学生标准化病人的培训

学生标准化病人是现代医学教育的研究方向之一。目前国内对学生标准化病人的培训方法尚无文献报道。文章对学生标准化病人的招募、培训和考核的具体方式方法进行了经验总结和探讨。结论：标准化病人的应用是现代医学教育及教学成果评估的必然趋势。学生标准化病人以其独特的优势,也将会逐步被广泛应用。随着时代的发展,学生标准化病人的应用会变得更加成熟。     

标准化病人的培训及管理

标准化病人现在已经广泛应用于哈医大第二临床医学院的临床教学与考试中,且效果显著.而标准化病人规范有效的培训及管理是此项目成功的关键.根据以往经验,探讨标准化病人培训及管理模式,以促进标准化病人在临床教学中的应用.     

综合利用多媒体技术提高标准化病人的培训效果

本文结合北京协和医院10年标准化病人的培训过程,总结了多媒体技术在标准化病人培训各个环节的应用经验和优点.这些优点包括:闭路监控系统和专机监控系统可以在对标准化病人培训最小干扰的情况下最大程度采集、记录培训过程的整体和精细信息;基于数据库和友好界面的评价系统可以快捷、全面地完成培训中的评估内容;中控室可以实时、全面地了解各个培训教室的情况,方便培训教师集体观摩讨论;构建培训资料、标准化病人实践过程影音资料、培训评估数据三位一体的信息平台,为全面提高标准化病人的培训提供强大技术支持.合理、充分地应用多媒体技术对于标准化病人培训具有不可替代的优势.     

泌尿外科学标准化病人培训初探

标准化病人的应用在我国尚处于起步阶段，在泌尿外科学教学中应用比较有限。本文阐述了在泌尿外科学教学中应用标准化病人的优势，并总结了培训泌尿外科学标准化病人的经验，从招募、入选标准及训练目标、具体培训方案等方面，较为详细地描述了泌尿外科学标准化病人的培训方法.     

全科医生规范化培训客观结构化临床考试中考官对标准化病人的评价分析

目的 评价全科住院医生规范化培训客观结构化临床考试（OSCE）中标准化病人的模拟水平,为提高标准化病人的培训质量提供依据.方法 采用澳大利亚墨尔本大学医学院全科医学系的OSCE考官对标准化病人的反馈问卷,以参加2014年5月上海市全科住院医生规范化培训结业OSCE考试的15名标准化病人为研究对象,通过37名考官对病史采集和医患沟通两个站点标准化病人表演的评分,来评价标准化病人的模拟水平.结果 考官对本次OSCE考试两个站点中标准化病人表演的评分较为一致,对标准化病人表演的总体评价较高,大部分考官认可标准化病人表演的逼真性和一致性.9个评分条目中,除了“在扮演角色前准备服装、化妆”这一项以外,考官对其他8项表演的满意度均达到了90％以上.在病史采集站点,考官对其中6项表演的满意度达到了100％,而在医患沟通站点,则有4项表演的满意度达到了100％.比较考官对上下午不同考核站点标准化病人表演的评分比较,差异无统计学意义（均P＞0.05）.结论 在全科住院医生规范化培训结业OSCE考试中,标准化病人在表演的逼真性、一致性等方面均能达到考试的要求,且其稳定性未受到长时间连续表演的影响.     

加强标准化病人培训提高医学生沟通能力

目前,我国的标准化病人的作用主要停留在病史采集和体格检查的基本层面,标准化病人作为教学指导者在培训医学生的沟通能力方面存在不足.本文总结了国内外标准化病人用以训练医学生沟通能力的发展历程、培训方法、评价标准的理论和实践经验,旨在通过加强标准化病人培训,发挥其教学指导者的作用,以提高医学生的沟通能力.     

