The psychological costs of inadequate cervical smear test results: three-month follow-up

We have previously shown that upon receipt of inadequate cervical smear test results, women have elevated levels of state anxiety and concern about their test results, similar to those of women receiving abnormal smear test results. The current paper reports data on the psychological impact three months after receiving an inadequate smear test result. Two groups of women who initially received a normal test result (n=184) or either a first or non-consecutive inadequate smear test result (n=140) responded. Women with initially received inadequate smear test results no longer had higher state anxiety than women who received normal test results. However, women who initially received inadequate smear test results were still more concerned about their test results and less satisfied with the information they had received about these initial test results, even after receiving normal results from repeat cervical smear tests. Concern was strongly predicted by dissatisfaction with information provided about inadequate smear test results. These results underscore the need to improve communication about inadequate cervical smear test results.     

复方竹节参胶囊的毒理学试验

背景与目的： 检测复方竹节参胶囊的毒性。 材料与方法： 按照常规方法进行小鼠经口急性毒性、小鼠骨髓微核试验、小鼠精子畸形试验、Ames实验以及大鼠30 d喂养试验。小鼠骨髓微核试验、精子畸形试验均同时设阴性对照组(蒸馏水)和阳性对照组(环磷酰胺), 大鼠30 d喂养试验设阴性对照组给予蒸馏水。 结果： 复方竹节参胶囊对雌、雄性SPF级昆明种小鼠在灌胃量达 20 g/kg时,两周内动物未见明显中毒症状。微核试验、精子畸形试验和Ames实验结果均为阴性。30 d喂养试验结果表明: 给药剂量达6 g/kg复方竹节参胶囊对Wistar大鼠的行为表现、血液学、生化学、脏器重量和系数以及病理组织学等指标均未见毒性作用。 结论： 在本实验条件下,复方竹节参胶囊可以通过急性毒性、微核试验、精子畸形试验、Ames实验和30 d喂养试验的毒理学安全性评价,未见明显毒性。     

仙人掌原液毒性的初步研究

背景与目的： 研究仙人掌原液的毒性。 材料与方法： 小鼠急性毒性试验、Ames试验、小鼠骨髓嗜多染红细胞微核试验、小鼠精子畸形试验、大鼠30 d喂养试验。 结果： 仙人掌原液雌、雄小鼠LD50均大于20.0 g/kg,属无毒物质;Ames试验、微核试验和精子畸形试验结果均为阴性;大鼠30 d喂养试验结果显示该样品30 d喂养对大鼠各项观察指标未见毒性作用。结论： 在本次实验条件下,仙人掌原液为无毒物质,未显示有遗传毒性和亚急性毒性作用。     

生物活性肽粉的急性毒性和致突变性试验

背景与目的: 研究生物活性肽粉的急性毒性与致突变性。 材料与方法: 采用小鼠经口急性毒性试验?Ames试验?小鼠骨髓嗜多染红细胞微核试验和小鼠精子畸形试验检测生物活性肽粉的急性毒性与致突变性。 结果: 生物活性肽粉对小鼠的经口急性毒性LD50大于10 g/kg。Ames试验?微核试验和精子畸形试验结果均为阴性。 结论: 在本实验条件下,生物活性肽粉属于实际无毒物质,未显示致突变性。     

菁染料五甲川菁的遗传毒性研究

目的： 研究菁染料五甲川菁(Cy5)的遗传毒性,为其安全利用提供科学依据。方法：选用小鼠50只,随机分为阴性对照组(生理盐水)、阳性对照组(环磷酰胺,CP)和Cy5不同剂量试验组(2、20、200 mg/kg)。采用小鼠骨髓细胞微核试验、小鼠精子畸形试验、小鼠骨髓染色体畸变试验和Ames试验,检测Cy5的遗传毒性作用。结果：在小鼠骨髓细胞微核试验、小鼠精子畸形试验和小鼠骨髓染色体畸变试验中,Cy5各试验组与阴性对照组相比以及各试验组两两之间比较差异均无统计学意义(P均＞0.05),而各试验阳性对照组与阴性对照组相比差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05);Ames试验结果亦呈阴性反应。结论：在本试验条件下,未观察到Cy5对小鼠的遗传毒性作用。     

