管道骨骼线三维重建在肝脏可视化的应用

目的 研究三维重建数字化虚拟肝脏的方法.方法 将肝脏管道灌注后的肝脏标本进行螺旋CT扫描,获取CT扫描连续图像数据集.然后使用面绘制移动立方体(MC)算法重建肝脏及其内部管道结构表面模型,并对模型进行平滑和简化.确定出管道树上的关键节点,并使用改进的种子生长法生成管道树.将生成管道的表面模型和管道树相结合实现交互式分析.结果 肝脏管道灌注和铸型良好,螺旋CT扫描获取连续肝脏断面图像数据集242张.基于骨骼线提取的肝脏管道结构三维重建肝脏模型形态逼真,交互性强,通过设定各结构的透明度和颜色能单独或组合显示肝脏、肝静脉和下腔静脉、门静脉、胆囊,并可通过旋转、放大、缩小模型观察各结构.结论 基于肝脏管道骨骼线的方法进行肝脏及其管道系统三维重建可视化肝脏,生成肝脏和内部管道系统,立体空间感强,交互性好.     

管道骨骼线三维重建在肝脏可视化的应用

目的 研究三维重建数字化虚拟肝脏的方法.方法 将肝脏管道灌注后的肝脏标本进行螺旋CT扫描,获取CT扫描连续图像数据集.然后使用面绘制移动立方体(MC)算法重建肝脏及其内部管道结构表面模型,并对模型进行平滑和简化.确定出管道树上的关键节点,并使用改进的种子生长法生成管道树.将生成管道的表面模型和管道树相结合实现交互式分析.结果 肝脏管道灌注和铸型良好,螺旋CT扫描获取连续肝脏断面图像数据集242张.基于骨骼线提取的肝脏管道结构三维重建肝脏模型形态逼真,交互性强,通过设定各结构的透明度和颜色能单独或组合显示肝脏、肝静脉和下腔静脉、门静脉、胆囊,并可通过旋转、放大、缩小模型观察各结构.结论 基于肝脏管道骨骼线的方法进行肝脏及其管道系统三维重建可视化肝脏,生成肝脏和内部管道系统,立体空间感强,交互性好.     

管道骨骼线三维重建在肝脏可视化的应用

目的 研究三维重建数字化虚拟肝脏的方法.方法 将肝脏管道灌注后的肝脏标本进行螺旋CT扫描,获取CT扫描连续图像数据集.然后使用面绘制移动立方体(MC)算法重建肝脏及其内部管道结构表面模型,并对模型进行平滑和简化.确定出管道树上的关键节点,并使用改进的种子生长法生成管道树.将生成管道的表面模型和管道树相结合实现交互式分析.结果 肝脏管道灌注和铸型良好,螺旋CT扫描获取连续肝脏断面图像数据集242张.基于骨骼线提取的肝脏管道结构三维重建肝脏模型形态逼真,交互性强,通过设定各结构的透明度和颜色能单独或组合显示肝脏、肝静脉和下腔静脉、门静脉、胆囊,并可通过旋转、放大、缩小模型观察各结构.结论 基于肝脏管道骨骼线的方法进行肝脏及其管道系统三维重建可视化肝脏,生成肝脏和内部管道系统,立体空间感强,交互性好.     

管道骨骼线三维重建在肝脏可视化的应用

目的 研究三维重建数字化虚拟肝脏的方法.方法 将肝脏管道灌注后的肝脏标本进行螺旋CT扫描,获取CT扫描连续图像数据集.然后使用面绘制移动立方体(MC)算法重建肝脏及其内部管道结构表面模型,并对模型进行平滑和简化.确定出管道树上的关键节点,并使用改进的种子生长法生成管道树.将生成管道的表面模型和管道树相结合实现交互式分析.结果 肝脏管道灌注和铸型良好,螺旋CT扫描获取连续肝脏断面图像数据集242张.基于骨骼线提取的肝脏管道结构三维重建肝脏模型形态逼真,交互性强,通过设定各结构的透明度和颜色能单独或组合显示肝脏、肝静脉和下腔静脉、门静脉、胆囊,并可通过旋转、放大、缩小模型观察各结构.结论 基于肝脏管道骨骼线的方法进行肝脏及其管道系统三维重建可视化肝脏,生成肝脏和内部管道系统,立体空间感强,交互性好.     

