哮喘患儿诱导痰液中嗜酸性粒细胞阳离子蛋白测定

目的　 探讨诱导痰液中嗜酸性粒细胞阳离子蛋白 (ECP)测定在儿童哮喘中的应用价值。 方法 　采用荧光酶标法测定 41例不同时期、不同程度的哮喘患儿和 11例正常儿童诱导痰液中ECP浓度 ,便携式肺功能仪测定肺通气功能。 结果 　哮喘缓解组、轻度 -间歇组、中 -重度组诱导痰液中ECP含量〔(分别为 ( 4 8 7± 36 2 )、( 89 5± 5 7 6 )、( 15 2 7± 6 7 0 7) μg/L〕与对照组 ( 16 4± 2 2 2 ) μg/L比较有显著性差异 (P <0 0 5 )。不同程度哮喘患儿各组间诱导痰液中ECP含量有显著性差异 (P <0 0 1)。哮喘患儿诱导痰液中ECP含量与一秒钟用力呼气容积占预计值百分比 (FEV 1 0 % )呈显著负相关。 结论 　诱导痰液中ECP含量可反映气道炎症的变化 ,可用于儿童哮喘病情监测及指导药物治疗     

麻疹疫苗注射对哮喘患儿白细胞介素4、5的下调作用及其意义

目的　研究麻疹疫苗 (麻苗 )反复注射治疗对哮喘患儿的免疫影响。方法　采用生物素 亲合素双抗夹心酶联免疫 (ABC ELISA)法测定麻苗反复注射治疗前后 13例哮喘患儿 (麻苗治疗组 )血浆及外周血单个核细胞 (PBMC)培养上清液中白细胞介素 4 (IL 4 )、IL 5与血清总IgE水平 ,荧光酶联免疫法在发玛西亚CAP系统中检测血清嗜酸粒细胞阳离子蛋白 (ECP)水平 ,并与 12例对照治疗组哮喘患儿及 17例正常对照组小儿比较。结果　麻苗治疗后IL 4、IL 5、血清总IgE、血清ECP水平及嗜酸性粒细胞 (EOS)计数显著降低 (P <0 .0 5 )。血浆及PBMC培养上清液IL 4与血清总IgE水平呈正相关 (r =0 .75 3,0 .737　P <0 .0 0 1) ;血浆及PBMC培养上清液IL 5与外周血EOS计数呈正相关 (r=0 .6 87,0 .6 4 5　 P<0 .0 1) ,同时与血清ECP水平呈正相关 (r=0 .6 36 ,0 .4 0　P <0 .0 1,P <0 .0 5 )。结论　麻苗反复注射是通过下调哮喘患儿IL 4、IL 5水平 ,进而降低血清总IgE水平及EOS的增殖与活化     

轻-中度哮喘患儿气道炎症类型与病情、糖皮质激素疗效的关系

目的探讨轻-中度支气管哮喘患儿初始治疗前气道炎症类型与病情及吸入糖皮质激素治疗反应的关系。方法以87例轻-中度哮喘患儿作为研究对象,在糖皮质激素吸入治疗(ICS)前进行痰液诱导及诱导痰细胞学分析,酶联免疫荧光法测定痰液嗜酸粒细胞阳离子蛋白(ECP)、ELISA法检测痰液IL-8、TGF-β1,儿童肺功能仪检测基础肺功能和小气道通气指标、乙酰甲胆碱(Mch)支气管激发试验测定气道高反应性(AHR)。20例健康体检儿童作为对照组,应用SPSS13.0软件进行统计学分析。结果87例轻-中度哮喘患儿根据诱导痰液EOS%分为嗜酸性粒细胞哮喘组(EA)64例,非嗜酸性粒细胞哮喘组(NEA)23例,EA与NEA组ICS治疗前痰液细胞学构成比、诱导痰上清液ECP、IL-8差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);两组间FEV1%预测值(FEV1%pred)、PEF%pred、中-重度AHR%、小气道阻塞(%)、痰液TGF-β1水平等指标差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。ICS治疗4周后EA组基础肺功能指标、气道高反应性、小气道通气功能明显改善,而NEA组改善不明显。多元逐步回归分析结果表明初治痰液EOS%、FEV1%预测值、痰液TG...     

