诊室外血压测量:应用价值、问题与发展趋势简

原发性高血压（高血压）是心脑血管疾病的首要危险因素,控制血压可显著降低心脑血管疾病的发病率和死亡风险.高血压诊断和评估是降压治疗的基础,规范的血压测量是高血压管理的前提.曾经对血压测量的认识只是量个数值,不仅只观察诊室血压的数值,而且还很不规范.随着对血压认识的不断深入,对血压测量方式等日趋丰富,从单纯诊室血压测量发展到诊室外血压测量,即家庭血压测量（空间纬度）和动态血压监测（ambulatory blood pressure monitoring,ABPM）（时间维度）.进行血压立体化监测,才能明确诊断、评估高血压的危害性及进行指导治疗.     

老年高血压患者降压治疗后24小时动态血压与心脑血管事件发生率的分析

目的分析老年高血压患者降压治疗后24h动态血压与心脑血管事件发生的情况,为临床降压治疗提供依据。方法将1074例患者分为两组,高血压组748例,非高血压组326例。采用24h动态血压监测技术监测血压,观察老年高血压患者降压治疗后心脑血管事件发生情况及其他相关指标。结果高血压组降压治疗后24h动态血压水平与非高血压组比较有显著差异(P<0.05),大部分患者血压控制良好,动态24h收缩压、舒张压平均值在正常范围,但均高于非高血压组;心脑血管事件发生率、有高血压家族史、吸烟、糖尿病、既往患有心脑血管病史等人数比率以及体重指数、左心室重量指数均显著高于非高血压组。结论高血压组较非高血压组更易发生心脑血管事件;脉压是其发生心脑血管事件的重要因素;应注意适度降压。     

老年高血压患者降压治疗后24h动态血压与心脑血管事件发生率的分析

该文分析老年高血压患者降压治疗后24h动态血压与心脑血管事件发生的情况，为临床降压治疗提供依据。方法：将患者1074例分为两组，高血压组748例，非高血压组326例。采用24h动态血压监测技术监测血压，观察老年高血压患者降压治疗后心脑血管事件发生情况及其他相关指标。结果：高血压组降压治疗后24h动态血压水平与非高血压组比较，差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05），     

老年高血压不同动态血压模式

动态血压监测（ambulatory blood pressure monitoring，ABPM）是近年高血压研究重要进展之一。它客观遵循动态血压节律特点，反映实际血压水平、血压变异性，并与高血压靶器官损害（target organ damage，TOD）及预后比诊室血压测量（office blood pressure measure，OBPM）更密切相关，从而提高老年高血压诊疗水平，监测安全降压，优化个体治疗策略。现就该领域多种动态血压模式临床特点及指导降压治疗的临床价值作一综述。     

动态血压监测临床应用进展

目的对动态血压监测临床应用进展作一综述.方法查阅国内外文献.结果动态血压在研究白大衣高血压、运动血压及评价降压药物疗效、预测高血压靶器官损害方面优于偶测血压.结论动态血压亦有不足之处,提出了目前动态血压监测的临床应用指征.     

异常血压变异性对老年人高血压影响的研究进展

老年人神经-体液-心脑血管变化调节能力下降,异常血压波动易造成患有高血压老年人的靶器官损害.研究表明异常血压变异性(BPV)是脑卒中、认知功能障碍、心血管疾病、糖尿病、肾脏疾病等疾病的危险因素.BPV同时给老年人平稳降压带来一定困难,因此临床上也应监测老年人血压变异情况.本文主要对老年人BPV与相关临床疾病以及抗高血压...     

老年人动态血压监测的相关进展

24h动态血压监测（ABPM）已在全世界范围内广为应用，成为临床高血压诊断、指导和评价降压治疗的重要手段之一。ABPM能够提供24h期间多达数十次到上百次的血压测量数据，为了解患者全天的血压波动水平和趋势，提供了极有价值的信息。老年是高血压的高发人群，动态血压的节律变化与老年各个系统器官病变密切相关，在治疗上存在多方面的困难和矛盾，本文将对老年人ABPM变化特点及与靶器官的相关性以及临床应用作一综述。     

