海南黎族冠心病与血管紧张素转化酶基因多态性的关系

目的:研究海南黎族人群血管紧张素转化酶(ACE)基因多态性与冠心病(CHD)关系.方法:采用聚合酶链反应(PCR)技术,对海南黎族150例CHD患者(CHD组)和150例正常人(正常对照组)的ACE基因插入/缺失(I/D)多态性进行检测,观察DD、DI,II基因型频率及等位基因频率,并对所有普通PCR定为DD型的样本进行插入特异性PCR检测,以减少误分型率.结果:CHD组DD、DI、II基因的频率分别是24.7%、32.7%、42.6%;D及I等位基因频率分别为41.0%、59.6%;正常对照组DD、DI、II基因型频率分别为14.0%、44.0%、42.0%,D及I等位基因频率分别为36.0%、64.0%;2组之间的DD、DI、II基因频率及D、I等位基因频率,均差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论:ACE I/D多态性与黎族CHD有显著关联,是海南黎族CHD的主要致病基因.早期应用ACE抑制剂、血管紧张素受体拮抗剂防治,有十分重要意义.     

肾素-血管紧张素系统双基因多态性与老年人冠心病慢性心力衰竭的关系

目的:探讨中国南方部分汉族人群的老年冠心病患者中,肾素-血管紧张素系统中的关键成分即血管紧张素转换酶(ACE)及血管紧张素原(AGT)双基因多态性与慢性心力衰竭(心衰)发病的关系.方法:应用聚合酶链反应及限制性片断长度多态性技术,对396例老年冠心病患者的ACE基因插入/缺失(I/D)及AGT基因M235T多态性进行检测.将其中196例合并慢性心衰患者作为病例组,其余200例心功能正常者作为对照组.结果:①病例组DD基因型频率及D等位基因频率均高于对照组;②病例组TT基因型频率及T等位基因频率均高于对照组;③联合分析ACE与AGT基因多态性显示,两组中同时具有DD型ACE基因及TT型AGT基因的频率分别为28.6%及15.0%,前者明显高于后者.结论:DD型ACE基因及TT型AGT基因可能是中国南方部分汉族老年冠心病慢性心衰患者发病的遗传危险因素,ACE和AGT基因在慢性心衰的发生中具有协同作用.     

血管紧张素转化酶基因插入/缺失多态性与冠心病发病的关系

目的 :探讨血管紧张素转化酶 (ACE)基因多态性与冠心病 (CHD)发病的关系。方法 :以人基因组DNA为模板 ,应用聚合酶链式反应 (PCR)检测 5 0例CHD组和 5 6例正常对照组ACE基因第 16内含子插入 /缺失 (I/D)多态性 ,并按性别分组计算各组基因型和等位基因频率。结果 :①在CHD组中 ,ACE基因DD基因型和D等位基因频率分别为 36 %和 6 0 % ,正常对照组分别为 16 %和 4 1% ,两者相比差异有统计学意义 (P <0 .0 1)。②男性CHD组DD基因型和D等位基因频率均显著高于对照组 (均P <0 .0 5 )。女性CHD组DD基因型频率显著高于对照组 (P <0 .0 1) ,D等位基因频率与对照组比较差异无统计学意义。结论 :CHD与ACE基因I/D多态性有显著相关性 ,不论男性和女性 ,ACE基因DD基因型均可能是CHD发生发展过程中重要的危险因素之一。     

血管紧张素系统基因多态性与阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征

目的 探讨血管紧张素转换酶(ACE)和血管紧张素原(AGT)基因与阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征(OSAHS)发病的关系。方法 应用聚合酶链反应(PCR)和限制性长度多态性方法测定无亲缘关系的中国北方汉族男性121例OSAHS患者与100例非OSAHS对照者的ACE和AGT基因多态性的基因型,并检验两组基因型的分布、等位基因频率的差异和基因多态性对OSAHS患者组肥胖表型的效应,分析基因型与睡眠呼吸暂停低通气指数(AHI)、收缩压(SBP)与舒张压(DBP)的关系。结果 ACE基因多态性的基因型分布两组差异无显著性(P>0.05),OSAHS患者组AGT基因多态性的基因型分布和等位基因频率与对照组相比,差异有显著性(P<0.05),OSAHS患者组中AGT基因多态性T等位基因携带者的体重指数(BMI)、颈围(NC)、腰臀比(WHR)明显高于非携带者,AHI、SBP与DBP也相应明显高于非携带者,差异有显著性(P<0.05)。结论 ACE I/D基因多态性可能不参与中国北方汉族男性中心型肥胖及OSAHS的形成。AGT基因多态性可能通过中心型肥胖而导致中国北方汉族男性OSAHS的发生及OSAHS患者高血压的形成。     