管道骨骼线三维重建在肝脏可视化的应用

目的 研究三维重建数字化虚拟肝脏的方法.方法 将肝脏管道灌注后的肝脏标本进行螺旋CT扫描,获取CT扫描连续图像数据集.然后使用面绘制移动立方体(MC)算法重建肝脏及其内部管道结构表面模型,并对模型进行平滑和简化.确定出管道树上的关键节点,并使用改进的种子生长法生成管道树.将生成管道的表面模型和管道树相结合实现交互式分析.结果 肝脏管道灌注和铸型良好,螺旋CT扫描获取连续肝脏断面图像数据集242张.基于骨骼线提取的肝脏管道结构三维重建肝脏模型形态逼真,交互性强,通过设定各结构的透明度和颜色能单独或组合显示肝脏、肝静脉和下腔静脉、门静脉、胆囊,并可通过旋转、放大、缩小模型观察各结构.结论 基于肝脏管道骨骼线的方法进行肝脏及其管道系统三维重建可视化肝脏,生成肝脏和内部管道系统,立体空间感强,交互性好.     

管道骨骼线三维重建在肝脏可视化的应用

目的 研究三维重建数字化虚拟肝脏的方法.方法 将肝脏管道灌注后的肝脏标本进行螺旋CT扫描,获取CT扫描连续图像数据集.然后使用面绘制移动立方体(MC)算法重建肝脏及其内部管道结构表面模型,并对模型进行平滑和简化.确定出管道树上的关键节点,并使用改进的种子生长法生成管道树.将生成管道的表面模型和管道树相结合实现交互式分析.结果 肝脏管道灌注和铸型良好,螺旋CT扫描获取连续肝脏断面图像数据集242张.基于骨骼线提取的肝脏管道结构三维重建肝脏模型形态逼真,交互性强,通过设定各结构的透明度和颜色能单独或组合显示肝脏、肝静脉和下腔静脉、门静脉、胆囊,并可通过旋转、放大、缩小模型观察各结构.结论 基于肝脏管道骨骼线的方法进行肝脏及其管道系统三维重建可视化肝脏,生成肝脏和内部管道系统,立体空间感强,交互性好.     

管道骨骼线三维重建在肝脏可视化的应用

目的 研究三维重建数字化虚拟肝脏的方法.方法 将肝脏管道灌注后的肝脏标本进行螺旋CT扫描,获取CT扫描连续图像数据集.然后使用面绘制移动立方体(MC)算法重建肝脏及其内部管道结构表面模型,并对模型进行平滑和简化.确定出管道树上的关键节点,并使用改进的种子生长法生成管道树.将生成管道的表面模型和管道树相结合实现交互式分析.结果 肝脏管道灌注和铸型良好,螺旋CT扫描获取连续肝脏断面图像数据集242张.基于骨骼线提取的肝脏管道结构三维重建肝脏模型形态逼真,交互性强,通过设定各结构的透明度和颜色能单独或组合显示肝脏、肝静脉和下腔静脉、门静脉、胆囊,并可通过旋转、放大、缩小模型观察各结构.结论 基于肝脏管道骨骼线的方法进行肝脏及其管道系统三维重建可视化肝脏,生成肝脏和内部管道系统,立体空间感强,交互性好.     