24小时动态血压监测的临床应用研究

目的探讨24h动态血压监测在临床应用中的价值。方法采用美国SPACELAB动态血压监测仪对114例有症状的患者进行24h动态血压监测,记录24h、日间和夜间收缩压及舒张压,24h、日间和夜间血压负荷值。结果夜间血压下降69例,24h平均血压均偏高16例,夜间血压升高20例,白大衣高血压和临界高血压9例。结论 24h动态血压监测对诊断白大衣高血压、评测高血压对靶器官的损害和评价降压药物的效果有重要的临床意义。临床上对偶测血压增高者,不应轻易诊断为高血压或服用降压药物,应进行24h动态血压监测后再确定治疗方案。     

动态血压监测苯磺酸左旋氨氯地平治疗轻、中度高血压疗效观察

目的 应用动态血压监测评估苯磺酸左旋氨氯地平对轻、中度高血压降压效果.方法 选择42例轻、中度原发性高血压患者,观察苯磺酸左旋氨氯地平治疗前后的诊所偶测血压、动态血压、白昼和夜间的血压负荷及降压谷峰比率.结果 苯磺酸左旋氨氯地平治疗后偶测血压、动态血压均明显降低(P<0.05或P<0.01),降压疗效总有效率为90.5%.结论 对轻度高血压患者苯磺酸左旋氨氯地平能达到24 h全程平稳降血压,是符合时间诊疗学原理的理想降压药物.     

24小时动态血压监测高血压患者昼夜血压变异

目的观察昼夜血压变异对心血管的影响。方法选取齐鲁医院高血压患者200例,回顾性分析其临床症状、并发症、心血管情况、24 h动态血压监测资料,了解昼夜血压变异对患者心脏、血管的影响及危害性。结果 200例患者血压监测分析,杓型血压84例,正常人均为杓型血压,高血压患者杓型血压比例明显低于正常人(P<0.05);高血压患者中具有左室肥厚、ST段改变、颈动脉血管壁增厚(P<0.05)。结论血压变异性、血压昼夜节律和血压负荷值升高是反映心脑血管损害的独立危险因素,24 h动态血压监测对于判断患者预后及指导临床个体化治疗具有重要意义,值得临床广泛应用。     

Expert panel consensus recommendations for ambulatory blood pressure monitoring in Asia: The HOPE Asia Network

Hypertension is an important public health issue because of its association with a number of significant diseases and adverse outcomes. However, there are important ethnic differences in the pathogenesis and cardio‐/cerebrovascular consequences of hypertension. Given the large populations and rapidly aging demographic in Asian regions, optimal strategies to diagnose and manage hypertension are of high importance. Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM) is an important out‐of‐office blood pressure (BP) measurement tool that should play a central role in hypertension detection and management. The use of ABPM is particularly important in Asia due to the specific features of hypertension in Asian patients, including a high prevalence of masked hypertension, disrupted BP variability with marked morning BP surge, and nocturnal hypertension. This HOPE Asia Network document summarizes region‐specific literature on the relationship between ABPM parameters and cardiovascular risk and target organ damage, providing a rationale for consensus‐based recommendations on the use of ABPM in Asia. The aim of these recommendations is to guide and improve clinical practice to facilitate optimal BP monitoring with the goal of optimizing patient management and expediting the efficient allocation of treatment and health care resources. This should contribute to the HOPE Asia Network mission of improving the management of hypertension and organ protection toward achieving “zero” cardiovascular events in Asia.     

Guidance on ambulatory blood pressure monitoring: A statement from the HOPE Asia Network

Hypertension is an important public health issue due to its association with a number of serious diseases, including cardiovascular disease and stroke. The importance of evaluating hypertension taking into account different blood pressure (BP) profiles and BP variability (BPV) is increasingly being recognized, and is particularly relevant in Asian populations given the specific features of hypertension in the region (including greater salt sensitivity and a high rate of nocturnal hypertension). Ambulatory BP monitoring (ABPM) is the gold standard for diagnosing hypertension and assessing 24‐hour BP and provides data on several important parameters that cannot be obtained using any other form of BP measurement. In addition, ABPM parameters provide better information on cardio‐ and cerebrovascular risk than office BP. ABPM should be used in all patients with elevated BP, particularly those with unstable office or home BP, or who are suspected to have white‐coat or masked hypertension. ABPM is also an important part of hypertension diagnosis and monitoring in high‐risk patients. ABPM needs to be performed using a validated device and good practice techniques, and has a role both in hypertension diagnosis and in monitoring the response to antihypertensive therapy to ensure strict BP control throughout the 24‐hour period. Use of ABPM in clinical practice may be limited by cost and accessibility, and practical education of physicians and patients is essential. The ABPM evidence and practice points in this document are based on the Hypertension Cardiovascular Outcome Prevention and Evidence (HOPE) Asia Network expert panel consensus recommendations for ABPM in Asia.     

