医联体基层医院联络护士压力性损伤护理的同质化培训

目的 提高医联体基层医院联络护士压力性损伤护理能力。 方法 选取医联体内3所基层医院28名压力性损伤联络护士为培训对象,由医联体主体医院的造口伤口失禁专科护理团队构建压力性损伤护理同质化培训方案,采取线上对分课堂与线下工作坊实践相结合的方式培训19学时,并进行6个月临床在岗压力性损伤护理实践。 结果 培训后,联络护士压力性损伤管理自我效能感得分、压力性损伤护理知识得分、压力性损伤同质化护理实践能力得分显著高于实践前（均P＜0.05）,学员对培训的总体满意度达92.8%。 结论 对医联体基层医院联络护士开展压力性损伤护理同质化培训能有效提高其压力性损伤知识和护理实践能力。     

母婴床旁护理模式实施和体会

目的:探讨母婴床旁护理模式在产科的应用效果。方法:2011年9月～2011年12月在我院分娩的600对母婴随机分为两组(床旁护理组和常规护理组)。结果:床旁护理组产妇及家属对护士的满意度、母乳喂养技能及健康教育知识掌握、新生儿护理技能优于常规护理组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。结论:母婴床旁护理能提高产妇及家属满意度,促进产妇及家属掌握母婴保健知识和育儿技能。     

基层医院开展“互联网+上门护理服务”效果探讨

目的 为社区有就医需求患者提供及时方便的上门护理服务，改善患者就医体验。 方法 在医院微信服务号建立子系统“护理服务到家”，设基础护理17项、专科护理6项、母婴护理5项、检验服务11项共4类39项服务项目；对医护人员进行培训后正式运行（线上下单，上门服务）。 结果 “护理服务到家”运行128 d，上门服务652单；上门护士1 196人次、医生108人次；患者满意度为100%；上门服务项目均顺利完成，未发生投诉和不良事件，未发生医生护士相关安全问题。 结论 基层医院实施“互联网+上门护理服务”，改善了患者就医体验，同时有助于体现护士职业价值感，以及缓解看病难的社会问题。     

脑外科专科护理指引临床实践调查

目的探讨神经外科专科护士的临床实践情况,为建立神经外科专科护理指引体系提供参考。方法采用自行设计的调查问卷对中山市5所医院131名神经外科护士及中国护理之声网站的79名神经外科护士进行调查。结果收回有效问卷197份。仅43.7%神经外科护士护理患者时考虑患者病情变化与病理变化之间关系,41.1%的护士在患者发生脑疝相关症状时能立刻想到脑疝部位,7.6%~49.2%的护士自评运用GCS评分、肌力评级标准等病情观察技能高,3.6%~45.7%的护士自评非常熟悉危重患者护理,48.7%的护士未接受过危重患者护理的专项培训。结论神经外科护士理论知识、危重患者护理、观察疾病技能及专科培训较缺乏,有必要建立集理论知识、危重患者护理、专科技能、专科用药指引及疾病动态健康指引为一体的专科指引用书。     

APN弹性排班与护士层级管理在基层医院的应用效果

目的:探讨APN弹性排班与护士层级管理在基层医院应用效果。方法:普外科在护理人数不变的前提下,2012年1月将护士排班方式由传统排班模式改为APN连续性排班模式,建立以护士长领导下,护理组长-责任护士-助理护士的分层级梯队,比较两种排班方式对护理质量的影响及患者对护理工作的满意度。结果:APN连续性排班在基层医院明显提高了护理质量,护理人员和患者满意度明显提高。提高了护士生活质量,保证了护理安全。结论:实施APN连续性排班,保证了护理工作质量和安全,顺应了现代护理模式发展,值得在基层医院推广。     