血管紧张素转换酶和血管紧张素原基因多态与心肌梗死相关性的研究

目的　探讨血管紧张素转换酶 (ACE)和血管紧张素原 (AGT)基因多态与中国北方人群中心肌梗死 (MI)发病的相关性。方法　采用聚合酶链反应 (PCR)和酶切方法对 90例正常对照者和 6 5例MI患者的ACE插入 /缺失(I/D)多态 ,AGT的M2 35T多态进行检测。结果　MI患者中ACE基因的DD基因型频率 0 431明显高于对照组0 15 6 (P <0 0 1) ,D等位基因频率 0 5 91高于对照组 0 333(P <0 0 1) ,MI患者中AGT基因的TT基因型频率0 6 92高于对照组 0 5 6 7(P <0 0 5 )。结论　DD基因型和TT基因型与中国北方人群心肌梗死相关 ,提示它们是心肌梗死的危险因子。     

血管紧张素转换酶和血管紧张素原基因多态性与冠心病的关系

目的探讨血管紧张素转换酶（ACE）插入／缺失（I／D）多态性和血管紧张素原（AGT）M235T基因多态性与冠心病（CHD）的关系。方法应用多聚酶链反应结合限制性内切酶法（PCR—RFLP）对110例冠心病患者、62例冠状动脉造影正常者以及18名门诊常规体检无冠心病史者基因多态性进行分析。结果①CHD组ACE基因DD基因型及D等位基因频率明显高于健康对照组（分别为43．6％、60．5％比26．3％、44．4％）,差异有统计学意义‘P〈0．05）。CHD组AGT基因TT基因型及T等位基因频率明显高于对照组（分别为66．4％、78．6％比42．5％、60．6％）,差异有统计学意义（尸〈0．05）。②男性CHD组ACE基因DD基因型和D等位基因频率以及AGT基因TT基因型和T等位基因频率均显著高于对照组（均P〈O．05）。女性CHD组ACE基因DD基因型和D等位基因频率以及AGT基因‘rr基因型和T等位基因频率与对照组比较差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。③联合分析ACEDD型及AGTTr型罹患冠心病的相对风险,其比数~L（OR）为4．904,高于单基因ACEDD型（2．175）及AGTTT型（2．669）。结论ACE基因I／D多态性及AGT基因M235T多态性与CHD有显著相关性,同时具有ACEDD型及AGT TT型发生冠心病的相对风险显著高于单基因ACEDD型及单基因AGT‘丌型。性别也可作为冠心病的危险因素。     

血管紧张素转化酶基因多态性与脑出血的相关研究

目的探讨血管紧张素转化酶(ACE)基因插入/缺失(I/D)多态性与脑出血发病的相关关系.方法利用聚合酶链反应技术分析了150例原发性脑出血病人和150例非脑血管病对照组ACE基因的多态性位点频率.结果脑出血组D等位基因频率为39%,对照组为30%,差异有显著意义(P<0.05).基因型分布频率在病例组DD型为14%,对照组为9%,经多元回归分析DD型患脑出血的比值比(OR)为2.50(P=0.04),分层分析后同时有高血压时ID型和DD型的OR值分别为26.96和80.58(P<0.01).结论ACE基因DD基因型可能是脑出血的危险因素,高血压和ACED等位基因可能对脑出血的发病有协同作用.     

