血小板相关抗体水平变化在特发性血小板减少性紫癜患儿诊断及预后中的价值

目的探讨血小板相关抗体水平变化在特发性血小板减少性紫癜(ITP)患儿诊断及预后中的价值,为临床诊治提供参考依据。方法选取2014年5月-2016年12月宁波市鄞州区第二医院收治的100例ITP的患儿作为观察组,同时选择同期60例儿保门诊体检结果正常的儿童作为对照组。选择ELISA方法对治疗前后两组患儿血小板相关抗体PAIg A、PAIg G、PAIg M水平情况进行比较。结果观察组患儿的血小板相关抗体PAIg A、PAIg G和PAIg M表达水平明显高于正常对照组儿童,差异有统计学意义(均P0. 05)。有56例患儿治愈,25例患儿显效,治愈+显效共81例; 19例患儿确诊为难治性ITP。治愈+显效组初诊时血小板相关抗体PAIg G与PAIg M水平同时或分别升高的患儿比例明显低于难治组患儿,差异有统计学意义(均P0. 05)。治愈+显效组治疗前血小板相关抗体PAIg G、PAIg M水平升高的患儿在治疗后均显著下降,差异有统计学意义(均P0. 05)。难治组患儿在治疗后血小板相关抗体PAIg G的水平下降明显,差异有统计学意义(P0. 05);而血小板相关抗体PAIg M下降不明显,差异无统计学意义(P0. 05)。结论血小板相关抗体PAIg M对观察ITP患儿的预后有着重要的意义。对于血小板相关抗体PAIg M水平较高的患儿应尽早采取大剂量激素或联合免疫治疗,避免转为难治性ITP。血小板相关抗体的检测,特别是血小板相关抗体PAIg M+PAIgG的联合检查,可以作为ITP患儿常规的检测项目。     

儿童抗富亮氨酸胶质瘤失活1蛋白抗体相关脑炎2例并文献复习

目的探讨儿童抗富亮氨酸胶质瘤失活1蛋白(LGI1)抗体相关脑炎的临床特征,并进行文献复习。 方法选择2016年3月至11月,于首都儿科研究所附属儿童医院及北京天坛医院神经内科住院的2例抗LGI1抗体相关脑炎患儿(患儿1、患儿2)为研究对象,进行病例资料分析并总结其临床特征。设定检索策略：以"富亮氨酸胶质瘤失活1蛋白"免疫性脑炎"LGI1"leucine-rich glioma-inactivated 1 protein"及"autoimmune diseases of the nervous system"为关键词,对万方数据知识服务平台、医知网、PubMed文献数据库、美国国家生物技术信息中心建库至2017年10月,收录的关于抗LGI1抗体相关脑炎的文献进行检索,并总结该病患儿的临床特征。本研究符合2013年修订的《世界医学协会赫尔辛基宣言》。 结果①患儿1,男性,8岁,为目前报道年龄最小的儿童抗LGI1抗体相关脑炎患儿。主诉"夜间睡眠减少50 d",临床主要表现为夜间睡眠减少伴兴奋,家族史及生长发育史未见异常,神经系统体格检查未见异常。头颅MRI提示左侧海马病变。脑脊液及血清抗LGI1抗体检测结果呈阳性。该例患儿接受静脉注射用人免疫球蛋白(IVIG)及泼尼松治疗后,夜间睡眠减少伴兴奋及头颅MRI较前明显好转。②患儿2,男性,15岁,主诉"发作性抽搐7 d",临床主要表现为抽搐,形式为复杂部分性发作和部分性发作继发强直-阵挛,不伴记忆力下降及认知、精神、睡眠及运动障碍,血清抗LGI1-IgG抗体检测结果呈阳性(1∶100),该例患儿接受IVIG及左乙拉西坦片治疗后,随访1^＋年的结果显示无神经、精神症状,学习成绩良好。③设定检索策略进行相关文献检索的结果显示,仅检索到3篇国外文献报道涉及3例年龄<18岁抗LGI1抗体相关脑炎患儿(14、15、17岁)。其中,14岁患儿的症状为近期记忆力障碍、精神行为异常,为目前公开报道的最小年龄抗LGI1抗体相关脑炎患儿。 结论本研究8岁患儿为目前国内外报道的年龄最小抗LGI1抗体相关脑炎患儿。儿童抗LGI1抗体相关脑炎可单纯以睡眠障碍或癫痫发作起病,头颅MRI表现具有典型特征,采取IVIG和糖皮质激素治疗疗效良好。     