学生标准化病人在骨科学教学中的应用

目的 探讨在骨科学教学和考核中应用学生标准化病人的可行性.方法 根据第二军医大学附属长海医院情况,选拔七年制、八年制学员并将其培训成为标准化病人,应用于本科生临床教学和研究生毕业考核之中,同时对骨科学学生标准化病人的培训和临床教学及考核中的应用情况进行总结.结果 学生标准化病人应用于骨科学教学和考核中,获得了本科生和研究生的较高评分.结论 骨科学学生标准化病人表现出高度的模仿能力,解决了骨科疾病临床表现难以模仿的难题,可复制性和操作性强,在培养医学生沟通技巧和人文关怀方面具有不可替代的优势.     

标准化病人在医学生模拟教学中的应用

总结了国内外标准病人教学法的发展现状,分析了其存在的必要性,介绍了标准化病人在临床技能培训中的具体实施过程,包括标准化病人的培训、设计病历、培训受训者表演、受训者如何进行评估和提供反馈几个步骤。结合自身实践经验,探讨标准化病人教学过程中需要注意的事项,展望标准化病人在医学教育中的发展前景,标准化病人将是我国当前住院医师培养中伦理与沟通教育的一个重要载体。     

浅谈“微格教学”在标准化病人培训中的应用

微格教学是提高教学技能的科学培训方法,在标准化病人的培训过程中,采用"微格教学"的形式,对实现标准化病人的培训目标,提高标准化病人培训质量具有较好的作用。     

精神科急救培训用护士作标准化病人的培养与使用

目的探讨精神科急救培训用护士作为标准化病人的培养方法。方法 2013年9月挑选了4名精神科护士参加标准化病人系统培训,考核合格后成为护士标准化病人在2013年10月—11月对30名新护士自缢、噎食急救培训和考核中使用。结果对急救培训中使用护士标准化病人,30名新护士中认为"新颖,第一次接触"19人(63%)、"满意"的26人(87%);4名作为标准化病人的护士都认为"非常有意义"。结论精神科急救培训应用护士标准化病人丰富了培训的形式和内涵,得到了绝大部分参与人员的肯定。     

Value of D-Dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection

Objective: To evaluatel the value of D-dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection (AAD). Methods: This study consisted of 16 patients with AAD and 27 non-AAD patients. Serum D-dimets were measured by Sta-Liatest D-DI immunoturbidimetric assay. Results: D-dimer level was higher (P ＜ 0.001) in patients with AAD(7.91 ± 5.52 μg/ml) than that in non- AAD group(1.57±1.24 μg/ml). D-dimer was positive (＞0.4 μg/ml) in all patients with AAD and in 10 control group patients (37%). Among patients with acute AAD, D-dimers tended to be higher in Stanford A than in Stanford B (8.67 ± 4.31 μg/ml vs. 3.24±1.27 μg/ml, P ＜0.01). D-dimer values tended to be higher in more extended disease(3.84 ± 1.65 μg/ml, 8.57 ± 3.58 μg/ml and 11.87 ± 5.69 μg/ml in thoracic aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta and iliacal arteries, respectively, P ＜ 0.05 for both 8.57 ± 3.58 and 11.87 ± 5.69 vs. 3.84 ± 1.65 ). Including the control group into the analysis, we found a sensitivity of 100%, a negative predictive value of 100%, and a specificity of 66% and a positive predictive value of 64% for D-dimer in diagnosis of AAD in our patients with suspected AAD. Conclusion: D-dimer was elevated in patients with AAD. A negative D-dimer test result could be useful in excluding AAD.     

Research of combined liver-kidney transplantation model in rats

Objective： To set up a simple and reliable rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation. Methods： SD rats served as both donors and recipients. 4℃ sodium lactate Ringer＇s was infused from portal veins to donated livers,and from abdominal aorta to donated kidneys, respectively. Anastomosis of the portal vein and the inferior vena cava （IVC） inferior to the right kidney between the graft and the recipient was performed by a double cuff method, then the superior hepatic vena cava with suture. A patch of donated renal artery was anastomosed to the recipient abdominal aorta. The urethra and bile duct were reconstructed with a simple inside bracket. Results： Among 65 cases of combined liver-kidney transplantation, the success rate in the late 40 cases was 77.5%. The function of the grafted liver and kidney remained normal. Conclusion： This rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation can be established in common laboratory conditions with high success rate and meet the needs of renal transplantation experiment.     