血管紧张素转换酶和血管紧张素Ⅱ-1型受体基因多态性与冠心病的相关性分析

目的研究血管紧张素转换酶（ACE）基因I／D多态性和血管紧张素Ⅱ-Ⅰ型受体（AT1R）基因A1166／C多态性与冠心病（CHD）的关系。方法采用聚合酶链反应-限制性片段长度多态性（PCR—RFLP）技术检测130例CHD组和90例对照组ACE和AT1R基因多态性。结果ACE—DD基因型频率在CHD组显著高于对照组（38．5％，14．4％，P〈0．001）。AT1R—AC基因型在两组间差异无显著性（13．1％，10％，P〉0．05），但合并AC基因型的DD型患者发生CHD和MI的OR值（5．836和3．985）明显高于合并AA型（3．102和2．979）。结论ACE基因I／D多态性中DD基因型是冠心病发病的独立危险因素之一，AT1R—C等位基因增加ACE—DD型发生CHD和MI的危险，二者具有协同作用。     

原发性高血压患者血管紧张素转化酶和血管紧张素受体基因多态性的研究

目的　探讨血管紧张素转化酶 ( ACE)及血管紧张素 - 1型受体 ( AT1 R)基因多态性与原发性高血压 ( EHT)的关系。方法　应用聚合酶链反应及 PCR加酶解方法检测 1 50例健康人 ( NT)及 1 52例 EHT患者 ACE I/ D基因多态性的 ACE及 AT1 R A1 1 6 6 C突变。结果　 EHT组ACE I/ D基因多态性等位基因频率 I为 0 .50 ,D为 0 .50 ,D等位基因频率及基因型频率显著高于 NT组 ( P<0 .0 5) ;而两者之间的 AT1 R A1 1 6 6 C的C等位基因频率差异无显著性 ( P>0 .0 5)。结论　 ACE基因可能是 EHT的重要遗传因素 ,AT1 R基因 A1 1 6 6 C多态性与 EHT无关     

血管紧张素Ⅱ-1型受体和血管紧张素转换酶基因多态性与冠状动脉粥样硬化的关系

目的　研究血管紧张素 - 1型受体 (AT1 R)基因 A116 6 / C多态性和血管紧张素转换酶 (ACE)基因I/ D多态性与冠状动脉 (冠脉 )粥样硬化病变严重程度的关系。方法　采用聚合酶链反应 -限制性片段长度多态性(PCR- RFL P)技术检测冠心病 (CHD)组 (130例 )和正常对照组 (90例 ) ACE和 AT1 R基因多态性。对 CHD患者进行冠脉造影 ,判定冠脉病变支数 (狭窄程度≥ 75 % )和 Jeopardy危险记分。结果　CHD组 ACE- DD基因型频率(38.5 % )显著高于对照组 (14 .4 % ) ,P <0 .0 1。 AT1 R- AC基因型在两组间差异无显著性 (13.1%和 10 % ;P >0 .0 5 )。冠脉病变支数和危险记分在 ACE三种基因型间差异无显著性 (P>0 .0 5 ) ,但在 AT1 R- AC基因型患者显著高于 AT1 R- AA基因型患者 (P <0 .0 5 )。结论　 AC- EDD基因型是 CHD发病的独立危险因素之一 ,但与冠脉病变严重程度不相关。 AT1 R- C等位基因可能与冠脉病变严重程度相关     

连锁分析血管紧张素转换酶基因插入/缺失多态性和血管紧张素原 M235T基因多态性与肥厚型心肌病的关系

目的 连锁分析中国人群血管紧张素转换酶（ACE）基因插入／缺失多态性及血管紧张素原（AGT）M235T基因多态性与肥厚型心肌病（HCM）发病的关系。方法 对63例HCM患分别用PCR法检测ACE基因插入／缺失和AGT M235T基因多态性。结果 HCM患中ACE DD＋AGT TT基因型的比数比高于单基因型，其心脏事件发生率高于其他基因型组合和AGT TT型。结论 同时具有ACE DD＋AGT TT基因型，较单基因型发生HCM的风险率显增高；同时具有ACE DD＋AGT TT基因型的HCM患发生心脏事件的危险更大。     