小儿支原体肺炎175例临床与流行病学分析

我县 2 0 0 0年 1 1月～ 2 0 0 1年 6月发生小儿支原体肺炎流行 ,在此期间我们对儿科门诊及病房住院疑似支原体的患儿进行了肺炎支原体抗体检测 ,共检测患儿 470例 ,其中抗体阳性者 1 75例 ,现对临床及流行病学进行分析如下。1　临床资料1 .1　一般资料　1 75例抗体阳性患儿中男81例 ,女 94例 ,男女之比为 0 .86∶1。年龄最大 1 2岁 ,最小 3个月。病程最短 3天 ,最长 2 5天。1 .2　临床表现　发热 1 75例 (1 0 0 % ) ;咳嗽 1 75例 (1 0 0 % ) ,表现为干咳 1 2 5例 (71 .4% ) ,顽固性剧咳 40例 (2 2 .9% ) ,百日咳样咳嗽 1 0例 (5 .7% ) ;咳…     

儿童自身免疫性脑炎临床研究

目的探讨儿童自身免疫性脑炎(AE)的临床特点、治疗及其预后。 方法选择2014年10月至2016年11月，首都儿科研究所附属儿童医院神经内科收治的12例AE患儿为研究对象，包括11例抗N-甲基-D-天冬氨酸受体(NMDAR)脑炎及1例抗富亮氨酸胶质瘤失活蛋白1(LGI1)抗体相关脑炎患儿。对12例AE患儿的临床病例资料进行回顾性分析，包括临床表现、辅助检查、诊断、治疗及随访等，总结儿童AE的临床特点、治疗及预后。本研究遵循的程序符合2013年修订的《世界医学协会赫尔辛基宣言》要求，与所有受试儿的监护人签署临床研究知情同意书。 结果①一般临床资料：本组12例AE患儿的平均年龄为7岁5个月，入院时平均病程为20.5 d，男、女患儿比例为5∶7。②临床表现：多为急性或亚急性起病，首发症状可见情绪及行为异常、发热伴头疼、惊厥、言语障碍、乏力、感觉异常等。11例抗NMDAR脑炎患儿主要临床表现为，90.9%(10/11)有精神症状，81.8%(9/11)有睡眠障碍，72.7%(8/11)有语言、认知障碍，或者运动障碍，54.5%(6/11)有惊厥发作，45.5%(5/11)有意识障碍，36.3%(4/11)出现自主神经功能异常。1例抗LGI1抗体相关脑炎患儿，临床以睡眠障碍为主要表现。③实验室检查结果：对12例AE患儿脑脊液进行常规检查的结果均显示基本正常，并且影像学筛查亦未发现肿瘤。12例AE患儿中，6例头颅MRI检查可见颅内异常信号，8例视频脑电图检查可见不同程度慢波背景。11例抗NMDAR脑炎患儿的脑脊液抗NMDAR抗体检测，均呈阳性或强阳性；1例抗LGI1抗体相关脑炎患儿的脑脊液抗LGI1抗体检测呈阳性。④治疗及随访结果：对12例AE患儿均采用甲泼尼龙和(或)静脉注射免疫球蛋白(IVIG)进行免疫治疗，对其随访时间为12～27个月。其中，9例患儿临床痊愈，2例存在不同程度神经系统后遗症，1例出院后即失访。⑤特殊表现：患儿1临床仅表现为视力障碍；患儿12临床表现主要为睡眠障碍；3例年龄<6岁患儿的临床症状以反复惊厥发作、意识障碍或运动障碍为主，病情均严重，并且一线免疫治疗的疗效差，均需联合应用二线免疫治疗。 结论儿童AE以抗NMDAR脑炎为主，抗LGI1抗体相关脑炎亦可见于儿童；临床以神经、精神症状为主，并且特异性不明显，免疫治疗的疗效确切。对危重症AE患儿，应早期联合二线免疫治疗，而且较为安全有效。     

