顾性分析胰腺、受侵血管联合切除术治疗晚期胰腺癌的手术方法和近期疗效。结果 侵及胰周重要血管的胰腺癌共37例,其中13例行胰头癌及受侵血管联合切除术,切除血管段为0.5～4.0cm不等,其中2例血管直接吻合、10例修补缝合、1例行人造血管移植。血流阻断时间20～50min,术后病人无并发症,无院内死亡。结论 胰头癌和受侵胰周重要血管联合切除术不仅可完整切除病灶,达到相对根治目的,且手术创伤不大,是治疗概念上部分无法切除的胰头癌的安全、可行的术式。     

胰头癌扩大根治术对肿瘤侵犯周围血管的认识和处理

手术是胰头癌唯一有治愈希望的治疗手段。然临床上目前所遇胰头癌病例大多属中晚期 ,其中至少有 30 %以上肿瘤已侵犯肠系膜上静脉 门静脉(ＳＭＰＶ) 〔1〕,被传统的胰十二指肠切除术 (ＰＤ)作为切除禁忌 ,近代ＰＤ治疗胰头癌的手术切除率仅 10 %～ 2 5 %左右〔2 ,3〕。如能提高胰头癌的手术切除率 ,才有望使更多的胰头癌病人获得较长期生存。 1973年Ｆｏｒｔｎｅｒ〔4〕 首次报道了区域性胰腺切除 (ＲＰ) ,80年代日本学者〔5〕也开展了与ＲＰ相似的扩大胰腺切除 (ＥＰ) ,旨在通过扩大淋巴结清扫和联合受肿瘤侵犯的周围血管切除来治疗胰头癌 …     

多层面螺旋CT图像重建判断中心型肺癌支气管受侵及可切除性

目的利用多层面螺旋CT(MSCT)的图像重建技术,综合判断中心型肺癌侵犯支气管的情况及可切除性.方法对30例中心型肺癌病人进行MSCT检查,对与肺叶切除或全肺切除有关的支气管进行图像重建.采用评分法评价横断面CT和MSCT图像重建两种检查方法的肿瘤与支气管的关系,并比较其准确度、灵敏度、特异度、阳性预测值和阴性预测值.结果共对66条相关的支气管进行了研究.MSCT图像重建判断支气管与肿瘤关系的准确率高于横断面CT(0.01＜P＜0.05),预测支气管不能切除的阳性预测值也高于横断面CT(0.01＜P＜0.05).结论 MSCT图像重建判断中心型肺癌支气管受侵及可切除性的方法是可行的,且优于横断面CT.     

可切除胰头癌的治疗进展

胰腺癌是消化系统中恶性程度最高的肿瘤,远期预后极差.胰腺癌中胰头癌所占比例最高,所以胰头癌的治疗是胰腺癌治疗中的重点.根治性胰十二指肠切除术是胰头癌患者得以治愈的希望,同时也是患者长期生存的最重要的治疗方式.选择恰当的手术方式及技巧可以提高肿瘤根治性切除的几率,降低术后并发症;再结合适时、适当的辅助治疗,可能会改善可切除胰头癌患者术后生存质量并延长生存期.     

胰头癌姑息性手术探讨

胰头癌姑息性手术探讨浙江省嘉善县第一医院（３１４１００）孙大墉胰腺癌切除率至近年仅达２０％，大量病人只能作姑息性手术，而这类手术亦有一定手术死亡率和并发症。我院自１９８５年１月至１９９４年１２月共收治胰头癌手术病人３１例，其中切除４例，姑息性转流术或...     

胰头十二指肠并受侵PV／SMV整块联合切除治疗Ⅱ,Ⅲ期胰头癌

目的 提高单纯侵犯门静脉和（或）肠系膜上静脉（ＰＶ／ＳＭＶ）之Ⅱ，Ⅲ期胰头癌的根治性切除率，方法 对６例Ⅱ，Ⅲ期胰头癌施行包括受侵ＰＶ／ＳＭＶ在内的扩大的胰头十二指肠切除术（ＰＤ）和广泛的区域淋巴结清扫。结果 平均手术时间９小时，平均术中输血１０００ｍｌ。３例获得根治性切除。术后发生切口裂开，胃动力障碍和上消化道出血各１例，但未发生胆漏，胰漏，肝肾功能衰竭等严重并发症，且无手术死亡，平均住院时间３     