管道骨骼线三维重建在肝脏可视化的应用

目的 研究三维重建数字化虚拟肝脏的方法.方法 将肝脏管道灌注后的肝脏标本进行螺旋CT扫描,获取CT扫描连续图像数据集.然后使用面绘制移动立方体(MC)算法重建肝脏及其内部管道结构表面模型,并对模型进行平滑和简化.确定出管道树上的关键节点,并使用改进的种子生长法生成管道树.将生成管道的表面模型和管道树相结合实现交互式分析.结果 肝脏管道灌注和铸型良好,螺旋CT扫描获取连续肝脏断面图像数据集242张.基于骨骼线提取的肝脏管道结构三维重建肝脏模型形态逼真,交互性强,通过设定各结构的透明度和颜色能单独或组合显示肝脏、肝静脉和下腔静脉、门静脉、胆囊,并可通过旋转、放大、缩小模型观察各结构.结论 基于肝脏管道骨骼线的方法进行肝脏及其管道系统三维重建可视化肝脏,生成肝脏和内部管道系统,立体空间感强,交互性好.     

管道骨骼线三维重建在肝脏可视化的应用

目的 研究三维重建数字化虚拟肝脏的方法.方法 将肝脏管道灌注后的肝脏标本进行螺旋CT扫描,获取CT扫描连续图像数据集.然后使用面绘制移动立方体(MC)算法重建肝脏及其内部管道结构表面模型,并对模型进行平滑和简化.确定出管道树上的关键节点,并使用改进的种子生长法生成管道树.将生成管道的表面模型和管道树相结合实现交互式分析.结果 肝脏管道灌注和铸型良好,螺旋CT扫描获取连续肝脏断面图像数据集242张.基于骨骼线提取的肝脏管道结构三维重建肝脏模型形态逼真,交互性强,通过设定各结构的透明度和颜色能单独或组合显示肝脏、肝静脉和下腔静脉、门静脉、胆囊,并可通过旋转、放大、缩小模型观察各结构.结论 基于肝脏管道骨骼线的方法进行肝脏及其管道系统三维重建可视化肝脏,生成肝脏和内部管道系统,立体空间感强,交互性好.     

管道骨骼线三维重建在肝脏可视化的应用

目的 研究三维重建数字化虚拟肝脏的方法.方法 将肝脏管道灌注后的肝脏标本进行螺旋CT扫描,获取CT扫描连续图像数据集.然后使用面绘制移动立方体(MC)算法重建肝脏及其内部管道结构表面模型,并对模型进行平滑和简化.确定出管道树上的关键节点,并使用改进的种子生长法生成管道树.将生成管道的表面模型和管道树相结合实现交互式分析.结果 肝脏管道灌注和铸型良好,螺旋CT扫描获取连续肝脏断面图像数据集242张.基于骨骼线提取的肝脏管道结构三维重建肝脏模型形态逼真,交互性强,通过设定各结构的透明度和颜色能单独或组合显示肝脏、肝静脉和下腔静脉、门静脉、胆囊,并可通过旋转、放大、缩小模型观察各结构.结论 基于肝脏管道骨骼线的方法进行肝脏及其管道系统三维重建可视化肝脏,生成肝脏和内部管道系统,立体空间感强,交互性好.     

Assessment of Real-Time 3D Visualization for Cardiothoracic Diagnostic Evaluation and Surgery Planning

Rationale and Objectives Rationale and Objectives: Three-dimensional (3D) real-time volume rendering has demonstrated improvements in clinical care for several areas of radiological imaging. We test whether advanced real-time rendering techniques combined with an effective user interface will allow radiologists and surgeons to improve their performance for cardiothoracic surgery planning and diagnostic evaluation.Material and Methods Materials and Methods: An interactive combination 3D and 2D visualization system developed at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill was compared against standard tiled 2D slice presentation on a viewbox. The system was evaluated for 23 complex cardiothoracic computed tomographic (CT) cases including heart–lung and lung transplantation, tumor resection, airway stent placement, repair of congenital heart defects, aortic aneurysm repair, and resection of pulmonary arteriovenous malformation. Radiologists and surgeons recorded their impressions with and without the use of the interactive visualization system.Results Results: The cardiothoracic surgeons reported positive benefits to using the 3D visualizations. The addition of the 3D visualization changed the surgical plan (65% of cases), increased the surgeons confidence (on average 40% per case), and correlated well with the anatomy found at surgery (95% of cases). The radiologists reported fewer and less major changes than the surgeons in their understanding of the case due to the 3D visualization. They found new findings or additional information about existing findings in 66% of the cases; however, they changed their radiology report in only 14% of the cases.Conclusion Conclusion: With the appropriate choice of 3D real-time volume rendering and a well-designed user interface, both surgeons and radiologists benefit from viewing an interactive 3D visualization in addition to 2D images for surgery planning and diagnostic evaluation of complex cardiothoracic cases. This study finds that 3D visualization is especially helpful to the surgeon in understanding the case, and in communicating and planning the surgery. These results suggest that including real-time 3D visualization would be of clinical benefit for complex cardiothoracic CT cases.Supported in part by NIH RO1-CA 44060, NIH PO1-CA 47982, and NIH RO1-CA 60193.     

