磷酸二酯酶抑制剂Rolipram对NOD小鼠免疫应答的影响

目的　探讨磷酸二酯酶Ⅳ型抑制剂Rolipram对非肥胖糖尿病(NOD)小鼠免疫应答的影响机制,为临床通过免疫干预治疗糖尿病提供理论依据。方法　动物模型分为Rolipram干预组和磷酸盐缓冲液(PBS)对照组,分别经DNAladder、免疫组化检测T细胞凋亡;流式细胞、RT- PCR测定T细胞亚群的漂移。结果　与PBS对照组比较,Rolipram干预组外周T淋巴细胞凋亡率增加(Bcl- 2表达减少:0 .3439±0 .0 739vs 0 .736 1±0 .0 839,t=2 .6 82 ,P <0 .0 1;Bax表达增加:0 .7380±0 .1372vs 0 .32 2 7±0 .0 4 2 8,t=2 .6 79,P <0 .0 1;同时DNAladder也呈典型的2 0 0bp及其倍数大小的条带) ;CD4 + TH1型淋巴细胞减少(IL- 2A2 6 0 βactinA2 6 0 :0 .0 33±0 .0 0 1vs 0 .2 87±0 .0 0 6 ,t =2 .70 1,P <0 .0 1)而CD4 + TH2型细胞增加(IL 10A2 6 0 βactinA2 6 0 :0 .32 3±0 .0 0 4vs 0 .0 72±0 .0 0 3,t=2 .135 ,P <0 .0 5 ) ;胰岛炎症积分明显减少(Z =- 1.882 ,P <0 .0 1)。结论　磷酸二酯酶Ⅳ型抑制剂Rolipram能引起T细胞功能抑制,减轻NOD小鼠自身免疫反应程度,保护胰岛β细胞功能,其机制可能是通过T细胞亚群由TH1型向TH2型定向漂移实现的。     

慢性肾炎患者外周血T细胞亚群和共刺激分子的表达及其意义

为研究慢性肾炎患者外周血T细胞亚群和共刺激分子的表达特点及其在慢性肾炎免疫病理机制中的作用 ,本文采用免疫荧光标记和流式细胞仪分析 ,对 35例慢性肾炎患者外周血T淋巴细胞亚群和共刺激分子CD2 8、 4 1BB等的表达进行研究。结果表明 :(1)慢性肾炎患者T细胞亚群明显失衡 ,表现为CD4减少 ,CD8增加 ,CD4/CD8比值显著降低 ;(2 )共刺激分子CD2 8表达显著低于正常对照组 (CD2 8表达百分率分别为 45 95± 5 6 7和 6 6 42± 4 5 8,P <0 0 0 1) ,且CD4+ CD2 8+ T细胞和CD8+ CD2 8+ T细胞均显著减少。治疗后缓解期患者T细胞亚群失衡明显纠正 ,CD2 8+ T细胞 ,尤其是CD4+ CD2 8+ T细胞显著增多 ,而且CD4+ CD2 8+ T细胞数与患者的 2 4h尿蛋白定量呈负相关 (r= 0 47,P <0 0 1) ;(3)慢性肾炎患者共刺激分子 4 1BB在T细胞中的表达显著高于正常对照组 (表达百分率分别为 30 5 7± 8 12和 0 74± 0 2 8,P <0 0 0 1) ,治疗后的 4 1BB表达水平显著降低 ,而且 4 1BB异常高表达与CD8+ T细胞数呈正相关 (r=0 6 3,P <0 0 5 )。从而表明慢性肾炎外周血T细胞亚群失衡和T细胞活化所必需的共刺激分子CD2 8、 4 1BB异常表达 ,可能在慢性肾炎发生和病变进展中起着重要作用。     