胰头癌的诊断和治疗

目的：探讨胰头癌的早期诊断、预后以及各项检测方法的敏感性。方法：回顾性对比分析15年中22例早期胰头癌及168例中晚期胰头癌术前诊断及预后情况。结果：早期胰头癌无特异性首发症状，本组检出率为88．9％，ERCP收集胰液寻找癌细胞诊断胰头癌的敏感性为88．4％，术中针刺细胞学检查敏感性为91．7％。手术切除率90．9％，术后3年生存率为36．4％。均明显高于中晚期胰头癌（分别为36．9％，9．5％）。结论：B超与CT可作为早期胰头癌初步筛选检查方法，ERCP和选择性腹腔动脉造影可提高早期诊断准确性；术前ERCP收集胰液寻找癌细胞和术中细针穿刺细胞学检查可进一步提高早期诊断准确性。早期胰头癌的手术切除和术后治愈率明显高于中晚期胰头癌。     

联合血管切除的胰头癌手术安全性分析及18例手术报道

目的探讨联合血管切除在胰头癌根治术中的作用及其安全性。方法回顾性分析2006年1月-2010年4月我科施行18例联合血管切除的胰十二指肠切除术病例的临床资料。结果门静脉(PV)/肠系膜上静脉(SMV)楔形切除5例,门静脉(PV)/肠系膜上静脉(SMV)部分切除、端端吻合9例,门静脉(SMV)/肠系膜上静脉(PV)部分切除自体血管移植2例,SMV/PV部分切除+肠系膜上动脉(SMA)部分切除2例。手术时间5～9小时;术中出血量50～2000ml;门静脉阻断时间20-45分钟。肿瘤切除类型:R0切除10例、R1切除6例、R2切除2例;术后病理证实有6例血管未受侵犯、6例仅侵犯血管外膜、3例侵犯血管中膜、3例侵犯血管内膜;术后并发症发生率22.2%(4/18),主要并发症有胃潴留(2/18)、胆汁瘘(1/18)、胰瘘(1/18)等,无围手术期死亡。结论与传统的胰十二指肠联合切除术相比,联合血管切除并不会增加术后并发症发生率及死亡率,相反会有助于提高局部较晚期肿瘤的切除率特别是R0切除率,改善病人的生存质量。     

Diagnosis,Preoperative Evaluation,and Assessment of Resectability of Pancreatic and Periampullary Cancer

Periampullary region encircles a radius of 2 cm around the ampulla of Vater; accordingly, four distinct neoplasias with overlapping imaging features originate in the region. Each of these lesions has a different long-term prognosis; hence, imaging evaluation to characterize the lesion is important. Further certain specific features pertaining to the vascular invasion and systemic spread may decide about the treatment as well as surgical approach. An understanding of the advances in imaging and image processing technology as well as in the methods of image acquisition, for the purpose, is quite relevant towards etching out a rational pre-treatment evaluation protocol. Further, an evidence-based decision as to the choice of optimum modality for answering specific clinical question is of prime importance in achieving a reasonable post-treatment outcome. Pancreatic adenocarcinoma is the fourth most common cancer and a malignancy with one of the least 5-year survival rates (ranging from 6.8 to 15 % depending on peripancreatic extensions, dropping to 1.8 % for metastatic disease). A survival rate of 15–27 % can be achieved if the lesion is resectable but unfortunately, only 10–15 % of patients are eligible for resection. Cystic tumors of pancreas are a rarer variety of pancreatic neoplasia (5–15 % of pancreatic cysts and 1 % of all pancreatic cancers) which have a much better outcome and chances of resection. Being mostly incidentalomas, a timely differentiation of this lesion from the much more common pseudocyst (which would mandate a medical management and a different surgical protocol) is the key for curability. Lastly, the neuroendocrine tumors of pancreas are equally rare (1 % of all pancreatic tumors), but importantly due to associated clinical syndromes and their capability to metastasize early in the course of disease, a timely detection may hence be the key for successful treatment of these lesions. Imaging plays a vital role in the initial detection and characterization as well as in determination of resectability of each of these pancreatic neoplasias. Further, the differentiation of pancreatic head tumors from other periampullary neoplasias is important; the fact that most recurrences are as a result of surgical intervention in an otherwise inoperable disease while most treatment failures are due to improper characterization of the lesion is notable.     

Surrogate Markers of Resectability in Patients Undergoing Exploration of Potentially Resectable Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma

Despite extensive preoperative staging, a significant number of pancreatic cancers are unresectable at surgical exploration. Patients undergoing pancreatic exploration with a view to resection were studied and comparisons are then made between those undergoing resection and a bypass procedure to identify surrogate markers of unresectability. One hundred thirteen consecutive patients underwent pancreatic exploration for head-of-pancreas (HOP) adenocarcinoma with curative intent. Fifty-five underwent pancreaticoduodenectomy and 58 underwent a bypass procedure. Student’s t test, receiver operator characteristics (ROC) and logistic regression were used to compare the predictive value of preoperative patient variables collected retrospectively. The bypass group had a significantly higher median CA19.9 than the resection group (P = 0.003). Platelet count and neutrophil–lymphocyte ratio (NLR) were also significantly different (P = 0.013 and P = 0.026, respectively). ROC analysis indicated that age ≤65, platelet count >297 × 10⁹/l, CA19.9 ≤473 Ku/l, and CA19.9–bilirubin ratio were predictive variables for resectable disease. NLR and CA19.9–bilirubin ratio had specificity values of 92.9 and 97.0%, respectively. From logistic regression, a raised CA19.9 was found to be an independent risk factor for unresectable disease (P = 0.031). A significant proportion of patients with HOP adenocarcinoma are understaged preoperatively. Preoperative serology including platelet count, NLR, CA19.9, and CA19.9–bilirubin ratio may be used as additional discriminators of resectability particularly for high-risk patients.     

Endoscopic Ultrasound and Computed Tomography Predictors of Pancreatic Cancer Resectability

Introduction This study investigates the ability of endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) and computed tomography (CT) to predict a margin negative (R0) resection and the need for venous resection in patients undergoing pancreaticoduodenectomy (PD). Methods Patients with pancreatic head adenocarcinoma undergoing surgery with intent to resect during the last 5 years were identified. EUS and CT data on vascular involvement were collected. Preoperative imaging was compared to intraoperative findings and final pathology. Contingency table analysis using Fisher’s exact test identified imaging features of EUS and CT associated with unresectability and positive margins. Results Seventy-six patients met study criteria. Forty-seven (62%) underwent potentially curative PD. The R0 resection rate was 70%. There were 16 unresectable patients because of locally advanced disease. Venous involvement >180° and arterial involvement >90° by CT had 100% positive predictive value for failure to achieve R0 resection (p < .01). If patients with prestudy biliary stents were excluded, EUS venous abutment or invasion also predicted R0 failure (p = .02). Combined but not individual EUS and CT findings were predictive of need for vein resection. Conclusions Pancreas protocol CT imaging appears to be a better predictor of resectability compared to EUS. EUS accuracy is affected by the presence of biliary stents. This article was presented at SSAT, Washington DC, May 2007.     

Undetectable Preoperative Levels of Serum CA 19-9 Correlate with Improved Survival for Patients with Resectable Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma

Background: Serum levels of CA19-9 have been shown to correlate with both recurrence and survival in patients with pancreatic cancer. However, little is known about the prognosis for patients with undetectable levels of serum CA19-9.Methods :One hundred twenty-nine patients with pancreatic cancer who underwent preoperative assessment of serum CA19-9 followed by resection with curative intent between 1990 and 2002 were retrospectively analyzed. Data collected included preoperative serum CA19-9 level (U/mL), age, pathologic staging, and survival. Data were analyzed with the SAS system according to four distinct preoperative serum CA19-9 levels: undetectable, normal (<37), 38–200, and 200 U/mL.Results: Serum CA19-9 levels ranged from undetectable to 16,300 U/mL. Stage III/IV disease accounted for 86%, 67%, 59%, and 53% of patients in the four CA19-9 groups. The overall median and 5-year survivals were 19 months and 11%, respectively. Survival was similar between nonsecretors and those with normal CA 19-9 levels. However, both groups had statistically significant prolonged survival compared with the two groups with elevated CA 19-9 levels (P = .003). The only factors that were significant on univariate and multivariate analysis for overall survival were lymph node positivity (P = .015 and .002) and CA 19-9 grouping (P = .003 and P < .0001). Although this group of patients presented with predominately advanced-stage disease, their overall survival was superior.Conclusions: These findings suggest that patients who present with undetectable preoperative CA19-9 levels and potentially resectable pancreatic cancer, regardless of advanced stage, should be considered candidates for aggressive therapy.the 56th Annual Cancer Symposium of the Society of Surgical Oncology, Los Angeles, California, March 5–9, 2003.     

Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma and Its Variants

Pancreatic cancer represents the seventh leading cause of cancer death in the world, responsible for more than 300,000 deaths per year. The most common tumor type among pancreatic cancers is pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma, an infiltrating neoplasm with glandular differentiation that is derived from pancreatic ductal tree. Here we present and discuss the most important macroscopic, microscopic, and immunohistochemical characteristics of this tumor, highlighting its key diagnostic features. Furthermore, we present the classic features of the most common variants of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. Last, we summarize the prognostic landscape of this highly malignant tumor and its variants.     

