Modified transnasal endoscopic medial maxillectomy with medial shift of preserved inferior turbinate and nasolacrimal duct

Although transnasal endoscopic medial maxillectomy (TEMM) is effective for the treatment of inverted papilloma (IP) in maxillary sinus (MS), it involves resection of the inferior turbinate (IT). TEMM also involves resection of the nasolacrimal duct (ND) in many cases to gain better access. Therefore, we developed a novel procedure in which the preserved IT and ND are shifted medially for a complete resection of IP in the MS. Incision was made in the mucosa of the lateral wall along the anterior margin of the IT. After removal of the medial maxillary wall except the ND and the lateral nasal mucosa, the anterior lateral mucosa of the nose, including the IT and the ND, was shifted in the medial direction to allow wider access to the MS. The tumor was removed together with the attachment through the anterior side of the ND. This modified TEMM was performed in 10 patients with IP. The IT and ND were preserved in all patients. We have not observed epiphora after this surgery. The advantages of the novel approach presented herein include: 1) preservation of the IT, ND, and lateral nasal mucosa; 2) wide access to the MS by shifting the IT, ND, and lateral nasal mucosa in the medial direction; and 3) direct access to the MS through anterior space of the ND, resulting in easier operation with a straight endoscope and instruments. This approach is a safe and effective method to obtain wide and straight access to the MS and to resect IP in the MS.     

Solitary fibrous tumor in the maxillary sinus treated by endoscopic medial maxillectomy

Solitary fibrous tumor (SFT) is an uncommon neoplasm that usually arises from the pleura. Recently, SFTs have been reported in the head and neck area. SFTs of the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses are extremely rare, with only 24 cases reported in the English literature. We describe an SFT that arose from the left maxillary sinus and extended to the nasal cavity. The tumor was removed by endoscopic medial maxillectomy, which permitted monobloc excision of the lesion. The patient is without the evidence of the disease 12 months after surgery.     

鼻内镜下上颌骨囊肿开放术

目的:探讨鼻内镜下上颌骨囊肿开放术的有效性和可行性。方法:对13例侵犯上颌窦或鼻腔底的上颌骨囊肿在鼻内镜下行上颌骨囊肿开放术,即行鼻内镜下囊肿下鼻道或鼻腔底开放术,囊肿囊壁被全部或部分切除。结果:随访6～36个月,13例患者未出现面部隆起、鼻塞及鼻腔溢液等症状,囊肿无复发。结论:鼻内镜下上颌骨囊肿开放术适用于侵犯上颌窦或鼻腔底的上颌骨囊肿,较传统手术创伤小,简单高效,受侵牙齿可尽量保存。     

轮廓化后半周膜鼻泪管在治疗上颌窦良性病变中的意义

目的 探讨轮廓化后半周膜鼻泪管在治疗上颌窦病变的临床应用效果以及手术方法和适应证。方法 30例上颌窦良性病变患者均行鼻科常规术前检查及鼻窦影像学检查。患者均采用轮廓化后半周膜鼻泪管手术,该术式通过去除鼻泪管骨管后半周骨质及依附其上的黏膜组织,从而扩大上颌窦自然开口,保留鼻泪管膜部,进入窦腔,去除病变。结果 所有患者术中彻底清除病变,完整保护鼻泪管膜部,术后恢复良好,窦腔上皮化良好,病变均无复发,无鼻周局部麻木、鼻翼塌陷、溢泪等并发症。结论 轮廓化后半周膜鼻泪管手术通过保留鼻泪管膜部,可扩大手术视野,增大手术操作空间,从而减小手术损伤,避免并发症,对于处理上颌窦的良性病变有巨大优势,并可最大限度保留鼻腔、上颌窦的生理功能,防止窦口狭窄,是值得推广的手术方式。     