无创性检查对哮喘长期缓解患儿气道炎症的评价

目的探索常用无创性检查对哮喘长期缓解的评价。方法选择45例哮喘患儿,分发作组、短期缓解组、长期缓解组;另设对照组12例。检测肺功能、乙酰甲胆碱(Mch)支气管激发试验、诱导痰液计数EOS%、酶联免疫荧光法测定痰液及血清嗜酸性细胞阳离子蛋白(ECP)、ELISA法检测痰液及血清IL-5。结果①46.15%长期缓解期患儿FEF75<80%预计值,高于对照组(P<0.05);FEF25为(106.3±14.8)%,高于发作组(P<0.05)。②长期缓解患儿气道高反应性(AHR)与对照组差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。③缓解期患儿痰液EOS%,血清ECP,痰液、血清IL-5与对照组比较差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05);痰液ECP高于对照组(P<0.05)。④各小气道通气指标与Mch激发试验、痰液EOS%、ECP、IL-5呈负相关(P均<0.05)。⑤小气道阻塞哮喘患儿AHR重于小气道功能正常者(P<0.05),小气道阻塞患儿各小气道指标与痰IL-5呈负相关(P<0.05)。⑥Mch激发试验与痰液、血清ECP,痰液IL-5呈正相关(P均<0.05)。⑦两组缓解期患儿肺功能,AHR,痰液EOS%、ECP、IL-5,血清ECP、IL-5差异均无统计学意义(P均>0.05)。⑧上述指标对哮喘长期缓解无预测价值(P>0.05)。结论长期缓解哮喘患儿存在一定程度小气道功能异常及气道炎症,痰液ECP是反映气道炎症更敏感的指标。研究所选取的无创性检查对评价哮喘缓解均有一定指导作用,但对哮喘长期缓解无预测价值。     

孟鲁司特对儿童哮喘炎症因子的影响

目的探讨孟鲁司特对儿童哮喘炎症因子的影响。方法将80例6～14岁中度哮喘患儿随机分口服孟鲁司特5mg/d、吸入布地奈德200μg/d、孟鲁司特5mg/d口服并吸入布地奈德100μg/d3组,持续治疗12周。于治疗开始和第12周进行临床评估和肺功能检查,同步进行外周血嗜酸性粒细胞(Eos)计数、血及痰液嗜酸性粒细胞阳离子蛋白(ECP)、IL5和TNFα水平的检测。结果哮喘患儿治疗后临床和肺功能明显改善;治疗开始患儿血ECP、IL5、TNFα水平和Eos计数均显著高于正常对照组(P均<0.01);血Eos计数与ECP浓度呈显著正相关(P<0.01),血IL5水平与ECP浓度呈显著正相关(P<0.01);治疗后血ECP、IL5、TNFα水平和Eos计数较治疗前明显降低(P<0.01);痰液ECP、TNFα和IL5含量显著低于治疗前(P<0.01)。结论孟鲁司特可抑制哮喘中Eos引起的呼吸道炎症,降低血和痰液ECP、IL5、TNFα水平。抑制效应可能是孟鲁司特抗哮喘呼吸道炎症的重要机制。     

灭活卡介苗经皮接种治疗婴幼儿哮喘对IgE ECP IFN-γ IL-4水平的影响

目的　为进一步探讨灭活卡介苗治疗婴幼儿哮喘的免疫学作用机制 ,应用灭活卡介苗经皮接种 ,观察患儿机体IgE、嗜酸性细胞阳离子蛋白 (ECP)、IFN γ、IL 4的水平变化及改变程度。方法　将哮喘患儿随机分为常规治疗组 (常规组 )与灭活卡介苗治疗组 (卡介苗组 ) ,进行 6个月的治疗后 ,观察患儿在治疗前后的IgE ,ECP ,IL 4 ,IFN γ的变化 ,另设 2 0例正常儿童作为对照组。结果　①治疗前卡介苗组和常规组IgE ,ECP与IL 4均高于对照组 ,IFN γ低于对照组 ,差异有显著性 (P <0 .0 5 ) ;卡介苗组与常规组比较差异无显著性 (P >0 .0 5 ) ;②卡介苗组治疗后ECP与IL 4低于治疗前 ,IFN γ较治疗前有升高 ,其差异均有显著性 (P <0 .0 5 ) ,IL 4和IFN γ呈明显负相关 ,且IFN γ与IL 4的变化各自均有明显的线性关系。IgE在治疗前后无显著性差异 (P >0 .0 5 )。常规组治疗前后IgE ,ECP与IL 4水平差异无显著性 ,但IFN γ水平治疗后增加 ,差异有显著性 (P <0 .0 1)。结论　灭活卡介苗治疗能刺激婴幼儿哮喘患儿IFN γ生成增多 ,下调IL 4水平 ,可能与干预治疗能诱导TH1细胞的优势分化 ,调节TH1 TH2平衡有关 ;同时 ,能降低ECP水平 ,减轻气道慢性炎症反应 ;但短期内对IgE水平未发现有显著影响。     