仙人掌原毒性的初步研究

背景与目的:研究仙人掌原液的毒性。材料与方法:小鼠急性毒性试验、Ames试验、小鼠骨髓嗜多染红细胞微核试验、小鼠精子畸形试验、大鼠30 d喂养试验。结果:仙人掌原液雌、雄小鼠LD50均大于20.0 g／kg,属无毒物质;Ames试验、微核试验和精子畸形试验结果均为阴性;大鼠30 d喂养试验结果显示该样品30 d喂养对大鼠各项观察指标未见毒性作用。结论:在本次实验条件下,仙人掌原液为无毒物质,未显示有遗传毒性和亚急性毒性作用。     

通便袋泡茶的致突变性

背景与目的： 研究通便袋泡茶的潜在致突变性。 材料与方法： 采用常规的小鼠骨髓嗜多染红细胞微核试验、小鼠精子畸变试验和Ames试验。 结果： 通便袋泡茶小鼠骨髓嗜多染红细胞微核试验、小鼠精子畸形试验和Ames试验结果均为阴性。 结论： 在本试验条件下,通便袋泡茶无致突变作用。     

临床与基础研究基于鼻咽部黏膜细胞稳定性FH检测的联合检测手段在鼻咽癌早期诊断中的应用

目的 探讨鼻咽部黏膜细胞稳定性FH检测、电子鼻咽镜、EB病毒血清学检查3种方法单独及联合检查在鼻咽癌诊断中的价值。方法 采用鼻咽部黏膜细胞稳定性FH检测、电子鼻咽镜检查、EB病毒VCA IgA检测3种检查方法对2017年1月至2018年6月在长沙市第一医院耳鼻喉科就诊的303例疑似鼻咽癌患者进行检查,比较3种方法单独及联合检测诊断鼻咽癌的敏感性以及特异性。结果 303例临床症状可疑鼻咽癌患者经鼻咽病理活检确诊鼻咽癌189例。鼻咽部黏膜细胞稳定性FH检测、EB病毒VCA IgA检测以及电子鼻咽镜检查单独运用诊断鼻咽癌的敏感性分别为899％、847％、831％,特异性分别为807％、772％、816％。任意两种方法联合检查以鼻咽部黏膜细胞稳定性FH检测联合EB病毒VCA IgA检测敏感性最高(831％);鼻咽部黏膜细胞稳定性FH检测联合电子鼻咽镜检查特异性最高(939％)。三者联合检查的敏感性显著降低(772％),但特异性升高(939％)。结论 鼻咽部黏膜细胞稳定性FH检测联合EB病毒血清学检测的方法诊断早期鼻咽癌具有较高的敏感性和特异性,方法简单可行,适于临床推广应用。     

Response of the ke test to NCI/NTP-screened chemicals. III. Complementary value of ke in screening for carcinogens.

The value of using a physico-chemical carcinogen-screening test, the ke test, in conjunction with the Salmonella typhimurium/microsome assay (the Ames test) and/or structural alerts of reactivity (the S/A test), is analyzed on the basis of the response of the three tests to 171 chemicals of known rodent carcinogenicity. The Ames test is widely used to screen chemicals for potential carcinogenicity; however, its relatively low sensitivity (proportion of true positives among carcinogens tested) has prompted a search for complementary tests that increase sensitivity without an unacceptable decrease in specificity (proportion of true negatives among non-carcinogens tested). The S/A test is a structural analysis based on recognition of chemicals groups likely to react with DNA. The S/A test does not complement the Ames test well, because of the high similarity of responses (dependence) between these two tests. The ke test measures the affinity of a test chemical for electrons, and has a sensitivity and specificity comparable to the Ames test. The ke test is shown in this work to complement both the Ames test and the S/A test. Addition of the ke test to either the Ames test or the S/A test results in a substantial decrease in false negatives and an approximately equal increase in false positives, which is a trade-off that would be desirable in all but the least risk averse situations. The S/A and ke battery has a sensitivity of > 0.9, and could be applied to untested chemicals without any biological testing. In view of these observations, it is proposed that the ke test be considered in developing future strategies to optimize the screening of potential carcinogens in the most cost-effective manner.     