基因芯片技术分析老年冠心病患者的易感基因

目的 研究血管紧张素转换酶（ACE）、血管紧张素原（AGT）及内皮型一氧化氮合酶（eNOS）基因多态性与老年人冠心病（CHD）的关系.方法 选择老年CHD患者100例及对照者91例,应用基因芯片技术检测ACE、AGT和eNOS基因多态性,并比较其基因型及等位基因频率。结果 CHD组ACE DD基因型频率（28.0%）与对照组（15.4%）比较，差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）,ACE基因多态性与老年CHD相关.AGT TT基因型频率（75.0%）与对照组（51.7%）比较，差异有统计学意义（P＜0.01）,AGT基因多态性与老年CHD相关.eNOS TT基因型频率（5.0%）与对照组（0.0%）比较,差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）。同时携带ACE DD和AGT TT基因型或AGT TT和eNOS TT基因型者与老年CHD呈显著正相关（OR=2.9,P＜0.05,OR=1.1,P＜0.05）。结论 ACE和AGT基因多态性可能是中国老年人CHD的危险因素。     

Renin-angiotensin system gene polymorphisms: assessment of the risk of coronary heart disease

BACKGROUND: Renin-angiotensin system genes are candidate genes in cardiovascular system diseases. Angiotensinconverting enzyme (ACE), angiotensinogen (AGT) and angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AT1R) gene polymorphisms are considered risk factors in coronary heart disease (CHD). AIM: To evaluate the involvement of the ACE, AGT and AT1R genetic variants in predisposition to CHD as well as their association with other known risk factors. METHODS: The study included 400 male subjects (200 with CHD and 200 healthy individuals). Genotypes were determined by a polymerase chain reaction (PCR). For the AGT and AT1R genes a restriction analysis of the PCR product was performed. The allele frequency and genotype distribution were compared between groups. RESULTS: The allele and genotype frequencies of the ACE gene were similar in both groups, however, a significantly higher frequency of the DD genotype was observed in the presence of hyperlipidemia (39% vs 24% in non-hyperlipidemic subjects, p<0.01). The AGT gene polymorphism was associated with the development of CHD. The T allele was significantly more frequent in patients than in the control group (55% vs 44%, p<0.05). The heterozygous MT genotype was observed in 61% of patients compared to 40% in the controls (p<0.05). The A1166C polymorphism of the AT1R gene was also associated with CHD as well as with age at the onset of disease. The frequency of the C allele was 29% compared to 21% in the control group (p<0.01) and the frequency of the CC homozygote was almost three times higher in patients. CONCLUSIONS: There is an association between molecular variants of the angiotensinogen and angiotensin II type 1 receptor and increased risk of CHD. The DD genotype of the ACE gene polymorphism and the TT genotype of the AGT gene polymorphism were significantly more frequent in patients with hyperlipidemia. The TT genotype of the AGT gene M235T polymorphism was associated with an increased risk of CHD and myocardial infarction only in smokers.     

Interaction between gene polymorphisms of renin-angiotensin system and metabolic risk factors in premature myocardial infarction

The renin-angiotensin system is involved in the pathogenesis of coronary artery disease (CAD) and myocardial infarction (MI). The authors investigated the association of genetic variability in the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) with premature MI and interactive effects between gene polymorphisms and metabolic risk factors on MI risk. Their study compared 142 patients with MI younger than 55 years with 142 healthy subjects. Polymorphisms of angiotensin-I converting enzyme (ACE) gene (insertion/deletion), angiotensinogen gene (M235T), and angiotensin-II type-1 receptor (AGT1R) gene (A1166C) were tested. The ACE-DD (deletion/deletion) genotype conferred a twofold independent risk for MI (confidence interval [CI] = 1.1-3.7; p = 0.01) after adjustment for cardiovascular risk factors, whereas angiotensinogen-TT genotype and AGT1R-AA genotype were not independent risk factors for MI. An interactive effect on MI risk was found between ACE-DD and AGT1R-AA genotypes (odds ratio [OR]=2, 95% CI= 1-3.9), between ACE-DD and angiotensinogen-TT genotypes (OR = 2.7, 95% CI = 1-7.3), as well as among ACE-DD, angiotensinogen-TT, and AGT1R-AA genotypes (OR=4.8, 95% CI = 1-22.8). Similarly, metabolic risk factors interacted with angiotensinogen-TT genotype (OR= 2, 95% CI = 1.1-3.9) on MI risk. The ACE-DD genotype is an independent risk factor for MI in patients younger than 55 years. Additionally, the authors provide evidence of an interactive effect on MI risk between risk genotypes of RAS, as well as between the angiotensinogen-TT genotype and metabolic risk factors.     