粒细胞-巨噬细胞集落刺激因子对HBV宫内感染婴儿的免疫调节作用

目的 观察粒细胞-巨噬细胞集落刺激因子(GM-CSF)对HBV宫内感染免疫失败婴儿的免疫调节作用.方法 宫内感染婴儿分为治疗组和对照组(均为20例),都给予乙肝疫苗10μg免疫用量,同一部位三角肌注射(疫苗注射时间按0、1、6方案),乙肝免疫球蛋白200IU臀部肌肉注射,20天1次,共3次.治疗组注射乙肝疫苗3天后,同一部位皮内注射GM-CSF 10μg/Kg.1岁时抽外周静脉血检测T淋巴细胞亚群的水平、血清干扰素-γ(IFN-γ)和白细胞介素4(IL-4)的水平.结果 (1)治疗组CD4+T细胞百分数及CD4 +/CD8+比值高于对照组(t=11.67,P＜0.05;t=13.06,P＜0.05),CD8+百分数低于对照组(t=6.25,P＜0.05),两组比较差异均有显著意义.(2)患者外周血IFN-γ水平治疗组高于对照组(t=13.92,P＜0.05);IL-4水平与对照组相比,差异无统计学意义(t=1.30,P＞0.05).结论 GM-CSF可提高HBV宫内HBV感染免疫失败婴儿CD4 +/CD8+比值,并且调节Th1/Th2细胞因子比例平衡.     

肺炎支原体肺炎患儿外周血T淋巴细胞表面IL-18Rα的变化及意义

目的：探讨肺炎支原体肺炎（MPP）患儿外周血T淋巴细胞表面IL-18Rα表达的意义。方法：采用流式细胞术测定35例MPP患儿外周血T淋巴细胞亚群（CD3/CD4/CD8）和T淋巴细胞表面IL-18Rα的表达水平,并与正常对照组比较。结果：MPP患儿T细胞亚群与正常对照相比,CD3^＋细胞百分率降低（P〈0.05）,51.4%的MPP患儿CD4^＋/CD8^＋在1.0-1.9的范围之外。急性期MPP组CD4^＋T和CD8^＋T淋巴细胞表面IL-18Rα的表达较正常对照组明显升高,有显著性差异（P〈0.01）;恢复期与对照组比较有显著性差异（P〈0.05）。恢复期表达水平下降,与急性期比较有显著性差异（P〈0.05）。T细胞亚群异常组与正常组相比,CD4^＋T和CD8^＋T细胞IL-18Rα表达明显增高（P〈0.01）,T细胞亚群正常组与正常对照无明显差别（P〉0.05）。结论：MPP患儿存在细胞免疫功能紊乱,外周血T淋巴细胞存在Th1/Th2失衡,急性期表现为Th1优势应答。     

T细胞CD4+/CD8+比值及CD4、CD8编码基因单核苷酸多态性与系统性红斑狼疮的关联研究

目的 分析T细胞CD4⁺/CD8⁺比值及CD4、CD8编码基因单核苷酸多态性(single nucleotide polymorphisms, SNP)与系统性红斑狼疮(systemic lupus erythematosus, SLE)的关联。方法 检测119例SLE患者及117例健康人T细胞亚群水平及CD4、CD8A、CD8B基因14个标签SNP位点基因型,比较组间T细胞亚群及各基因型、等位基因的分布差异,计算比值比(OR)及其95%可信区间(CI)。结果 SLE组CD4⁺ T细胞低于对照组(P>0.05),CD8⁺ T细胞高于对照组(P<0.01),CD4⁺/CD8⁺比值低于对照组(P<0.01)。携带CD4 rs1055141C>T/CT基因型(OR:2.280, 95%CI:1.261～4.123,P<0.01)及T等位基因(OR:2.210, 95%CI:1.293～3.778,P<0.01)、CD8B rs...     