番茄红素和大豆异黄酮组合物的毒理学评价

背景与目的:对番茄红素和大豆异黄酮组合物的食用安全性进行毒理学评价.材料与方法:根据<保健食品检验与评价技术规范>进行大鼠经口急性毒性试验、小鼠骨髓嗜多染红细胞微核试验、小鼠精子畸形试验、Ames试验.结果:番茄红素和大豆异黄酮组合物的大鼠经口 LD50>10.0 g/kg;小鼠骨髓嗜多染红细胞微核试验、小鼠精子畸形试验及Ames试验结果均为阴性.结论:番茄红素和大豆异黄酮组合物属无毒级物质,无致突变作用.     

破壁松花粉的毒理试验

背景与目的：检测破壁松花粉作为保健食品的安全性。材料与方法：按照常规方法进行小鼠经口急性毒性、小鼠骨髓微核试验、小鼠精于畸形试验以及大鼠30d喂养试验。结果：破壁松花粉对2种性别的SPF级昆明种小鼠在灌胃量达15g／kg下，2周内动物未见明显中毒症状。微核试验和精子畸形试验结果均为阴性：30d喂养试验结果表明：该受试物对Wistar大鼠的临床检查、血液学、生化学、脏器重量和系数以及病理组织学等指标无明显的毒性作用。结论：破壁松花粉可以通过急性毒性、微核试验、精子畸形试验和30d喂养试验的毒理学安会性评价。     

Comparative Study of Smart Scope® Visual Screening Test with Naked Eye Visual Screening and Pap Test

Background: Cervical cancer is a major contributor to mortality and morbidity in women. Naked eye visual screening (NE test) and Pap test are commonly used for cervical cancer screening.  Both tests have inherent limitations like low sensitivity (Pap test) and subjectivity in interpretation, lack of permanent record and overestimation (NE test). Here, Smart Scope® visual screening test (SS test) was compared with NE and Pap tests. Smart Scope® is a small, hand-held device that captures cervical images attached to a tablet to store data. Objective: To compare SS test with Pap and NE tests. Study Design: This prospective observational study was conducted at a tertiary care hospital in India, over 16 months. A total of 509 women in the age group of 25 to 65 years were included in the study as per the inclusion criteria. All the participants underwent Pap test, NE test and SS test. Screen positives on any one test were advised colposcopy and biopsy. Results: Out of 154 screen-positive women, 49 visited for follow-up colposcopy-guided biopsy. Nine incidental biopsies of screen-negative women were included in the data.  Thus, statistical analysis was carried out based on 58 available histopathology results. Out of 58 biopsies, 8 were normal, 30 were benign lesions, 18 were precancerous and 2 were cancerous lesions. SS test was found to have a sensitivity and NPV of 100% each, PPV of 45.4% and a specificity of 36.8%. Sensitivity and specificity of NE test was 90% and 39.5% respectively, PPV was 43.9% and NPV was 88.2%. Pap smear had a sensitivity of 25% and specificity of 84.2%, PPV of 45.5% and NPV of 68.08%. Conclusion: SS test has great potential to be a primary screening test in low-resource settings due to its better sensitivity and NPV as compared to NE and Pap tests.     