肾素-血管紧张素系统双基因多态性与高血压合并舒张性心力衰竭的关系

目的探讨中国南方部分汉族高血压患者肾素一血管紧张素系统中血管紧张素转换酶（ACE）及血管紧张素原（AGT）双基因多态性与舒张性心力衰竭发病的关系。方法应用聚合酶链反应及限制性片断长度多态性技术,对432例高血压患者的ACE基因插入／缺失（I／D）及AGTM235T多态性进行检测。将其中207例合并舒张性心力衰竭者作为病例组,其余225例心功能正常者作为对照组。结果①病例组DD基因型及D等位基因的频率均高于对照组;②病例组TT基因型及T等位基因的频率与对照组比较差异无统计学意义;③联合分析ACE与ACT基因多态性显示,两组中同时具有DD型ACE基因及TT型AGT基因的频率分别为29．0％及14．9％,前者明显高于后者。结论DD型ACE基因可能是该地区高血压患者舒张性心力衰竭发病的遗传危险因素,ACE和AGT基因在慢性心力衰竭的发生中具有协同作用。     

Association between ACE and AGT polymorphism and cardiovascular risk in acromegalic patients

Purpose

Whether the renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system plays a role or not in the development of cardiovascular morbidity in acromegaly patients is unknown. The aim of the study was to investigate the association between ACE (I/D) and AGT (M235T) gene polymorphisms and cardiovascular and metabolic disorders in the acromegaly.

Methods

The study included one hundred and seventeen acromegalic patients (62 F/55 M, age: 50.2?±?12.3 years) and 106 healthy controls (92 F/14 M, age: 41.4?±?11.3 years). PCR method was used to evaluate the prevalence of ACE and AGT genotype.

Results

The genotypes of ACE polymorphism in acromegalic patients were distributed as follows; 41.0% (n: 48) for DD, 44.4% (n: 52) for ID and 14.5% (n: 17) for II genotype. The control group had significantly different distribution of the ACE polymorphism [48.1% (n: 51) for DD, 25.5% (n: 27) for ID and 26.4% (n: 28) for II genotype]compared to acromegalic group. Regarding AGT polymorphism, AGT-MT genotype was seen in 88.9% of the acromegalic patients while MM and TT genotype (9.4% and 1.7%, respectively) were present in the rest. The controls had similar distribution of the AGT genotype with the acromegaly group (80.2% MT genotype, 15.1% MM genotype and 4.7% TT genotype). Due to the small number of patients with TT allele (n: 2), T carriers for AGT genotype (AGT-MT+TT) were subgrouped and compared to those with AGT-MM group. ACE-DD, ID and II groups had similar anthropometric measures, blood pressure values and baseline GH and IGF-1 levels. Significantly higher baseline GH levels were found in AGT-MM group compared to T allele carriers [40 (16–60) vs. 12 (5–36) µg/L, p?<?0.05]. The compared groups in both polymorphisms had similar fasting plasma glucose levels. Patients with ACE-II genotype had significantly higher HDL-C levels compared to those with ACE-DD and ACE-ID polymorphisms (p?<?0.05) whereas there was no significant difference in lipid profile between AGT-MM group and AGT-T allele carriers. Moreover, the compared groups in both polymorphisms had similar distribution of hyperlipidemia, hypertension, impaired glucose metabolism (prediabetes or type 2 diabetes mellitus) and coronary artery disease. In terms of echocardiographic parameters, systolic and diastolic function was similar among the groups in ACE and AGT genotypes. Interestingly, AGT-MM group had higher mitral inflow A_peak values than T allele carriers (0.94?±?0.46 vs. 0.73?±?0.20; p?=?0.051). No significant difference was observed in LV mass index values in acromegalic patients among the groups in both polymorphisms.

Conclusions

Both ACE (I/D) and AGT (M235T) gene polymorphisms do not seem to have a significant effect on the development of clinical properties or cardiovascular comordities of acromegalic patients.