鼻内镜下上颌骨内侧壁切除联合经鼻腔泪道置管治疗上颌窦内翻性乳头状瘤

目的 探讨鼻内镜下上颌骨内侧壁切除联合经鼻泪道置管,在上颌窦内翻性乳头状瘤手术中的应用价值。方法 回顾分析2006年1月至2010年10月采用鼻内镜下上颌骨内侧壁切除联合经鼻泪道置管治疗32例上颌窦内翻性乳头状瘤患者的临床资料。术中切除上颌骨内侧壁,彻底切除上颌窦肿瘤,经鼻泪道置入硅胶管,术后长期随访。结果 32例患者均为Krouse分期T₃期,全部彻底切除肿瘤,术后随访12~72个月,平均35个月,术腔上皮化良好,2例复发,复发率为6.3%,局部清除后随访未再复发,患者均无溢泪并发症。结论 鼻内镜下上颌骨内侧壁切除是治疗Krouse分期T₃期上颌窦内翻性乳头状瘤的良好术式,术中联合经鼻泪道置管可以预防泪道狭窄。     

鼻内镜下鼻腔外侧壁切开上颌窦手术

目的报告经鼻完成鼻腔外侧壁切开并保留鼻泪管和下鼻甲，进入上颌窦的新方法及临床初步应用结果，并就手术方法和适应证进行探讨。方法12例住院手术患者，男9例，女3例；年龄42-68岁。术前或术中组织病理学确诊为上颌窦内翻性乳头状瘤8例，鼻息肉2例，复发性上颌骨囊肿1例，上颌窦根治术后囊肿1例。2例肿瘤患者因随访少于12个月不计入疗效评定。所有患者术前接受鼻内镜及鼻窦CT扫描检查。6例肿瘤患者同期行鼻窦MRI检查。手术在全麻下进行。方法为在下鼻甲头端鼻腔外侧壁切开，解剖出鼻泪管后形成鼻泪管-下鼻甲瓣，内移后形成上颌窦入路，在鼻内镜直视下完成窦内病灶清除。术终复位下鼻甲和鼻泪管并完成下鼻道开窗。结果10例患者均为单侧发病，6例上颌窦内翻性乳头肿瘤Krouse分期均为13。术中见肿瘤起源于上颌窦，各壁均受累，前、内壁明显。2例鼻息肉累及上颌窦各壁。术后随访7～60个月，平均22个月，术腔上皮化，下鼻甲形态良好。1例术后6个月下鼻道上颌窦开窗口局部复发，局部清创后无复发。10例术后无溢泪等并发症。结论经鼻腔外侧壁切开并保留鼻泪管和下鼻甲进入上颌窦，为彻底切除上颌窦病灶及经上颌窦进入眶底和翼腭窝等提供一新的微创入路和方法。     

鼻内窥镜术上颌窦自然开口的处理

目的探讨内窥镜鼻窦手术治疗慢性鼻窦炎、鼻息肉的上颌窦中鼻道开口的重要性及处理方法。方法配对研究５６例双侧鼻窦炎、鼻息肉患者，比较同一患者术中扩大或不扩大上颌窦自然开口的术后情况。结果窦口的开放率在不扩大和扩大上颌窦自然开口的术侧中分别为９２．９％和８０．４％（随访６个月时）。回顾性观察５１例施ＣａｌｄｗｅｌＬｕｃ术的患者，下鼻道造口的术后开放率仅为４０．６％。分析３８张单侧鼻窦炎或鼻息肉的鼻窦ＣＴ片，测量对照侧与病变侧的上颌窦口膜样部的上下径和前后径，差异无显著性。病变侧上颌窦口周围的中鼻甲气化、增生及钩突偏曲、筛泡骨性增生等解剖结构异常的发生率明显高于对照侧（Ｐ＜０．０５）。结论鼻内窥镜下处理上颌窦自然开口的关键是窦口周围的解剖异常因素。     