安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术后生活质量影响的研究

目的：评价使用安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术（PPCI）术后生活质量的影响.方法：将160例接受PPCI的急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者随机分为安心颗粒组（术前顿服安心颗粒8.8g,术后安心颗粒4.4 g/次,每日2次）和对照组（仅接受基础药物治疗）.所有患者均服用阿司匹林、氯吡格雷和阿托伐他汀.分别在入院时、出院前1d、出院后180 d时,应用心肌梗死多维度量表（MIDAS）、中文版SF-36评价量表对患者生活质量评分.并观察术后30 d以内的出血并发症、血小板减少症发生情况.结果：入院时和出院前1d,两组患者的心肌梗死MIDAS、SF-36量表评分比较无差异（P＞0.05）;出院后180 d时,与对照组比较,安心颗粒组MIDAS、SF-36评分明显减低（P＜0.05）;组内与入院时比较,两组出院前1d、出院后180 d时,MIDAS、SF-36评分均降低（P＜0.05）.两组患者在随访期间均无大量出血、少量出血、重度和极重度血小板减少症发生,安心颗粒组有4例、对照组有7例发生不明显出血（P＞0.05）.两组发生轻度血小板减少症的患者数比较无差异（P＞0.05）.结论：PPCI使用安心颗粒,能改善急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者的生活质量,且不增加出血风险.     

The comparative studies of the influences of Urapidil and Nicardipine on sino-atrial node function, atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics

Objective:To investigate the influences of urapidil and nicardipine on rabbit sinus function,atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics.Methods:Thirty-two Angora's rabbits were selected and randomly divided into four groups.U1 group:urapidil 0.25 mg/kg;U2 group:urapidil 0.5 mg/kg;N1 group:nicardipine 10 μg/kg;N2 group:nicardipine 20 μg/kg.All these medicine were administrated within 30 seconds.Measurements were taken before and after the administration of urapidil or nicardipine for the following data:mean blood pressure(MAP),heart rate(HR),sino-atrial conduction time(SACT),maximal sinoatrial recovery time(SNRTmax)corrected sinus node recovery time(CSNRT),index of sinus node recovery time(SNRTI),Wenckebach A-V conduction frequency (WB),and P-R interval.Results:Significant MAP and HR changes were identified in all of the four groups before and after administration of both urapidil and nicardipine.No significant changes could be found in the rest of the parameters.Intergroup analysis showed that SACT and CSNRT of N1 and N2 groups were shorter than those of the U2 group(P＜0.01);the MAP decreased(P＜0.01)and the HR increased drastically(P＜0.01).Conclusions:Neither urapidil(0.25 mg/kg,0.5 mg/kg)nor nicardipine(10μg/kg,20μg/kg)has any significant influence on rabbit sinus function or rabbit atrio-ventricular node function.Nicardipine could be a better choice than urapidil for parafunctional sinus node patients.     

Expression of OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the patients of hip fracture due to osteoporosis

Objective：To investigate the gene expression of osteoprotegerin（OPG） and osteoclast differentiation factor（ODF） in the bone tissue of patients with hip fracture due to osteoporosis. Methods：OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the bone tissue in 50 cases of osteoporosis sufferers（over 50 years old） with hip fracture（Observer Group） and 30 cases of hip facture sufferers with no osteoporosis（Control group） were analyzed with the Semi-Quantitative RT-PCR method. Results：The mRNA expressed of ODF, OPG were both high in the patients with hip fracture. In the control group, the expression of OPG mRNA was observed, while the expression of ODF mRNA was very slight. Conclusion：Aged patients contained all signals including OPG, ODF that are essential for inducing osteoclastogenesis and promoting bone resorption.     