家庭血压监测的临床应用

血压测量是诊断高血压病的基本手段,目前主要有三种方法评价血压：诊所偶测血压、动态血压监测和家庭血压监测。家庭血压监测方便、经济,已有大量数据表明：与诊所偶测血压相比,家庭血压监测是评估心血管疾病风险的一个更好的预测因子。同时它能改善高血压患者的治疗依从性,有利于血压控制,监测降压药物疗效,减少医疗费用。另外对鉴别白大衣高血压和隐性高血压也很有帮助。     

Association of ambulatory blood pressure variability with coronary artery calcium

Blood pressure (BP) variability is associated with progression to clinical atherosclerosis. The evidence is inconclusive if BP variability predicts cardiovascular outcomes in low‐risk populations. The aim of this study was to analyze the association of 24‐hour BP variability with coronary artery calcium (CAC) among a group of individuals without coronary artery disease. The Masked Hypertension Study targeted patients with borderline high BP (120?149 mm Hg systolic and/or 80‐95 mm Hg diastolic). Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM) was performed at two time‐points, 8 days apart. CAC was measured at exit visit via cardiac CT and reported as Agatston Score. Weighted standard deviations and average real variability were calculated from ABPM. Of the 322 participants who underwent cardiac CT, 26% (84) had CAC present, 52% (168) were female, and 21% (64) were black. BP variability did not differ by CAC group. In this low cardiovascular risk group, CAC was not associated with 24‐hour ambulatory BP variability.     

Prognostic value of nocturnal blood pressure dipping on cardiovascular outcomes in Chinese patients with hypertension in primary care

Meta‐analyses showed that non‐dipping of nocturnal blood pressure on ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM) was associated with adverse cardiovascular prognosis. However, these prognostic studies were mainly conducted in Caucasian and Japanese populations. Whether this association applies to Chinese patients remained uninvestigated. A total of 1199 Chinese patients with hypertension undergoing ABPM between January 2012 and December 2014 were recruited retrospectively from five public hypertension referral clinics in Hong Kong. Patients were followed up for a mean 6.42 years for cardiovascular morbidity and mortality and all‐cause mortality. Time to event of different dipping patterns was compared by Kaplan‐Meier curves. Hazard ratios (HR) were obtained by Cox proportional hazard models with patient demographics and confounding factors adjusted in multivariate regression. A total of 163 end point events occurred in the period. Normal dipping was observed in 446 patients (37.2%), non‐dipping in 490 (40.9%), reverse dipping in 161 (13.4%), and extreme dipping in 102 (8.5%). Kaplan‐Meier analyses showed inferior survival in non‐dippers and reverse dippers for total cardiovascular events and coronary events but not cerebrovascular events. After adjusting for confounding factors, Cox regressions showed HRs 1.166 (CI 0.770‐1.764) and 1.173 (CI 0.681‐2.021) in non‐dippers and reverse dippers for total cardiovascular events, and HRs 1.320 (CI 0.814‐2.141) and 1.476 (CI 0.783‐2.784) for coronary events. Nocturnal blood pressure non‐dipping, and to a greater extent reverse dipping, demonstrated adverse cardiovascular prognosis in a cohort of Chinese patients with hypertension in Hong Kong. Further focused studies on cerebrovascular events and reverse dippers were warranted to refine risk stratification.     