下鼻道泪后开窗上颌窦手术47例临床分析

目的：探讨经鼻内镜下鼻道泪后开窗处理上颌窦病变的疗效。方法：对47例上颌窦病变的患者,采取在鼻内镜鼻窦手术基础上进行下鼻道泪后开窗,经下鼻道窗和扩大的自然窦口对上颌窦息肉、内翻性乳头状瘤、侵袭性鼻窦真菌病等病变进行清理。结果：47例患者上颌窦腔清洁,上颌窦窦口引流好,黏膜转归良好,中鼻道引流好,无囊泡水肿等黏膜病变。仅2例（4．25％）下鼻道窗口约2个月闭锁,1年后上颌窦腔清洁,无病灶复发。结论：经鼻内镜下鼻道泪后开窗联合扩大的自然窦口完全满足处理上颌窦良性病变的需要,同时保留下鼻道窗可在术后起到机械性重力引流作用,在鼻腔鼻窦黏膜纤毛运输系统功能修复前尤为重要。     

Repair of oroantral fistula via modified endoscopic medial maxillectomy with free nasal mucoperichondrial-osteal graft

Background: Many techniques have been proposed to close an oroantral fistula (OAF), with most of them involving transoral repairs with oral soft tissue flaps. An additional Caldwell-Luc approach or endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS) is required to address coexisting maxillary sinusitis.

Objectives: This study presents the endonasal closure of an OAF through modified endoscopic medial maxillectomy (MEMM) with a free nasal mucoperichondrial-osteal graft.

Materials and methods: Sixteen OAF patients who underwent closure operations in our department from May 2013 to June 2018 were retrospectively reviewed.

Results: The main cause of OAF was maxillary dental cysts (56.25%). The OAF size ranged from 2?×?2 to 10?×?15?mm. The first molar (62.5%) was the most frequently involved tooth. All closures were made via MEMM, using nasal mucoperichondrial-osteal grafts harvested from the septum or nasal base. All patients were followed up for at least six months. Successful closure after a single procedure was achieved in 93.75% of cases. No obvious complications or recurrences were observed.

Conclusions: Endonasal repair of OAFs via MEMM with free nasal mucosal grafts is feasible and promising. The approach preserves the normal oral and nasal physiology after surgery. It could be used alone for the closure of small to medium-sized OAFs.     

鼻内镜下上颌窦口处理方法的探讨

目的：探讨内窥镜鼻窦手术中上颌窦自然开口处理方法与预后的关系。方法：对慢性鼻窦炎、鼻息肉患者682例采用不同途径寻找上颌窦开口并根据窦口的形态和上颌窦本身的病变情况,决定开口方式与处理方法。结果：随访6个月,发现窦口开发率为84.22%(574/682例),闭锁率为16.88%（106/682）。结论：上颌窦口的处理方法是鼻内窥镜手术重要步骤,也是影响疗效与预后的关键因素之一。     

内镜上颌窦术后微波热凝术的辅助治疗

目的 :观察内镜上颌窦术后采用微波热凝术辅助清除上颌窦内残留的病变组织效果以及对手术疗效的影响。方法 :在 70°内镜引导下 ,导入微波治疗电极 ,经扩大的上颌窦自然口清除上颌窦内下壁、底壁等部位残留的病变组织。结果 :本组 2 6例 (37侧 )患者中 ,2 3例 (33侧 )原窦内残留的病变组织均获清除 ,无复发 ,清除率 89.2 % ;17例 (2 2侧 )上颌窦内炎性分泌物消失。结论 :鼻内镜下微波热凝术可清除上颌窦内残留的病变组织 ,避免再行Caldwell Luc等术式的创伤。提高了内镜鼻窦手术的疗效。     

鼻窦内窥镜手术处理病变中鼻甲的意义

目的：探讨功能性鼻窦内窥镜于术（ＦＥＳＳ）中处理病变中鼻甲的临床意义。方法：按照成人中鼻甲解剖学标准,在３２例鼻窦炎、鼻息肉患者ＦＥＳＳ中,对病变中鼻甲进行适当处理,并于术后对中鼻甲形态恢复、筛窦术腔及上凳窦窦中开放率进行随访观察。结果：术后６个月中鼻甲形态恢复正常２４例（７５％）,发生粘连８例（２５％）,其中术腔闭塞２例（６．３５％）;上颌窦窦口开放良好２５例（７８．１％）,狭窄６例（１８．８％     