伽玛刀治疗计划系统GAMMA—TPS的研制

伽玛刀治疗计划系统是伽玛刀的重要组成部分。ＧＡＭＭＡ－ＴＰＳ是专为瑞典ＬＥＫＳＥＬＬ伽玛刀而研制的高性能真三维治疗计划系统。它有两部分组成,基于４８６微机和多媒体卡的ＷＩＮＤＯＷＳ风格图象采集系统和基于ＳＧＩ ＩＮＤＩＧＯ２图形工作站主计划系统。ＧＡＭＭＡ－ＴＰＳ具有美观的图形界面;能自动或交互提取体表、病灶及敏感组织的轮廓线;具有逼真的基于体积和表面的三维结构重建和显示功能;可自动规划焦点数目的     

3D可视化联合3D打印在肝癌大部分肝切除术中的应用

目的:探讨基于3D重建系统软件的肝体积评估和3D可视化、3D打印辅助肝癌大部分肝切除术的应用价值。方法:将符合要求的肝癌行大部分肝切除术患者46例,随机分为观察组和对照组,每组23例。观察组（3D组）患者采用3D可视化技术和3D打印模型进行围手术期规划和指导,主要基于肝体积评估等术前规划和3D可视化分析、3D打印指导肝切除术手术;对照组（CT组）患者采用传统CT资料进行肝体积评估等术前规划、CT二维影像资料指导肝切除术。观察指标:虚拟切除肝体积、实际切除肝体积、残肝体积、标准残肝体积比、手术时间、术中出血量、术后并发症、患者满意度等。结果:3D组与CT组虚拟切除肝体积与实际切除肝体积、虚拟（术前）残肝体积与实际（术后）残肝体积比较,差异均无统计学意义（P>0.05）,相关性分析显示虚拟切除肝体积与实际切除肝体积呈正相关性（3D组r=0.990, P<0.001;CT组r=0.943, P<0.001）。3D组与CT组虚拟残肝体积比、实际残肝体积比比较,差异均无统计学意义（P>0.05）,且相关性分析显示呈正相关性（3D组r=0.931, P<0.001;CT组r=0.902, P<0.001)。3D组术中出血量少于CT组（P<0.05）,3D组患者满意度优于CT组（P<0.05）。两组患者手术时间、术后并发症等比较,差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）。结论:3D重建系统软件和CT软件在评估肝癌大部分肝切除术的肝体积均可行、准确,具有很好的临床应用价值,有助于肝切除术的安全实施。3D可视化联合3D打印在围手术规划可减少手术出血,提高患者满意度,在临床应用中具有潜在优势。     

管道铸型技术与血管造影3D可视化相结合

目的:以肝为例,探索将管道铸型与血管造影及3D可视化技术进行整合,充分揭示同一器官内部各管道系统之间的相互关系。方法:分别从肝静脉灌注自凝牙托灌注填充剂,从肝门静脉灌注乳胶、羧甲基纤维素-氧化铅填充剂。运用多层螺旋CT进行层距0.5mm薄层扫描,获取二维数据,应用Mimics软件对肝内的管道系统进行3D可视化。结果:重建后的肝门静脉充盈饱满,层次清晰,边缘光滑,层次分明。排除干扰后,自凝牙托材料灌注的肝静脉同样可以在运用CT扫描后,获取理想的管道三维重建模型。图像融合后能清晰显示肝门静脉和肝静脉在肝内的相互位置关系。结论:采用管道铸型技术与血管造影3D可视化相结合技术,不仅能在同一器官同时显示各管道系统的相互关系,更能在同一器官分别显示各管道系统。     