Color Doppler Imaging Predicts Portal Invasion by Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma

Background Tumor infiltration of the intima of the portal vein (PV) and superior mesenteric vein (SMV) by pancreatic adenocarcinoma is classically considered a criterion for unsuitability for resection and poor prognosis. This study was performed to evaluate modern color duplex imaging (CDI) for the assessment of PV/SMV infiltration by pancreatic adenocarcinomas. Method From 1994 to 2005, Whipple’s procedure or pylorus-preserving pancreato-duodenectomy (PPPD) was performed in 303 patients with pancreatic adenocarcinoma; 35 of these underwent partial PV/SMV resection. Applying a previously reported CDI score, we evaluated the integrity of the echogenic border layer between the vein and tumor (mural demarcation) and maximum blood flow velocity (V _max) in the PV segment in contact with the tumor. The results were compared to the final histological findings in the resected venous walls. Results CDI findings correlated well with the histological invasion grades. By measuring V _max and evaluating mural demarcation, we observed a sensitivity of 66.7% and 100% and a specificity of 98.3% and 93.9%, respectively, in predicting full thickness vein invasion, including the intima. V _max above 80 cm/s and lack of mural demarcation were predictors of PV/SMV invasion. The postoperative survival rates depended on the depth of tumor infiltration into the PV/SMV. Conclusions Modern CDI is a reliable and valid technique for evaluation of morphological and hemodynamic parameters in the portal vein segment adjacent to pancreatic adenocarcinoma. Maximal blood-flow velocity in the portal segment in contact with the tumor and absence of the echogenic vessel-parenchymal sonographic interface are parameters predictive of tumor infiltration of the portal intima.     

Evaluation of Preoperative Therapy for Pancreatic Cancer Using a Prognostic Nomogram

Background Theoretical benefits of preoperative chemoradiation therapy (preop CRT) for pancreatic cancer include improved efficacy, resectability, and patient selection. The goal of this study was to evaluate the applicability of a nomogram, which was developed for patients undergoing resection without preop CRT and which incorporates several post-resection pathological factors, to a population of patients who received preop CRT prior to resection.Methods From 1994 to 2004, 82 patients with biopsy-proven, radiographically localized adenocarcinoma of the pancreatic head underwent preop CRT followed by pancreaticoduodenectomy (PD); 50 concurrent patients underwent PD without preop CRT. Mean nomogram-predicted disease-specific survival (DSS) rates were compared with observed DSS rates from the time of resection.Results Despite having more locally advanced tumors on initial staging (21 vs. 8%; P < .05), patients who received preop CRT had smaller resected tumors (mean 2.3 vs. 3.1 cm; P < .01), were less likely to have T3 tumors (54 vs. 80%, P < .01), were less likely to have positive lymph nodes (29 vs. 58%, P < .01), and had fewer positive lymph nodes (mean .4 vs. 1.9, P < .01), all factors that imply treatment effect and favorably impact on nomogram-predicted DSS. Observed DSS was similar to predicted DSS in both groups.Conclusions The similarity in observed and predicted DSS following resection in patients who received preop CRT suggests that the effects of preop CRT—whether treatment, selection, or no effect—are reflected by the nomogram. The ability of the nomogram to evaluate the effects of preop CRT on survival is limited by the potential effects of preop CRT on factors within the nomogram.     

Pancreatic Resection for M1 Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma

Background Improved safety of pancreatic surgery has led to consideration of more aggressive approaches, such as resection for primary pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) with metastatic disease (M1). Methods A total of 29 patients who underwent pancreatic resection with resection of associated metastatic disease (interaortocaval lymph node dissection, liver resection, and/or multiorgan resections) were retrospectively identified from a database of 316 R0/R1 pancreatic resections for PDAC. An explorative data analysis of perioperative and clinicopathological parameters, and overall survival was performed by Kaplan-Meier estimation, log rank test, and Fisher’s exact test. Results The overall in-hospital mortality and morbidity of R0/R1 pancreatic resections for M1 disease (n = 29) was 0% and 24.1%, compared with 4.2% and 35.2% of R0/R1 pancreatic resections for M0 disease (n = 287). The median overall survival time was 13.8 months (95% confidence interval [CI], 11.4–20.5), and the estimated 1-year overall survival rate was 58.9% (95% CI, 34.8–76.7) for patients with M1 disease. The median survival in those with metastatic interaortocaval lymph nodes was 27 months (95% CI, 9.6–27.0), whereas it was 11.4 months (95% CI, 7.8–16.5) and 12.9 months (95% CI, 7.2–20.5) for those with liver and peritoneal metastases, respectively. Conclusions Pancreatic resections with M1 disease can be performed with acceptable safety in highly selected patients. The survival after interaortocaval lymph node resection is comparable to that of other lymph nodes that do not constitute M1 disease. Resection of liver and peritoneal metastases, although safe in this series, cannot be generally recommended until further controlled trials can be conducted. S.V.S. and J.K. contributed equally to this article.