系统性红斑狼疮患者外周血CD4+和CD8+T细胞PD-1的表达和意义

目的 探讨程序性死亡分子1 (PD-1)在系统性红斑狼疮(SLE)患者外周血CD4+和CD8+T细胞上的表达及临床意义.方法 应用流式细胞仪检测51例SLE患者和38例健康对照者外周血T细胞亚群表面PD-1表达水平,比较SLE稳定组、活动组和健康对照组以及狼疮肾炎组和无狼疮肾炎组之间CD4+和CD8+T细胞表面PD-1表达的百分比,并分析其与临床表现及实验室检查数据的相关性.结果 SLE活动组CD4+T细胞PD-1表达水平高于健康对照组和不活动组,差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05).SLE活动组、稳定组CD8+T细胞PD-1表达水平均高于健康对照组,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).狼疮肾炎患者CD4+PD-1+和CD8+PD-1+T细胞分别高于无狼疮肾炎患者(P＜0.01).SLE患者中抗dsDNA抗体、抗Sm抗体、抗核小体抗体阳性组外周血CD4+和CD8+T细胞PD-1表达水平均高于对应阴性组.SLE患者CD4+和CD8+T细胞PD-1表达百分率与SLE疾病活动度指数(SLEDAI)、尿蛋白定量呈正相关,与补体C3呈负相关.结论 SLE患者外周血CD4+和CD8+T细胞PD-1表达异常,与SLEDA1和自身抗体产生有明确的相关性.     

RA患者外周血CD8＋CD28-和CD4＋CD25＋调节性T细胞的表达及疾病活动性指标相关性分析

目的：检测类风湿性关节炎（RA）患者外周血CD8＋CD28-、CD4＋CD25＋调节性T细胞亚群,探讨其与临床活动性指标的关系。方法：采用流式细胞术检测台州医院RA患者外周血CD8＋CD28-、CD4＋CD25＋ T细胞亚群比例,探讨调节性T细胞与RA活动性、类风湿因子（RF）、免疫球蛋白（Ig）、C反应蛋白（CRP）、补体C3、抗CCP抗体、抗核抗体（ANA）、血小板（PLT）及血沉（ESR）的关系。结果：活动期RA患者外周血CD4＋CD25＋调节性T细胞亚群比例显著低于正常对照组（P〈0.01）,但稳定期RA患者与正常对照组结果差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）。活动期和稳定期RA患者CD8＋CD28-与正常对照组相比较,结果无统计学意义（P〉0.05）;CD4＋CD25＋与CRP密切相关（r=-0.593,P〈0.05）,CD8＋CD28-与ESR相关系数呈弱相关。CD4＋CD25＋和CD8＋CD28-细胞与RF、IGG、C3、ANA、anti-CCP和PLT未见明显相关性。结论：活动期RA患者外周血CD4＋CD25＋ T细胞亚群比例减少,CD4＋CD25＋ T细胞可能与类风湿性关节炎疾病进展有关。     

神经营养素受体在人外周血T细胞中表达的研究

目的 研究人外周血CD4^ /CD8^ T细胞4种神经营养素受体基因的转录。方法 应用尼龙手法分离出T细胞，磁式细胞分离法（MACS）分离CD4^ /CD8^ T细胞亚群，再以RT－PCR法研究4种神经营养素受体在两种T细胞亚群上的表达。结果 未经刺激的CD4^ /CD8^ T细胞亚群不表达任何神经营养素受体。经PHA或PPD刺激后，CD4^ /CD8^ T细胞亚群表达trkA,CD8^ T细胞亚群表达trkC；而在各种状态下的T细胞上均未见表达trkB及p75^NGFR。结论神经营养素受体在两种T细胞亚群中有不同的表达格局，提示不同T细胞亚群受神经营养素调节的模式可能各不相同。     

心理干预对减轻初产妇焦虑情绪效果的影响

目的 观察早期心理干预对初产妇产前焦虑的影响.方法 采用ZUNG焦虑自评表(SAS)对164名初产妇焦虑情绪状况进行评定.结果 从评定分析干预组80例产妇中12例焦虑,对照组84例子产妇中有36例为焦虑.干预组与对照组焦虑值经t检验及χ2检验,干预后P值均＜0.05,有显著差异.结论 心理护理能有效减轻初产妇焦虑情绪,有利于分娩及产后恢复.     