牛黄解毒片的遗传毒性研究

背景与目的：评价牛黄解毒片是否具有遗传毒性作用。材料与方法：采用Ames试验、小鼠骨髓细胞微核试验和小鼠精子畸形试验对牛黄解毒片进行遗传毒性检测。结果：Ames试验各剂量组回变菌落数均未超过溶剂对照组的2倍,3个剂量组的微核率和精子畸形率与溶剂对照组比较,差异均无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。结论：在本试验条件下,牛黄解毒片未见遗传毒性作用。     

The dysfunctional federally mandated proficiency test in cytopathology

Proficiency testing in cytopathology and in other disciplines should be based on firm statistical and scientific foundations, because test theory in general is a heavily statistical subject. Statistical considerations have demonstrated that the design of “short” proficiency tests in cytopathology, including the current federally mandated test, fundamentally is unsound because of the lack of sufficient validity and reliability. Examinees too frequently are misclassified by such short‐format tests: Competent examinees fail the test in surprisingly high numbers, whereas most of the examinees who have insufficient cytologic skills eventually pass the test after the allowed retakes. Only dichotomous tests are suitable for accurate computation of the effects of test design on reliability, but the statistical conclusions also are generalizable to nondichotomous tests. In conclusion, the current federally mandated proficiency test cannot reliably measure the level of expertise of cytologists and, thus, cannot assure that only adequately skilled individuals evaluate Papanicolaou test samples. To render the test suitable for its intended purpose, the authors believe that complete redesign of the test, with the participation of experts in modern test theory, would be advisable. Cancer (Cancer Cytopathol) 2007. © 2007 American Cancer Society.     

珍珠祛斑美容片的急性毒性和遗传毒性试验研究

背景与目的： 研究珍珠祛斑美容片的急性毒性和遗传毒性。 材料与方法： 采用大鼠、小鼠急性毒性试验、Ames试验、小鼠骨髓嗜多染红细胞微核试验和小鼠精子畸形试验对珍珠祛斑美容片进行常规安全性实验分析。 结果： 急性毒性实验结果表明,大鼠、小鼠灌胃给予珍珠祛斑美容片,其最大耐受剂量(MTD)均大于200 g/kg。Ames试验、微核试验和精子畸形试验结果均为阴性。 结论： 在人体推荐摄入剂量,每人2.0 g/d范围内使用珍珠祛斑美容片是安全可靠的。     

Immunological detection of faecal occult blood in colorectal cancer

A new two-phase test kit for faecal occult blood combining a sensitive guaiac test (Fecatwin (S)ensitive) with an immunological test for human haemoglobin (FECA-EIA) was compared with three current guaiac tests (Fecatest, Fecatwin, Haemoccult) in 19 colorectal cancer patients and 11 controls on a restricted diet. A total of 43 48 h faecal samples (30 from cancer patients and 13 from controls) were collected for quantitative determination of faecal blood loss with the 51Cr method. Qualitative testing revealed that FECA-EIA was the most sensitive test, giving one (3%) false negative test result in the 30 tests on colorectal cancer patients and no false positives in the control subjects. It was also the only test that detected low-degree tumour bleeding. Fecatest and Fecatwin S were the most sensitive guaiac tests, giving 7 and 10% false negative test results, respectively, in the 30 colorectal cancer samples, whereas Haemoccult and Fecatwin gave 23% false negative test results. For screening purposes and in order to reduce costs it is suggested that only the positive test results of the very sensitive guaiac test (Fecatwin S) should be tested with the FECA-EIA test to eliminate false positive results. With this approach the diagnostic accuracy of the new two-phase test will be about twice as good as for the Haemoccult test.     