哮喘患儿诱导痰液中NO3^—／No2^—含量的变化及其意义

探讨儿童哮喘诱导痰液中一氧化氮(NO)代谢终产物硝酸盐/亚硝酸盐(NO-3/NO-2)含量的变化及临床意义,采用3%高渗盐水雾化吸入诱导患儿咳痰,0.1%DTT和PBS缓冲液裂解痰液,应用硝酸酶还原法和荧光酶标法分别测定诱导痰液中NO-3/NO-2和嗜酸性粒细胞阳离子蛋白(ECP)含量,便携式肺功能仪测定肺通气功能.结果表明,稳定期、轻度和中、重度发作期患儿诱导痰液中NO-3/NO-2浓度较对照组显著增高,P<0.05;ECP含量较对照组显著增高,P<0.05;不同时期哮喘患儿各组间诱导痰液中NO-3/NO-2含量和ECP均有显著性差异,P<0.05.哮喘患儿诱导痰液中NO-3/NO-2和ECP含量与1秒钟用力呼气容积占预计值百分比(FEV1.0%)呈显著负相关,r=-0.512,P<0.01;而NO-3/NO-2含量与痰液中ECP浓度呈显著正相关r=0.607,P<0.01.提示NO参与了儿童哮喘的发生和发展,诱导痰液中NO-3/NO-2水平可反映气道炎症的变化,可用于儿童哮喘病情监测及指导药物治疗.     

机械通气并吸入高浓度氧新生儿支气管肺泡灌洗液中一氧化氮的表达及临床意义

目的　探讨机械通气并吸入高浓度氧对新生儿肺一氧化氮 (NO)合成的影响。方法　对机械通气并吸入≥ 4 0 %氧气 37例新生儿行支气管肺泡灌洗 ,吸氧时间≤ 72h为A组 ,≥ 72h为B组 ,并设对照为 10名非肺部疾病接受空气和机械通气的患儿 (空气组 )。用免疫组化法检测灌洗液 (BALF)细胞一氧化氮合酶 (NOS)表达 ,并测定BALF中NO、总蛋白、丙二醛 (MDA)含量。结果　A、B组BALF细胞 ;NOS均高于空气组 ,P分别<0 .0 1,0 .0 0 1;B组BALF细胞 ;NOS高于A组 ,P <0 .0 5 ;A组BALF中NO、MDA、总蛋白浓度均高于空气组 ,P分别 <0 .0 1,0 .0 0 1,0 .0 5 ;B组BALF中NO、MDA、总蛋白浓度均显著高于A组 ,P分别 <0 .0 0 1,0 .0 1,0 .0 5。结论　肺部炎症细胞中诱导型NOS大量表达是高氧吸入肺NO的重要来源 ,过量产生NO在新生儿高氧肺损伤中可能发挥重要作用     

哮喘患儿吸入丁地去炎松治疗前后痰液IL-8水平变化的临床研究

目的　通过观察吸入丁地去炎松 (普米克 )治疗前后哮喘患儿痰中IL 8水平的变化 ,评价此种疗法对气道炎症的影响。方法　对 19例年龄在 5～ 14岁之间哮喘患儿 ,分别于首次就诊和吸入丁地去炎松治疗两周时 ,两次进行取痰检测和病情评价。结果　哮喘发作期患儿经吸入丁地去炎松治疗两周后 ,痰中IL 8水平显著下降 ,呼气峰流速 (PEF)占预计值百分比也有显著改善 (P <0 .0 1) ;且PEF改善率与其痰液IL 8水平下降呈正相关 (P<0 .0 1)。结论　丁地去炎松对哮喘患儿症状及其气道炎症指标有显著改善作用 ,对控制哮喘的炎症疗效肯定     

痰液炎性细胞在婴幼儿哮喘诊断中的价值

目的　 探讨反映气道炎症情况的痰液炎性细胞检测在婴幼儿哮喘早期临床诊断中的价值。 方法 　患儿每次喘息发作时均进行诱导痰液炎性细胞检测 ,共对 3 17例患儿进行了 690例次痰液涂片检测。于患儿 4至 5岁间进行随访调查 ,凡符合儿童哮喘诊断标准者为哮喘组 ( 10 8例 ) ,否则为非哮喘组 ( 2 0 9例 )。 结果 　哮喘组痰液嗜酸性粒细胞中位数为 18 1% ,与非哮喘组 (中位数为 1 3 % )比较 ,两组间差异有非常显著性意义 (u =14 3 6,P <0 0 0 1) ,两组间其他炎性细胞的差异均无统计学意义 ;哮喘组痰液嗜酸粒细胞具有明显随病情进展和发作次数增加而增加之趋势 ( χ2 =10 676,P <0 0 0 5 ) ,但非哮喘组炎性细胞均无明显的随病情进展和发作次数的增加而增加之趋势。 结论 　痰液炎性细胞可能为早期诊断婴幼儿哮喘的一项重要参考指标。     

