速尿、苯氧比酸、硫唑嘌呤对慢性炎症性肠病患者红细胞TPMT活性的影响

目的:研究利尿剂速尿、苯氧比酸及其硫唑嘌呤对慢性炎症性肠病患者红细胞硫嘌呤甲基转移酶(TPMT)活性的影响。方法:应用高效液相法(HPLC)测定慢性炎症性肠病患者红细胞TPMT活性,其中中等活性、正常活性、较高活性的患者各6例,依据浓度效应曲线计算每个药物的IC50。结果:速尿对TPMT活性的抑制作用较强,平均IC50为15～19μmol·L-1,在健康志愿者的正常血浆浓度范围内。苯氧比酸和硫唑嘌呤的平均IC50值分别为300～313μmol·L-1、430～532μmol·L-1,均远高于体内所能达到的血浆浓度。3种药物的IC50值在3个不同TPMT活性组间无明显差异(P>0.05)。结论:速尿可抑制红细胞TPMT活性,当速尿和硫嘌呤类药物合用时,应警惕发生不良相互作用。     

某些黄酮类和三萜皂苷类化合物对豚鼠肾的11β-羟化类固醇脱氢酶的抑制作用(英文)

目的:研究某些生物黄酮和三萜皂苷对豚鼠肾皮质11β羟化类固醇脱氢酶(11β-OHSD)的抑制作用.方法:肾皮质微粒体制备中加入氢化可的松,NADP,triton DF-18和被研究的化合物分别经37℃,1 h孵育,在HPLC梯度洗脱条件下,测定氢化可的松成为可的松的转化率来表示11β-OHSD的活性.结果:甘草酸、柚皮素、非瑟素、大黄素对11β-OHSD抑制的IG_(50)分别为254,336,470,527 μmol·L~(-1).齐墩果酸抑制此酶的IC_(50)值为黄芪甲苷的两倍.柚皮素对此酶的抑制是竞争性的.结论:柚皮素、非瑟素、大黄素等类似甘草酸,它们对肾皮质的11β-OHSD有不同程度的抑制作用.     

β-榄香烯对体外培养恶性疟原虫生长抑制作用的实验研究

目的:研究从中药莪术中分离得到的新型非细胞毒性抗肿瘤药物β-榄香烯的体外抗疟活性,。方法:采用恶性疟原虫3D7株(氯喹敏感株)和Dd2株(氯喹抗性株)进行测试,恶性疟原虫经过同步化处理后添加β-榄香烯,40 h后涂片镜检,观察其细胞形态变化;采用SYBR Green I染料法检测两种虫株对β-榄香烯和氯喹的半数抑制浓度(IC_(50))。结果:与空白对照组相比,添加10μg/mL的β-榄香烯能抑制恶性疟原虫的生长,40μg/mL的β-榄香烯可以完全抑制恶性疟原虫的生长;3D7虫株和Dd2虫株对β-榄香烯的IC_(50)值分别为(13.60±0.540)μg/mL和(12.59±0.54)μg/mL。结论:β-榄香烯具有显著的体外抗疟活性,值得进一步深入研究。     

硫嘌呤甲基转移酶基因多态性的硫唑嘌呤个体化用药临床研究分析

硫唑嘌呤属于硫嘌呤类药物,是一种免疫抑制药。硫嘌呤甲基转移酶(thiopurine S-methyltransferase, TPMT)是参与硫唑嘌呤代谢的重要酶,TPMT的基因多态性是导致个体间用药差异的重要因素。TPMT基因遗传多态性导致酶活性存在个体差异,从而使接受硫唑嘌呤治疗的人群表现出不同的疗效和药物不良反应。TPMT的遗传多态性能够影响到TPMT酶的活性,而不同TPMT活性的患者在服用硫唑嘌呤后的药效学不同。越来越多的研究证实,在服用硫唑嘌呤之前进行基因型检测,针对不同TPMT活性的患者进行硫唑嘌呤个体化用药指导,可以有效地提高疗效,降低药物不良反应。本研究综述了基于TPMT基因多态性的硫唑嘌呤个体化用药治疗现状,通过讨论TPMT基因型指导下对不同患者服用硫唑嘌呤后的临床结局的影响,以及精准用药的建议,尤其关注了中国人群中TPMT用药的研究现状,以期为不同人群进行硫唑嘌呤治疗提供用药建议。     