The clinicopathological and immuohistochemical analysis of solid-pseudopapillary tumor of the pancreas： report of 9 cases

Objective：To investigate the clinical features, pathological characteristics and immunophenotype of solid-pseudopapillary tumor of the pancreas（SPTP）. Methods：Nine surgically treated cases of SPTP were retrospectively reviewed. Hematoxylin and Eosin（HE） staining and immunohistochemical staining were used to analyze all cases, and the general clinical data was collected. Results：Six patients were asymptomatic except for a palpable mass. Two patients complained of vague-epigastric pain. One patient appeared jaundice. The tumor was encapsulated and solid tissues alternately with cystic tissues. Histologically, the histological structure of solid portion was pseudopapillary with a fibrovascular core. Tumor cells were uniform and medium-sized which were arranged in sheets ets or nests or pseudopapillary patterns. Immunohistochemical studies demonstrated that SPTP proved positive in vimentin（9/9 cases）, AAT（9/9 cases）, NSE（9/9 cases）, ACT（7/9 cases）, CK20（2/9 cases）, CgA（1/9 cases）, S-100（3/gcases）, PR（4/gcases）, Syn（3/9 cases） and CD56（5/9cases）, negative in CEA and ER. Conclusion：SPTP is a tumor predominantly occurring in young women frequently without special symptoms. This tumor has various characteristical histological patterns with different immunophenotype.     

Electro-Acupuncture Combined with the Trigger Point Needle-Embedding for Treatment of Primary Trigeminal Neuralgia in 31 Cases

In recent years, the author of this essay has applied electro-acupuncture combined with the trigger point needle-embedding for treatment of primary trigeminal neuralgia in 31 cases, yielding satis- factory results as reported in the following.     

Investigation of Matrix Metalloproteinase -1, 2 and tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinases-1 in Endometriosis

Objective： To explore the role of matrix metalloproteinase-1,2 （MMP-1, MMP-2） and tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinases-1 （TIMP-1） in endometriosis. Methods： The eutopic and ectopic endometria from 40 subjects suffering from endometriosis and regular.endometria from 40 subjects （excluding endometriosis） were collected and examined by in situ hybridization technology and western blot assay. Results： Both expressions of MMP-1 and -2 were stronger in ectopic endometrium and eutopic endometrium than in normal endometrium. On the contrary, the expression of TIMP-1 in ectopic endometrium and eutopic endometrium was lower. The differences were significant （P 〈 0.01 ）. Moreover, there was no relationship among the expressions of MMP-1, 2 and TIMP-1 in ectopic endometrium. Conclusion： The expressions of MMP-1, 2 and TIMP-1 lose balance and lack of periodic changes in ectopic endometrium , which explains the biological invasive behavior of endometriosis. It was suggested-that regulating the balance between the MMPs and TIMP-1 should be an ideal therapeutic target to endometriosis.     

Shi Da-zhuo (史大卓) —An outstanding cardiologist of integrative medicine

Prof. SHI Da-zhuo, Ph.D., male, was born on March 20, 1960. Prof. SHI entered the Ph.D. program in 1990 at the China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences under the supervision of Prof. CHEN Ke-ji, majoring in the treatment of cardiovascular diseases. After receiving his Ph.D. degree in 1993, Prof. SHI started working at the Cardiovascular Center in Xiyuan Hospital affiliated to China Academy of Chinese Medical sciences.     

Persist in and Carry Forward the Integrative Medical Research——Speech at the 6th National General Congress of Chinese Association of Integrative Medicine by Academician CHEN Zhu,Minister of Ministry of Health

The 6th National General Congress of Chinese Association of Integrative Medicine （CALM） was convened at 19-20, April 2008 in Beijing. Academician CHEN Zhu, the minister of Ministry of Health indicated at the congress that the integration of Chinese and Western medicine is very well in keeping with the situation of our country and the general rule of development in medical science; and as a good integration of Chinese medicine and Western medicine, it is mutually beneficial and advantageous to both of them. Seeing the creativity shown in integrative medical investigation in theoretic and methodological sides, we should and must persist in and develop it.