Quantifying the accuracy of automated structure segmentation in 4D CT images using a deformable image registration algorithm

Four-dimensional (4D) radiotherapy is the explicit inclusion of the temporal changes in anatomy during the imaging, planning, and delivery of radiotherapy. One key component of 4D radiotherapy planning is the ability to automatically ("auto") create contours on all of the respiratory phase computed tomography (CT) datasets comprising a 4D CT scan, based on contours manually drawn on one CT image set from one phase. A tool that can be used to automatically propagate manually drawn contours to CT scans of other respiratory phases is deformable image registration. The purpose of the current study was to geometrically quantify the difference between automatically generated contours with manually drawn contours. Four-DCT data sets of 13 patients consisting of ten three-dimensional CT image sets acquired at different respiratory phases were used for this study. Tumor and normal tissue structures [gross tumor volume (GTV), esophagus, right lung, left lung, heart and cord] were manually drawn on each respiratory phase of each patient. Large deformable diffeomorphic image registration was performed to map each CT set from the peak-inhale respiration phase to the CT image sets corresponding with subsequent respiration phases. The calculated displacement vector fields were used to deform contours automatically drawn on the inhale phase to the other respiratory phase CT image sets. The code was interfaced to a treatment planning system to view the resulting images and to obtain the volumetric, displacement, and surface congruence information; 692 automatically generated structures were compared with 692 manually drawn structures. The auto- and manual methods showed similar trends, with a smaller difference observed between the GTVs than other structures. The auto-contoured structures agree with the manually drawn structures, especially in the case of the GTV, to within published interobserver variations. For the GTV, fractional volumes agree to within 0.2+/-0.1, center of mass displacements agree to within 0.5+/-1.5 mm, and agreement of surface congruence is 0.0+/-1.1 mm. The surface congruence between automatic and manual contours for the GTV, heart, left lung, right lung and esophagus was less than 5 mm in 99%, 94%, 94%, 91% and 89%, respectively. Careful assessment of the performance of automatic algorithms is needed in the presence of 4D CT artifacts.     

MMCTP: a radiotherapy research environment for Monte Carlo and patient-specific treatment planning

Radiotherapy research lacks a flexible computational research environment for Monte Carlo (MC) and patient-specific treatment planning. The purpose of this study was to develop a flexible software package on low-cost hardware with the aim of integrating new patient-specific treatment planning with MC dose calculations suitable for large-scale prospective and retrospective treatment planning studies. We designed the software package 'McGill Monte Carlo treatment planning' (MMCTP) for the research development of MC and patient-specific treatment planning. The MMCTP design consists of a graphical user interface (GUI), which runs on a simple workstation connected through standard secure-shell protocol to a cluster for lengthy MC calculations. Treatment planning information (e.g., images, structures, beam geometry properties and dose distributions) is converted into a convenient MMCTP local file storage format designated, the McGill RT format. MMCTP features include (a) DICOM_RT, RTOG and CADPlan CART format imports; (b) 2D and 3D visualization views for images, structure contours, and dose distributions; (c) contouring tools; (d) DVH analysis, and dose matrix comparison tools; (e) external beam editing; (f) MC transport calculation from beam source to patient geometry for photon and electron beams. The MC input files, which are prepared from the beam geometry properties and patient information (e.g., images and structure contours), are uploaded and run on a cluster using shell commands controlled from the MMCTP GUI. The visualization, dose matrix operation and DVH tools offer extensive options for plan analysis and comparison between MC plans and plans imported from commercial treatment planning systems. The MMCTP GUI provides a flexible research platform for the development of patient-specific MC treatment planning for photon and electron external beam radiation therapy. The impact of this tool lies in the fact that it allows for systematic, platform-independent, large-scale MC treatment planning for different treatment sites. Patient recalculations were performed to validate the software and ensure proper functionality.     