Human milk supplementation. Delivery of energy, calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, copper, and zinc

Human milk when fed to preterm infants is frequently supplemented with human milk fortifiers that provide an additional source of protein, energy, and minerals. Human milk that was provided by the mother of a preterm infant, and that was supplemented with commercially available human milk fortifiers, was assessed under simulated syringe-pump and bolus feeding circumstances for the delivery of energy, calcium, phosphorus, copper, magnesium, and zinc to an infant. In general, the nutrients were not completely delivered with syringe-pump feedings, with the greatest losses occurring in the concentrations of calcium and phosphorus. The losses were more pronounced with the use of a powdered fortifier than with the use of a liquid fortifier. Little or no change in the concentrations of the various nutrients were observed with simulated bolus feeding. We suggest that human milk fortified with supplements be fed with care to assure complete delivery of the nutrients and that infants receiving such feedings be monitored to assure adequate nutritional status.     

Cost-Utility Analysis of Neonatal Screening Program,Shiraz University of Medical Sciences,Shiraz, Iran, 2010

Objective

The most important cause of infant mortality during the first month of life is related to congenital abnormalities. Nevertheless, timely diagnosis of these diseases can reduce the severity of their effects. The present study aimed to investigate the cost-effectiveness of the neonatal screening program in Fars Province, Iran.

Methods

In this study, costs of executing the screening programs, treatment of the diagnosed cases, treatment of affected, non-screened individuals, quality of life, and incremental cost-effectiveness ratios were measured in two study groups.

Findings

Performing the screening programs for phenylketonuria, congenital hypothyroidism, galactosemia, and favism resulted in respectively $3386, $13078, $19641, and $1088 saving per patient. Overall, the study results revealed the cost-effectiveness of execution of the neonatal screening program.

Conclusion

Neonatal screening program is one of the health interventions which lead to long-term beneficial outcome for the patients, financial saving for the society, and improvement of the patients’ quantity as well as quality of life.     

Serum protein binding of diazepam, desmethyldiazepam, furosemide, indomethacin, warfarin, and phenobarbital in human fetus, mother, and newborn infant

The protein binding of diazepam, desmethyldiazepam, furosemide, indomethacin, warfarin, and phenobarbital in maternal and fetal cord serum at the time of birth, and in serum of neonates between 1 and 11 days of age was studied. The protein binding of diazepam and desmethyldiazepam was higher in the fetus than in the mother, thus explaining the fetal cumulation of these drugs in vivo. After birth, both drugs were partially displaced from neonatal binding sites. The decreased protein binding capacity in the mother and the neonate related to increased free fatty-acid levels. The pattern of protein binding of warfarin in the groups investigated was a mirror image of those of diazepam and its metabolite. The protein binding of indomethacin progressively decreased in the neonate during the first two postnatal weeks, while that of furosemide remained at lowered levels throughout this time interval. The protein binding of phenobarbital was similar in the groups investigated. Our results suggest that drugs such as diazepam, which can be displaced from binding sites by free fatty acids, may cumulate in the fetus and may exhibit much decreased protein binding and possibly unexpectedly strong effects in the neonate after birth.     

Effect of lactate, pyruvate, acetone, acetoacetate, and beta-hydroxybutyrate on albumin binding of bilirubin

Lactate, pyruvate, acetone, acetoacetate, and beta-hydroxybutyrate were tested for their bilirubin-displacing effect on human serum albumin. Only lactate had a significant effect at levels found in asphyxiated infants (up to 20 mM). The reserve albumin equivalent for binding bilirubin was determined, using the deputy ligand monoacetyldiaminodiphenyl sulfone (MADDS), in adult human serum albumin solution, neonatal serum, and neonatal albumin solution. Twenty mM lactate caused a 23% decrease of reserve albumin when adult albumin was used, but did not cause any change of binding when neonatal serum or neonatal albumin solution was used. It is unlikely that endogenous substances, acting as competitive ligands, cause the low binding affinity of albumin for bilirubin in sick, premature infants.