9种通络祛风中药提取物对黄嘌呤氧化酶的体外抑制活性研究

目的:研究9种通络祛风中药的提取物对黄嘌呤氧化酶(XO)的体外抑制活性,以筛选活性突出的中药提取物。方法:以黄嘌呤为底物、XO为反应酶,以别嘌醇为阳性对照,以三角风、石胡椒、山莓、金雀花根、紫藤根、牛迭肚根、梓木皮、凌霄花根、爬岩香等药材的水提物和甲醇提取物(以下简称"醇提物")以及活性提取物的石油醚、二氯甲烷、乙酸乙酯、正丁醇、水等萃取部位为对象,采用紫外分光光度法检测各样品对XO的抑制率,采用Graphpad prism 6.0软件计算半数抑制浓度(IC_(50))以筛选活性提取物/部位;采用双倒数法判断药材的酶抑制作用的类型。结果:9种中药共18个提取物中,500μg/mL各中药提取物(除石胡椒醇提物外),250μg/mL三角风、石胡椒、山莓、爬岩香的水提物和醇提物,250μg/mL梓木皮水提物,250μg/mL金雀花根、牛迭肚根、凌霄花根醇提物,125μg/mL金雀花根、牛迭肚根醇提物以及62.5μg/mL金雀花根醇提物对XO的抑制率均超过了50%;其中,金雀花根醇提物的IC_(50)值为43.43μg/mL,低于其他药材的提取物,为活性提取物。金雀花根醇提物石油醚、二氯甲烷、乙酸乙酯、正丁醇、水等萃取部位的IC_(50)值分别为>200、193.35、7.67、14.80、>200μg/mL,其中乙酸乙酯提取部位的IC_(50)值与阳性对照(5.11μg/mL)接近。金雀花根醇提物对XO的抑制类型为竞争-非竞争性抑制,不同于阳性对照的竞争性抑制。结论:金雀花根、牛迭肚根、石胡椒、山莓、爬岩香、三角风等醇提物及三角风、石胡椒、梓木皮等水提物对XO均具有一定的体外抑制活性,以金雀花根醇提物最强,且该提取物的乙酸乙酯萃取部位的抑制活性与别嘌醇相当,但抑制类型有所差异。     

RP-HPLC法同时测定人血清中内源氢化可的松与可的松的含量

目的:建立测定人血清中内源性氢化可的松与可的松含量的方法。方法:采用迪马Diamonsil C_(18)色谱柱(250 mm×4.6 mm,5μm);流动相:乙腈-水-甲醇(51:136:77);流速:1.2 ml·min~(-1);紫外检测波长:245 nm;柱温:30℃;进样量:30μl。结果:氢化可的松在50.0～300.0μg·L~(-1),可的松在10.0～100.0μg·L~(-1)的浓度范围内线性关系良好。氢化可的松与可的松的方法回收率分别为(101.83±1.19)%和(100.52±5.91)%。92名健康者血清中氢化可的松、可的松的浓度分别为(111.60±27.30)和(18.66±4.44)μg·L~(-1),其比值为(6.08±1.10)。结论:本法操作简便,灵敏度高,快速可靠,适用于氢化可的松与可的松含量的测定,为研究人体肝脏11β-羟基类固脱氢酶(11β-HSD)的活性及调整激素治疗方案提供有效的分析手段。     