CD4+CD25+调节性T细胞与系统性红斑狼疮病情活动性关系的研究

目的：检测系统性红斑狼疮患者外周血CD4^＋CD25^＋、CD4^＋CD8^＋调节性T细胞亚群，探讨其与疾病活动性、肾脏损伤、血清抗ds-DNA抗体及免疫球蛋白和补体C3含量的关系。方法：采用流式细胞术检测北京协和医院住院和门诊SLE患者（n=37）外周血CD4^＋CD25^＋T、CD4^＋CD8^＋T细胞群比例，以15例RA和15例SS组成自身免疫性疾病对照，30例健康体检者作为正常对照，观察调节性T细胞亚群与SLE患者疾病活动性指标SLEDAI、IgG、C3及血清抗ds-DNA抗体的关系。结果：①疾病活动期SLE患者外周血CD4^＋CD25^＋调节性T细胞群比例显著低于正常对照组（P〈0.01），疾病稳定期和风湿性疾病对照组与正常对照组结果差异无统计学意义。疾病活动期和稳定期SLE患者CD4＋CD8＋T细胞群比例都略高于正常对照组，但未发现结果差异有统计学意义（P〉0.05）。②疾病活动期SLE患者外周血CD4^＋CD25^＋T细胞比例及CD4^＋CD25^＋/CD4^＋值显著低于稳定期患者（P〈0.01）。SLE患者外周血CD4^＋CD25^＋/CD4^＋值与SLEDAI、补体C3呈低度相关（r分别为-0.491、0.368，P〈0.05），CD4^＋CD25^＋T细胞数量与SLEDAI呈负相关（r=-0.578，P〈0.05）。③SLE并发肾病组外周血CD4^＋CD25^＋T细胞群比例及CD4^＋CD25^＋/CD4^＋值显著低于非肾病组（P〈0.01；P〈0.05）。同一SLE患者治疗前后CD3^＋CD4^-CD8^-细胞和NK细胞降低，CD4^＋CD25^＋细胞、CD4^＋CD25^＋/CD4^＋值及CD8^＋T细胞增加，但未发现这些结果差异有统计学意义。本次研究未发现NK细胞、CD4^＋CD8＋T细胞、CD4^＋CD25^＋T细胞群比例在ds-DNA＋组与ds-DNA-组之间结果差异有统计学意义。结论：SLE患者外周血CD4^＋CD25^＋T细胞群比例与SLEDAI成负相关，与肾脏的损害也有密切关系，但与血清抗ds-DNA抗体产生的关系不明显。活动期SLE患者外周血CD4^＋CD25^＋T细胞减少，稳定期CD4^＋CD25^＋T细胞比例回升，因此推测CD4^＋CD25^＋T细胞的变化可能是导致疾病发生和病情发展及相关器官（如肾脏）损伤的关键环节之一。     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.     

Der Einfluß von Nahrungsmitteln und Rauchen auf die klinisch-chemische Diagnostik von Phäochromozytom,Neuroblastom und Karzinoid-Syndrom

Zusammenfassung Der Einfluß von verschiedenen Nahrungsmitteln auf Methoden zur Bestimmung von Adrenalin (AD), Noradrenalin (NA), Vanillinmandelsäure (VMS), Metanephrinen (MN), Homovanillinsäure (HVS) und 5-Hydroxyindolessigsäure (5-HIE) im 24 h-Harn zur Diagnose des Phäochromozytoms bzw. Karzinoid-Syndroms wurde untersucht. Die in die Untersuchung einbezogenen Nahrungsmittel waren: Tee, Kaffee, Mandeln, Ananas, Käse, Walnüsse, Vanillepudding, Bananen, Tomaten und Milchschokolade. Außerdem wurde der Einfluß des Zigarettenrauchens auf die Bestimmung von AD, NA, VMS und MN untersucht.Walnüsse führten zu einer starken Erhöhung der 5-HIE-Ausscheidung. Bananen erhöhten die Ausscheidung von AD, NA, VMS, MN und 5-HIE. Kaffee und Ananas bewirkten eine geringe Zunahme der MN-Werte. Rauchen von 20–30 Zigaretten/Tag beeinflußte keine der vier Variablen.Wenn die beschriebenen Methoden benutzt werden, sollte lediglich auf den Verzehr von Bananen und Walnüssen vor und während der Harnsammelperioden verzichtet werden, da die oberen Normgrenzen im Harn überschritten werden könnten. Ein Verzicht auf Kaffee und Ananas in normalen Mengen ist nicht erforderlich. Es besteht kein Anlaß, weiterhin die bisherigen umfangreichen Restriktionen der übrigen Nahrungsmittel beizubehalten.