基层医院护士核心能力的培训与效果

目的探索基层医院护士核心能力培训的方法与效果。方法参照广东省卫生厅专业护士核心能力建设指南对89名病区护士进行核心能力培训,即成立核心能力培训小组,以临床专科为培训基地进行培训。结果培训后的护士综合考核成绩及护士、患者对护理工作满意度显著高于培训前,护理不良事件发生率显著降低(P<0.05,P<0.01)。结论基层医院护士采用核心能力培训模式有助于提高基层医院护士的综合素质,提高护士自身满意度及患者对护理工作满意度。     

未注册护士双导师制带教的临床实践

目的 探讨对未注册护士（下称新护士）试行双导师制带教的临床实践方法及效果。方法 将40名应届毕业新护士随机分成实验组与对照组各20名，对照组按照传统模式带教，实验组采用双导师制模式带教，即每名新护士由1名专科导师负责指导，同时配1名全程导师负责督导和检查；出科时由护理部组成考评小组，对带教满意度、新护士的基础理论和技能、专科理论和技能以及护士综合能力进行考核。结果两组新护士带教满意度、基础理论和技能、专科理论和技能考核及新护士综合能力比较，差异有显著性意义（P〈0．05，P〈0．01）。结论 双导师带教制的实践有利于新护士素质的全面提升，能显著提高临床带教质量；同时还需进一步加强师生联系，建立导师工作的激励和考评制度，以促进导师素质提高，使其更加健全完善。     

基于胜任力的专科护士选拔和管理

目的探讨临床专科护士的选拔和管理方法,为合理选拔和使用专科护士提供参考。方法医院设立专科护士岗位,通过确立专科护士任职资格,以竞聘方式选拔专科护士,签订岗位职责,加强专科护士岗位管理,使专科护士在临床一线发挥最大作用。结果 2008年以来,护理部设定21个专科护理岗位,共聘任专科护士56名,具有7个专科护理实训基地,为上海市培养450余名专科护士,具有3个专科护理门诊,年门诊量约2万人次,专科护士申请各级各类课题40余项、发表学术论文300余篇。结论基于胜任力的专科护士选拔和使用,使专科护理实训基地建设、专科护理门诊发展、护理科研等方面取得了较好的成效,有效地推动了医院专科护理的发展。     

医联体医院护士静脉治疗核心能力现况及影响因素研究

目的 调查医联体医院护士静脉治疗核心能力现状,分析影响因素,以完善其静脉治疗培训方案、 提高护士核心能力。 方法 采用方便抽样法,选取陕西省8所医联体医院2 405名护士为研究对象。采用一般资料调查表、护士静脉治疗核心能力评价量表及一般自我效能感量表进行调查。 结果 2 405名医联体医院护士静脉治疗核心能力总分为115.67±22.78,一般自我效能感总分为32.20±6.13;多元线性回归结果显示,是否参加过静脉治疗相关培训及一般自我效能感是护士静脉治疗核心能力的影响因素（均P＜0.05）,共解释总变异的43.0%。 结论 医联体医院护士静脉治疗核心能力处于中等偏上水平,参加过静脉治疗相关培训和一般自我效能感较高的护士其静脉治疗核心能力较好。护理管理者可加强相关培训,并通过提升护士的一般自我效能感,进而提高其静脉治疗核心能力。     

对基层医院优质护理精准帮扶及成效

目的探讨对口帮扶提高基层医院护理服务质量的效果。方法建立帮扶组织管理体系,充分了解基层医院的需求。选派护理管理专家及专科护理专家驻点指导,开展院内培训及进修学习,构建优质护理服务体系,开展远程护理培训及会诊。结果被帮扶医院先后创建成为二级优秀医院、二级甲等医院和爱婴医院,护理被评为州级护理重点专科。结论对基层医院实施对口帮扶可有效提高被帮扶医院的护理管理水平及专科护理水平,可提高基层医院护理服务质量。     

Body composition assessment and methodology in nonathletic and athletic adolescent and adult males and females

The purpose of this review is to outline methodology for assessing body composition utilizing anthropometric and densitometric techniques. The objective of body composition assessment is to measure body fat and lean body mass. The quantity of these components varies due to growth, physical activity, dietary regimens, and aging. Anthropometric techniques incorporate selected skinfolds, circumferences, skeletal widths, or other variables to estimate body composition within k2.0-4.0%. These techniques are adequate for field testing of groups or individuals, but are population specific. Densitometry measures body volume irrespective of physique, sex, or age. This laboratory technique estimates body composition within 1.0-2.0%, is more difficult to administer, but is not population specific. Some limitation exists with any present technique due to biological variability and incomplete research of reference body composition in children, females, and the aged. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 1984;5(6):336-347.     