肾移植受者硫嘌呤甲基转移酶基因多态性与硫唑嘌呤不良反应关系的研究

目的:探讨硫嘌呤甲基转移酶(thiopurine S-methyltransferase,TPMT)表型和基因多态性与硫唑嘌呤(AZA)所致不良反应的关系。方法:应用高效液相色谱法(HPLC)测定150例肾移植患者红细胞TPMT活性,采用等位基因特异性的PCR和限制性片断长度多态性的方法检测TPMT*2、*3A、*3B和*3C四种基因型,分析TPMT活性和基因多态性与AZA所致不良反应的关系。结果:30例(20%)患者由于发生了不良反应而停用AZA或减少了AZA的用量,其中12例患者发生了血液毒性,另外18例发生了肝脏毒性。将未发生不良反应的患者作为对照组,其红细胞TPMT活性范围为16.63~68.25 U,平均为(38.43±11.59)U。发生了血液毒性的患者红细胞TPMT活性平均为(24.16±9.84)U,明显低于未发生不良反应的患者(P=0.0003)。另外18例发生了肝脏毒性的患者TPMT活性离散度较大,与对照组比较差异无统计学意义(P=0.145)。本研究未发现TPMT活性缺乏者。共发现7例(4.7%)TPMT*3C杂合子患者,这7例患者均为TPMT中等活性13.04~19.21 U,平均为(...     

3-芳基香豆素衍生物作为潜在的抗 AD 药物体外活性筛选

目的基于多奈哌齐的结构,设计合成3-芳基香豆素衍生物,并测定其胆碱酯酶抑制活性及对三氯化铝诱导的斑马鱼幼鱼运动迟缓的行为学影响。方法基于拼合原理,通过氧化、还原胺化等反应合成2个3-芳基香豆素衍生物并鉴定目标化合物的结构;采用Ellman法,并做相应调整,测定目标化合物对胆碱酯酶抑制活性;利用Zebrobox斑马鱼行为分析仪测定目标化合物对三氯化铝诱导的斑马鱼幼鱼运动迟缓的行为学影响。结果合成了2个3-芳基香豆素衍生物;活性研究表明,化合物9对胆碱酯酶的抑制作用较好,其中对乙酰胆碱酯酶和丁酰胆碱酯酶的IC_(50)值分别为(0.051±0.002)μmol·L~(-1)和(1.46±0.07)μmol·L~(-1),结果接近于阳性药多奈哌齐[IC_(50)值分别为(0.012±0.001)μmol·L~(-1)和(2.66±0.02)μmol·L~(-1)]。化合物9对三氯化铝诱导的斑马鱼幼鱼运动迟缓具有显著的缓解作用。结论合成的目标化合物对两种胆碱酯酶均有不同程度的抑制作用,可以为3-芳基香豆素类化合物的成药研究提供理论基础。     

反相高效液相色谱法同时测定氯霉素氢化可的松滴耳液中氯霉素和氢化可的松含量的方法学研究

目的建立用反相高效液相色法同时测定氯霉素氢化可的松滴耳液中氯霉素和氢化可的松含量的方法.方法以Shim-pack VP-ODS柱(4.6mm×15cm,5μm)为色谱柱,甲醇-水(内含1.5%冰醋酸)(65:35)为流动相,流速1.0mL/min,进样量10μL.结果一次进样可同时测定两种组分的含量,氯霉素在154.5～1030.0μg/mL,氢化可的松在32.4～210.0μg/mL范围内,峰面积与其浓度均呈良好的线性关系,r值分别为0.999 9和0.999 6,日内精密度和日间精密度良好,平均回收率分别为100.1%,RSD=0.49%(n=9)和100.2%,RSD=0.42%(n=9)结论方法简单快速,结果准确,可作为该制剂的质控分析.     

84例原发性高血压患者和健康志愿者肾11β-HSD活性的测定与比较

目的:比较我国原发性高血压患者肾11β-HSD活性与健康志愿者有无差别,并为进一步寻找11β-HSD缺陷患者奠定基础.方法:应用HPLC梯度洗脱法测定50例原发性高血压患者和34例健康志愿者尿中氢化可的松和可的松的比值,以比较其肾11β-羟化类固醇脱氢酶(11β-HSD)活性的差异.结果:高血压患者尿氢化可的松与可的松比值为0.71±0.41,对照组比值为0.59±0.18.结论:本研究组中高血压患者与健康志愿者肾11β-HSD活性无显著差别(P>0.05).高血压组中有一例患者氢/可比值为2.72±0.21(n=3),其原因有待于进一步研究.     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.