儿童系统性红斑狼疮患儿甲状腺相关抗体检测的临床意义

目的 探讨儿童系统性红斑狼疮(cSLE)患儿甲状腺相关抗体检测对发现甲状腺损伤及自身免疫性甲状腺炎(AITD)的临床意义。方法 选择2017年1月至2021年8月,在首都儿科研究所附属儿童医院风湿免疫科住院治疗的50例初发cSLE患儿为研究对象,并纳入cSLE组。同时选取在本院体检中心进行体检的50例健康儿童纳入对照组。回顾性分析2组受试儿的一般临床资料和甲状腺相关抗体阳性率,并对cSLE组患儿的临床特征、甲状腺相关抗体阳性率、甲状腺损伤情况、治疗和随访情况进行分析。采用电化学发光法检测促甲状腺素受体抗体(TRAb)、甲状腺球蛋白抗体(TgAb)、甲状腺过氧化物酶抗体(TPOAb)。本研究遵循的程序符合2013年修订的《世界医学协会赫尔辛基宣言》要求,与所有受试儿监护人签署临床研究知情同意书。结果 (1)2组受试儿性别构成比、年龄等一般临床资料比较,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。(2)cSLE组50例患儿中,年龄为4～15岁[(11.0±2.5)岁],均无甲状腺疾病家族史。所有患儿首诊时系统性红斑狼疮(SLE)病情活动评分(SLEDAI-2k)均>5分,仅1例以甲状腺...     

北京地区儿童发热出疹性疾病的血清学分析

为探讨北京市儿童发热出疹性疾病的病因,2001年在北京儿童医院收集了85例出疹3d内的患儿血清标本85份,咽喉拭子标本18份,其中流动儿童59例(占69.41%),北京户籍26例(30.59%).用酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA)法检测血清中麻疹或风疹IgM抗体.结果85份血清标本中麻疹IgM抗体阳性的44例,剩余的41份血清标本中风疹IgM抗体阳性9例,两者全部阴性者32例.IgM抗体阳性的确诊病例中,麻疹IgG抗体阳性13例.用聚合酶链式反应(PCR)检测18例患儿咽喉拭子标本中的麻疹病毒核糖核酸(RNA),结果16份阳性.16份中麻疹IgM抗体阳性的9例,阴性的7例.麻疹和风疹的确诊病例在柯氏(Koplik)斑、结膜炎和出疹前的发热天数上有明显区别.在北京加强血清学监测和强化对流动人口的预防接种势在必行.     

3例归国人员艾滋病感染检测报告

2009年10月5日、7日、13日,本市中心初筛出3例归国人员艾滋病病毒(HIV)抗体呈现阳性后,报黑龙江省疾病中心采用免疫印迹试验(WB)进行确认,均确认为HIV-1抗体阳性.就3人的检测情况及感染途径,我们做如下分析报告.     

小儿支气管哮喘与肺炎支原体感染的关系分析

目的 研究支气管哮喘患儿肺炎支原体(MP)感染情况,探讨小儿支气管哮喘与MP感染的关系,以指导临床诊断与治疗.方法 应用定量ELISA法检测62例支气管哮喘患儿(观察组)发作时及其后7 d的双份血清MP抗体,包括IgG、IgM抗体,并以60例同期体检的健康儿童作为对照组.结果观察组有22例检测到MP抗体阳性,阳性率为35.5%,对照组有6例检测到MP抗体阳性,阳性率为10.0%,两组MP抗体阳性率比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).结论 小儿支气管哮喘要高度警惕MP感染,从而减少哮喘的发作.     

徐州市消除碘缺乏病现状报告

徐州市碘缺乏病(IDD)防治已于2001年通过省级消除IDD阶段目标的考核评估,实现了消除IDD的阶段性目标.为确保2011年徐州市以县为单位消除IDD工作顺利通过国家评估验收,笔者于2009年按<实现消除碘缺乏病目标县级考核评估方案>对徐州市9个缺碘的县(市、区)消除IDD情况进行考核、评估,现将结果报道如下.     

徐州市消除碘缺乏病现状报告

徐州市碘缺乏病(IDD)防治已于2001年通过省级消除IDD阶段目标的考核评估,实现了消除IDD的阶段性目标.为确保2011年徐州市以县为单位消除IDD工作顺利通过国家评估验收,笔者于2009年按<实现消除碘缺乏病目标县级考核评估方案>对徐州市9个缺碘的县(市、区)消除IDD情况进行考核、评估,现将结果报道如下.     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.