Maxillary sinus mucoceles: clinical presentation and long-term results of endoscopic surgical treatment.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the clinical presentation of maxillary sinus mucoceles, understand their pathogenesis, and determine the long-term efficacy of the endoscopic surgical treatment. STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective review. METHODS: Thirteen consecutive patients who presented with maxillary sinus muco(pyo) celes were studied. Subjects with history of preceding sinus/nasal surgery or facial trauma were excluded. The presenting signs and symptoms, radiological findings, and surgical management were reviewed. RESULTS: There were six women and seven men with an age range of 31 to 71 years. Two patients had environmental allergies. Nine patients complained of cheek pressure or pain, six of nasal obstruction, and eight of nasal drainage. On endoscopic nasal examination, the medial wall of maxillary sinus was bulging with prolapsed middle meatal mucosa in 10; drainage was seen in 7, but none had polyps. The sinus involvement was limited to the maxillary sinus and the ipsilateral ethmoid on computed tomographic studies in 10 cases. Patients were treated with endoscopic ethmoidectomy, middle meatal antrostomy, and marsupialization of the mucocele. Intraoperative cultures grew organisms in five patients. Postoperative follow-up ranged between 10 and 66 months. Two patients required lysis of adhesions in the middle meatus, and one, revision antrostomy. All patients had a patent middle meatal antrostomy and healthy maxillary sinus mucosa at latest follow-up. The presenting symptoms resolved or improved in 12 cases. CONCLUSIONS: The etiology of maxillary sinus mucoceles is not well understood. Mechanical obstruction or allergy or both do not seem to play an important role. An infectious origin is also not supported by the above data. Endoscopic sinus surgery is a reliable therapeutic measure with a favorable long-term outcome.     

鼻内镜下泪前隐窝入路治疗上颌窦良性病变

目的经鼻内镜下泪前隐窝入路治疗上颌窦良性病变,并探讨其适应证、并发症及手术方式。方法回顾性分析43例经鼻内镜下泪前隐窝入路治疗上颌窦良性病变的病例,其中术前及术后病理确诊的上颌窦内翻性乳头状瘤15例,窦内病变镜下检出菌丝或孢子的真菌性上颌窦炎8例,上颌窦囊肿12例,上颌窦后鼻孔息肉6例,上颌窦异物2例。所有病例手术前均行鼻窦冠状位或水平位CT扫描。患者在局麻下以下鼻甲前缘为中心切口,解剖内移鼻泪管-下鼻甲瓣经泪前隐窝进入上颌窦腔处理上颌窦内病变,复位鼻泪管-下鼻甲瓣,缝合手术切口并行下鼻道开窗。结果 43例患者术中均完全清除窦内病变,术后随访6～24个月,下鼻甲形态愈合良好,术腔上皮化,无溢泪、面部麻木等并发症。2例上颌窦内翻性乳头状瘤术后6个月局部复发,原手术入路切除,随访1 8个月无复发。3例术后鼻腔粘连,局部分离,随访12个月无复发。结论经鼻内镜下泪前隐窝入路进入上颌窦是一种微创、安全、有效的处理上颌窦良性病变的手术方式,可作为鼻内镜下经中鼻道行上颌窦自然口开窗无法彻底切除窦内病变组织的首选治疗方法。     

Schwannoma of maxillary sinus

Schwannoma, also known as neurilemmoma, is a solitary, encapsulated peripheral tumour of neuroectodermal derivation that originates from schwann cells of neural sheath of motor/ sensory peripheral nerves or sympathetic nerves. About one- third of all schwannomas occur in head and neck region but nose and paranasal sinuses, are rare sites. We report a case of schwannoma arising from the maxillary sinus and eroding the orbital floor. To the best of our knowledge, this is the sixth; case of schwannoma solely arising in the maxillary sinus, reported in the literature.