动态血压监测评价老年高血压患者靶器官损害

目的探讨动态血压监测对老年高血压患者靶器官损害的价值.方法对232例已经接受服药治疗并且至少伴有一个靶器官损害的老年高血压患者进行24 h动态血压监测,根据累及靶器官损害数目和并存心脏、脑和肾脏临床状况分为3组,结合临床资料进行统计学分析.结果靶器官损害数目与24 h平均收缩压、夜间平均舒张压、血压波动的昼夜节律异常和血压负荷增高密切相关,靶器官损害累及3个器官与累及1个器官相比差异有统计学意义（P＜0.01）;并存脑血管疾病组夜间平均舒张压增高显著,并存心血管疾病组和肾脏病变组的患者以24 h平均收缩压增高和血压负荷增加显著,并存临床状况的患者,血压波动的昼夜节律异常多见,并存心、脑和肾临床状况组分别与靶器官损害组相比差异有统计学意义（P＜0.01）.结论24 h平均收缩压、夜间平均舒张压和血压负荷越高,靶器官损害数目越多;血压波动的昼夜节律异常多见于并存临床状况的老年高血压患者,应用动态血压监测有助于指导临床治疗.     

Current status of ambulatory blood pressure monitoring in Asian countries: A report from the HOPE Asia Network

Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM) can measure 24‐hour blood pressure (BP), including nocturnal BP and diurnal variations. This feature of ABPM could be of value in Asian populations for preventing cardiovascular events. However, no study has yet investigated regarding the use of ABPM in actual clinical settings in Asian countries/regions. In this study, 11 experts from 11 countries/regions were asked to answer questionnaires regarding the use of ABPM. We found that its use was very limited in primary care settings and almost exclusively available in referral settings. The indications of ABPM in actual clinical settings were largely similar to those of home BP monitoring (HBPM), that is, diagnosis of white‐coat or masked hypertension and more accurate BP measurement for borderline clinic BP. Other interesting indications, such as nighttime BP patterns, including non‐dipper BP, morning BP surge, and BP variability, were hardly adopted in daily clinical practice. The use of ABPM as treatment guidance for detecting treated but uncontrolled hypertension in the Asian countries/regions didn't seem to be common. The barrier to the use of ABPM was primarily its availability; in referral centers, patient reluctance owing to discomfort or sleep disturbance was the most frequent barrier. ABPM use was significantly more economical when it was reimbursed by public insurance. To facilitate ABPM use, more simplified indications and protocols to minimize discomfort should be sought. For the time being, HBPM could be a reasonable alternative.     

动态血压监测在高血压诊治中的价值

目的分析动态血压监测应用于高血压诊治中的临床价值。方法选取2011年9月-2013年9月接收的高血压患者(研究组)以及血压正常的体检者(对照组)各70例,均分别进行动态血压和常规方式血压监测,对两组采用不同监测方式的24h血压和脉压监测值,以及白天和夜间的血压和脉压监测值分别比较分析。结果研究组在不同监测方式下,24h血压监测值以及白天和夜间血压平均监测值均存在明显性差别(P0.05),对照组则均无明显性的差别(P0.05)。结论动态血压监测应用于高血压诊治中,可对血压进行更准确的监测,利于临床诊治效果的改善和心脑血管疾病等发生率的降低,有重要的应用价值。     

A survey of recent reports on ambulatory blood pressure monitoring

This article is a review of 25 publications on ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM) and the importance of its results in everyday clinical practice. These studies, published in 2008-2011, were selected from the Scopus database, but are also available in Pubmed. They were prepared by researchers from around the world, concerned with the problems of proper control of blood pressure (BP), and of abnormalities in the circadian pattern of BP in patients with arterial hypertension, diabetes mellitus or renal failure. In the first part of this article, I analyse publications focused on some nuances in the methodology of ABPM and recommend ways to avoid some traps, related not only to the individual patient but also to the device used and the technical staff. The next section is devoted to the advantages of ABPM as a diagnostic tool which enables clinicians to learn about patients’ BP during sleep, and emphasizes the practical implications of this information for so-called chronotherapy. This section also presents some new studies on the prognostic value of ABPM in patients with cardiovascular (CV) risk. Some recent articles on the results of various methods of pharmacological treatment of arterial hypertension in different age groups are then described. The observations presented in this article may be helpful not only for researchers interested in the chronobiology of the CV system, but also for general practitioners using ABPM.