富硒益生菌的急性毒性和遗传毒性试验

背景与目的:研究富硒益生菌的急性毒性和遗传毒性.材料与方法:采用小鼠急性毒性试验、Ames试验、小鼠骨髓嗜多染红细胞微核试验和小鼠精子畸形试验等对富硒益生菌进行安全性试验研究.结果:急性毒性试验表明,小鼠灌胃给予富硒益生菌,其LD50为18.49 g/kg.Ames试验、微核试验和精子畸形试验结果均为阴性.结论:在本次实验条件下,富硒益生菌表现出一定的急性毒性,但未见遗传毒性.由此可初步判定,在人体推荐摄入剂量每天50 mg范围内使用富硒益生菌是安全可靠的.     

Knowledge and attitudes about microsatellite instability testing among high-risk individuals diagnosed with colorectal cancer.

For individuals meeting Bethesda criteria for hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer syndrome, the microsatellite instability (MSI) test is recommended as a screening evaluation before proceeding to genetic testing. The MSI test is new to the medical setting, but will be increasingly used to screen patients at high risk for hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer. The main goals of this study were to examine knowledge about and exposure to the MSI test among individuals considering the test, to evaluate perceived benefits and barriers to undergoing the MSI test, and to identify the demographic, medical, and psychosocial correlates of the perceived benefits and barriers to undergoing the test. One hundred and twenty-five patients completed a survey after being offered the test, but prior to making the decision whether to pursue MSI testing. Results indicated low levels of knowledge about and previous exposure to the MSI test. Participants held positive attitudes about the potential benefits of the test and perceived few barriers to undergoing the test. Motivations were similar to those cited by individuals considering other genetic tests. Participants with nonmetastatic disease, with lower perceived risk for cancer recurrence, and who reported more self-efficacy endorsed more benefits from the test. Higher levels of cancer-specific psychological distress were associated with more perceived barriers to having the test. These findings suggest that individuals considering the MSI test know very little about it but hold positive attitudes about the test's utility. More distressed patients, patients who perceive themselves at higher risk for cancer recurrence, and patients with metastatic disease might be less motivated to have the MSI test.     

Psychological costs of inadequate cervical smear test results

The purpose of the study is to investigate, for the first time, the psychological impact of an inadequate smear test result. A prospective questionnaire design was used, and the setting was a single English cervical screening laboratory. Two groups of women receiving either a normal test result (n=226) or either a first or nonconsecutive inadequate smear test result (n=180) participated. The main outcome measures included State anxiety (STAI) and concern about test result, assessed within 4 weeks of receipt of results, and attendance for a repeat cervical smear within 3 months. Compared to women with normal test results, women with inadequate smear test results had higher state anxiety (P=0.025), were more concerned about their results (P<0.001), perceived themselves to be at higher risk of cervical cancer (P=0.016), and felt less satisfied with the information they had received about their test results (P<0.001). The only predictor of attendance for a repeat smear test following an inadequate smear test result was state anxiety (P=0.011): nonattenders had higher levels of state anxiety in response to their initial test results. In conclusion, in this first study to assess the psychological impact of receiving an inadequate smear test result, we have shown that it raises state anxiety and concern to levels similar to those found in women with abnormal smear test results. Of particular concern is that anxious women are less likely to attend for a repeat smear test within the recommended time frame. Given the millions of women each year receiving this test result, research is now needed to ascertain how the anxiety associated with this result can be avoided.     

灭菌丹的致突变研究

背景与目的:研究灭菌丹在不同遗传终点的致突变作用。材料与方法:采用Comet试验、Ames试验、微核试验和小鼠精母细胞染色体畸变试验分析灭菌丹在不同剂量下对DNA和染色体的损伤。结果:Comet体内试验PMNC尾长呈现出随剂量增加而增长的趋势,体外试验尾长与溶剂对照组相比,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.01)。Ames试验加和不加S9,各菌株回变菌落数均超过溶剂对照组的2倍,并呈现出剂量反应关系。微核试验和小鼠中期I精母细胞染色体畸变试验显示各剂量组与阴性对照组间差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论:灭菌丹可引起鼠伤寒沙门氏菌碱基置换和移码突变,并可能损伤人外周血淋巴细胞DNA的完整性。