     

血管紧张素原基因和血管紧张素转换酶基因多态性与高血压

目的　研究中国人群中血管紧张素原 (AGT)基因单核苷酸多态性 (SNP)及血管紧张素转换酶 (ACE)基因插入 /缺失多态与高血压病的关系。方法　在 3 4 5例高血压病患者与 2 0 6名血压正常人中采用PCR RFLP法检测AGT基因A 2 0C ,A 6G和M 2 3 5T的多态性 ,用PCR法检测ACE基因 16内含子Alu片段插入 /缺失多态 ,同时用EM算法进行两位点连锁不平衡分析。结果　在M 2 3 5T和A 2 0C ,M 2 3 5T和A 6G ,A 2 0C和A 6G位点观察到了连锁不平衡 (P <10 - 4)。病例 对照检验显示T2 3 5等位基因频率在高血压组中高于对照组 ,且高血压病患者中ACE (DD +ID) +AGT TT2 3 5基因型频率高于对照组。结论　受检人群中AGT基因各多态频率处于两两连锁不平衡 ,但AGT基因即T2 3 5位点以隐性作用方式与高血压关联 ,T2 3 5等位基因与ACE D等位基因在高血压病发生中具协同作用     

血管紧张素转换酶和血管紧张素Ⅱ受体1A1166C基因多态性与脑出血的关系

目的探讨血管紧张素转换酶（ACE）基因插入/缺失多态性和血管紧张素Ⅱ受体1（AT1R）A1166C基因多态性与脑出血的关系,并分析两者是否有协同致脑出血的效应。方法应用聚合酶链反应及限制性片段长度多态性技术,检测80例脑出血患者（脑出血组）和90名健康对照者（健康对照组）的ACE和AT1R基因型和等位基因,并运用Logistic回归分析不同基因型致脑出血的效应。结果脑出血组ACEDD基因型频率为35.0%,D等位基因频率为51.9%,明显高于健康对照组的15.6%和38.9%,均P〈0.05;AT1RAC基因型频率为32.5%,C等位基因频率为16.2%,明显高于健康对照组的11.1%和5.6%,均P〈0.05;Logistic回归显示,170例入组者中,携带AT1RAC基因型（OR：3.852,95%CI：1.719～8.632;P〈0.01）、ACE基因DD型（OR：2.923;95%CI：1.406～6.079;P〈0.01）及同时携带有AT1RAC基因型和ACEDD基因型（OR：4.250;95%CI：1.479～12.209;P〈0.01）是脑出血的独立危险因素。结论ACE基因插入/缺失多态性和AT1RA1166C基因多态性可能是脑出血发病的独立遗传因素;且两者间具有协同致脑出血的作用。     

Angiotensinogen gene T235 variant: a marker for the development of persistent microalbuminuria in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes mellitus

AIM: We examined genetic polymorphisms in the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) coding for angiotensin I-converting enzyme (ACE) insertion/deletion (I/D) for angiotensinogen (AGT) M235T and angiotensin II receptor type 1 (AGTR1) A1166C as predictors for the development of microalbuminuria (MA) in children with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM). METHODS: Four hundred fifty-three (215 males, 238 females) T1DM children [median (interquartile range): age, 16.7 years (13.9-18.3); diabetes duration, 6.9 years (3.3-10.8); age at diagnosis, 9.1 years (5.8-11.8)] were followed prospectively from diagnosis until the development of MA (two of three consecutive overnight urine samples with albumin excretion rates of > or =20 and <200 microg/min). Kaplan-Meier survival curves and Cox proportional multivariate model estimated the probability of developing MA and the relative risk for MA among different variables. RESULTS: MA developed in 41 (9.1%) subjects. The frequencies of genotypes were as follows: ACE-II 112 (25%), ACE-ID 221 (49%), and ACE-DD 117 (26%) (n=450); AGT-MM 144 (32%), AGT-MT 231 (51%), and AGT-TT 77 (17%) (n=452); AGTR1-AA 211 (47%), AGTR1-AC 204 (45%), and AGTR1-CC 37 (8%) (n=452). The cumulative risk for the development of MA was higher in ACE-DD versus ACE-ID/II groups (log-rank test, P=.05), and a trend was noticed when AGT-TT was compared to AGT-MT/MM groups (log-rank test, P=.08). AGT-TT polymorphism conferred a fourfold increased risk for MA compared to AGT-MM/MT (hazard ratio=3.8; 95% confidence interval=1.43-10.3; P=.008). INTERPRETATION: Our findings suggest that RAS gene polymorphism at AGT M235T is a strong predictor for early MA in young T1DM subjects.