Perioperative and long-term morbidity and mortality after above-knee and below-knee amputations in diabetics and nondiabetics

We performed a retrospective review of a vascular surgery quality assurance database to evaluate the perioperative and long-term morbidity and mortality of above-knee amputations (AKA, n = 234) and below-knee amputations (BKA, n = 720) and to examine the effect of diabetes mellitus (DM) (181 of AKA and 606 of BKA patients). All patients in the database who had AKA or BKA from 1990 to May 2001 were included in the study. Perioperative 30-day cardiac morbidity and mortality and 3-yr and 10-yr mortality after AKA or BKA were assessed. The effect of DM on 30-day cardiac outcome was assessed by multivariate logistic regression and the effect on long-term survival was assessed by Cox regression analysis. The perioperative cardiac event rate (cardiac death or nonfatal myocardial infarction) was at least 6.8% after AKA and at most 3.6% after BKA. Median survival was significantly less after AKA (20 mo) than BKA (52 mo) (P < 0.001). DM was not a significant predictor of perioperative 30-day mortality (odds ratio, 0.76 [0.39-1.49]; P = 0.43) or 3-yr survival (Hazard ratio, 1.03 [0.86-1.24]; P = 0.72) but predicted 10-yr mortality (Hazard ratio, 1.34 [1.04-1.73]; P = 0.026). Significant predictors of the 30-day perioperative mortality were the site of amputation (odds ratio, 4.35 [2.56-7.14]; P < 0.001) and history of renal insufficiency (odds ratio, 2.15 [1.13-4.08]; P = 0.019). AKA should be triaged as a high-risk surgery while BKA is an intermediate-risk surgery. Long-term survival after AKA or BKA is poor, regardless of the presence of DM.     

Postoperative nausea and vomiting and opioid-induced nausea and vomiting: guidelines for prevention and treatment

Postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) causes patient discomfort, lowers patient satisfaction, and increases care requirements. Opioid-induced nausea and vomiting (OINV) may also occur if opioids are used to treat postoperative pain. These guidelines aim to provide recommendations for the prevention and treatment of both problems. A working group was established in accordance with the charter of the Sociedad Espa?ola de Anestesiología y Reanimación. The group undertook the critical appraisal of articles relevant to the management of PONV and OINV in adults and children early and late in the perioperative period. Discussions led to recommendations, summarized as follows: 1) Risk for PONV should be assessed in all patients undergoing surgery; 2 easy-to-use scales are useful for risk assessment: the Apfel scale for adults and the Eberhart scale for children. 2) Measures to reduce baseline risk should be used for adults at moderate or high risk and all children. 3) Pharmacologic prophylaxis with 1 drug is useful for patients at low risk (Apfel or Eberhart 1) who are to receive general anesthesia; patients with higher levels of risk should receive prophylaxis with 2 or more drugs and baseline risk should be reduced (multimodal approach). 4) Dexamethasone, droperidol, and ondansetron (or other setrons) have similar levels of efficacy; drug choice should be made based on individual patient factors. 5) The drug prescribed for treating PONV should preferably be different from the one used for prophylaxis; ondansetron is the most effective drug for treating PONV. 6) Risk for PONV should be assessed before discharge after outpatient surgery or on the ward for hospitalized patients; there is no evidence that late preventive strategies are effective. 7) The drug of choice for preventing OINV is droperidol.