基于数学形态学的CT图像肝脏肿瘤提取研究

目的 肝脏肿瘤的提取是肝脏三维可视化、手术规划和模拟的基础,而当前肿瘤分割存在干预过多和分割效果不佳的问题.方法 本文通过对腹部CT图像进行高斯平滑以去除图像噪声和细密纹理,计算出图像的形态学梯度并用高、低帽变换进行增强,再根据用户选择点计算内部和外部标记符,然后基于控制标记符的分水岭算法分割图像,提取出腹部CT图像中的病变组织.结果 实验结果表明,该算法能够在较少的人工干预下快速分割出肝脏病变组织.结论 该算法实现了腹部CT图像中肝脏病变组织的提取.     

Automatic re-contouring in 4D radiotherapy

Delineating regions of interest (ROIs) on each phase of four-dimensional (4D) computed tomography (CT) images is an essential step for 4D radiotherapy. The requirement of manual phase-by-phase contouring prohibits the routine use of 4D radiotherapy. This paper develops an automatic re-contouring algorithm that combines techniques of deformable registration and surface construction. ROIs are manually contoured slice-by-slice in the reference phase image. A reference surface is constructed based on these reference contours using a triangulated surface construction technique. The deformable registration technique provides the voxel-to-voxel mapping between the reference phase and the test phase. The vertices of the reference surface are displaced in accordance with the deformation map, resulting in a deformed surface. The new contours are reconstructed by cutting the deformed surface slice-by-slice along the transversal, sagittal or coronal direction. Since both the inputs and outputs of our automatic re-contouring algorithm are contours, it is relatively easy to cope with any treatment planning system. We tested our automatic re-contouring algorithm using a deformable phantom and 4D CT images of six lung cancer patients. The proposed algorithm is validated by visual inspections and quantitative comparisons of the automatic re-contours with both the gold standard segmentations and the manual contours. Based on the automatic delineated ROIs, changes of tumour and sensitive structures during respiration are quantitatively analysed. This algorithm could also be used to re-contour daily images for treatment evaluation and adaptive radiotherapy.     

头部CT三维重建在鼻窦内翻性乳头状瘤术前规划的应用

目的　通过基于头部CT的三维重建技术,对复杂的内翻性乳头状瘤进行手术规划,为临床推广应用提供参考。　方法　本实验选取一名男性患者,65岁,体重70 kg,身高170 cm,无头部外伤史、手术史、颅脑疾病家族史。行头部CT平扫,排除脑组织器质性疾病。已和患者签署知情同意书。将头部CT图像通过逆向工程软件Mimics 15.0建立三维立体模型,将手术仿真成功的三维模型组件在3-Matic 7.0进行测量,对鼻窦内翻性乳头状瘤患者进行手术规划设计及术后随访观察。　结果　建立了与CT图像测量结果一致的颅骨、鼻窦及肿瘤的三维立体模型;建立了与手术入路一致的仿真鼻部通道的三维模型;确定了复杂鼻部肿瘤的手术方案及预后评估。术中切除肿瘤组织测量结果为X轴最大值为64.78 mm,Y轴71.21 mm,Z轴86.46 mm,总体积为58.88 ml,其形态、大小与术前三维重建测量分析结果基本一致。　结论　根据三维立体模型分析得出的数据设计手术方案,有助于顺利完成手术,对个体化鼻窦肿瘤手术设计具有重要的临床指导意义。     

三维医学图像的交互式图形处理器快速重建

目的:开发一种基于图形处理器(GPU)的医学三维图像交互式重建系统,用于临床辅助诊断、手术计划等领域。方法:在GPU重建算法基础上使用了八叉树空间结构和多边形辅助光线投射方法实现进一步的优化,分别用基础算法和优化后的算法对一组CT图像进行重建,验证优化效果。结果:本研究实现的优化算法在真实医学三维图像重建中得到了高质量的重建结果,并且比原有的基于GPU的重建算法快2～3倍。结论:本研究实现的三维重建系统能有效加快重建速度,实现交互式快速重建。