ADOPT 护理模式下妊娠糖尿病孕产妇伤口美观性及血糖控制效果分析

目的 分析ADOPT护理模式下妊娠糖尿病孕产妇的伤口美观性及血糖控制效果。方法 选择2021年 3月-2022年1月南京市妇幼保健院收治的100例妊娠糖尿病孕产妇为研究对象，按照随机数字表法分为对照组与 观察组，每组50例。对照组实施常规护理，观察组实施ADOPT护理模式干预，比较两组血糖控制情况、依从性 及伤口瘢痕情况（PSAS）。结果 观察组空腹血糖、餐后2 h血糖低于对照组（P＜0.05）；观察组饮食、运动依 从性评分高于对照组（P＜0.05）；观察组PSAS评分情况优于对照组（P＜0.05）。结论 对妊娠糖尿病孕产妇实施 ADOPT护理模式干预有利于控制血糖状况稳定，提升孕产妇妊娠期内依从性，改善伤口美观性，降低妊娠风险。     

妊娠期糖尿病患者基于O2O的医护志愿者联动健康教育的实施

目的探讨基于O2O理念的医护志愿者联动健康教育对妊娠期糖尿病患者孕期管理效果及分娩结局的影响。方法将妊娠期糖尿病患者140例采用随机数字表法分为对照组、观察组各70例。对照组按常规实施健康教育,观察组实施基于O2O理念的医护志愿者联动健康教育。比较两组自我管理行为、自我管理效能和血糖及分娩结局。结果观察组干预后自我管理行为、自我管理效能总分显著高于对照组;妊娠期血糖与糖化血红蛋白水平显著优于对照组;剖宫产率、新生儿低血糖发生率显著低于对照组(P0.05,P0.01)。结论对妊娠期糖尿病患者实施基于O2O理念的医护志愿者联动健康教育,有利于提高其自我管理行为、自我管理效能,控制孕期血糖及体质量,降低不良妊娠结局的发生。     

妊娠期糖尿病患者基于二元应对理论的心理干预

目的 探讨妊娠期糖尿病患者基于二元应对理论的心理干预效果.方法 将110例妊娠期糖尿病患者按照时间顺序设为对照组和观察组各55例.对照组给予常规产前指导,观察组在此基础上实施基于二元应对理论的心理干预.干预前和干预8周后评估患者的自我管理能力,血糖及焦虑、抑郁情绪变化.结果 干预后,观察组患者空腹血糖、餐后2 h血糖、焦虑、抑郁得分显著低于对照组(均P＜0.01),自我管理能力得分显著高于对照组(P＜0.01).结论 应用基于二元应对理论的心理干预有利于提升妊娠期糖尿病患者的 自我管理能力,促进血糖控制,降低焦虑、抑郁水平.     

系统护理干预对妊娠期糖尿病患者疾病知识及妊娠结局的影响

目的探讨系统护理干预对妊娠期糖尿病孕妇疾病知识和妊娠结局的影响。方法将确诊为妊娠期糖尿病的孕妇200例随机分为两组各100例。对照组实施常规健康教育,观察组实施系统护理干预,包括情感支持、同伴辅助学习、记录饮食和运动日记等。比较两组孕妇糖尿病疾病知识、自我管理行为及妊娠结局。结果观察组糖尿病相关知识、自我管理行为及妊娠结局显著优于对照组(P0.05,P0.01)。结论对妊娠期糖尿病孕妇进行系统护理干预,可提高孕妇疾病相关知识及自我管理行为,改善妊娠结局,有利于优生优育。     

记录糖尿病日历对妊娠期糖尿病患者自我管理行为及血糖的影响

目的探讨记录"糖尿病日历"对妊娠期糖尿病患者自我管理行为及血糖的影响。方法将159例门诊妊娠期糖尿病患者按诊断先后顺序分为对照组78例,干预组81例,对照组接受常规自我管理教育,干预组接受自我管理教育后指导患者记录"糖尿病日历"。干预1个月后比较两组自我管理行为评分和血糖水平。结果 1个月后,干预组自我管理行为中饮食依从性、运动、自我血糖监测问题得分显著优于对照组(P0.05,P0.01),餐后2h血糖显著低于对照组(P0.01)。结论记录"糖尿病日历"可提高妊娠期糖尿病患者的自我管理行为,降低其血糖水平。     

基于适应性领导理论的自我管理干预对妊娠糖尿病患者的影响

目的探讨基于适应性领导理论的自我管理干预方案在门诊妊娠糖尿病患者中的应用效果。方法将89例门诊妊娠期糖尿病患者按入院顺序分为观察组44例和对照组45例。对照组给予常规门诊随访管理,观察组在此基础上实施基于适应性领导理论的自我管理干预方案,结合线上、线下干预引导患者及家属应对疾病管理中的技术性挑战和适应性挑战。结果干预后,观察组妊娠糖尿病自我管理能力总分及各维度得分显著高于对照组(均P0.01),妊娠相关焦虑总分及各维度得分显著低于对照组(均P0.01);观察组血糖及体质量增长达标情况显著优于对照组(均P0.05),但两组母婴妊娠结局差异无统计学意义(均P0.05)。结论应用基于适应性领导理论的干预方案有利于提高门诊妊娠糖尿病患者的自我管理能力,改善患者妊娠相关焦虑,促进患者血糖控制及体质量管理。     

对妊娠期糖尿病患者基于保护动机理论的护理干预

目的研究基于保护动机理论的护理干预对妊娠期糖尿病患者自护能力及妊娠结局的影响。方法将156例妊娠期糖尿病患者随机分为对照组和观察组各78例,对照组给予常规护理,观察组在对常规护理的基础上行基于保护动机理论的护理干预,时间为6周,比较两组患者血糖水平、自护能力及妊娠结局。结果护理干预后,观察组空腹血糖水平、餐后2h血糖水平及糖化血红蛋白显著低于对照组(均P0.05),患者自我护理能力显著优于对照组(P0.05),患者泌尿系感染、产后出血等发生率及胎儿早产、巨大儿等发生率显著低于对照组(P0.05,P0.01)。结论基于保护动机理论的护理干预可以有效控制患者血糖水平,提高患者自护能力,改善妊娠及围生儿结局。     

老年糖尿病患者自我效能干预方案的实施

目的评价老年糖尿病患者自我效能干预方案的实施效果。方法采用随机数字表法将96例老年2型糖尿病患者随机分为两组各48例,对照组给予常规护理与健康教育,观察组在对照组基础上实施自我效能干预,干预前后分别应用糖尿病心理痛苦量表、糖尿病自我管理行为量表对患者进行测评。结果干预后观察组自我管理行为得分显著高于对照组,心理痛苦得分显著低于对照组(均P0.01)。结论对老年糖尿病患者实施自我效能干预能够明显缓解心理痛苦,提高自我管理行为水平,有利于老年糖尿病患者病情控制。     

基于ABC管理法的糖尿病患者自我管理教育

目的探讨基于ABC管理法的自我管理教育在住院2型糖尿病患者中的应用效果。方法将96例住院2型糖尿病患者随机分为观察组与对照组各48例。对照组按常规实施糖尿病自我管理教育,观察组实施基于ABC管理法的糖尿病自我管理教育。干预后3、6个月评价两组糖尿病健康知识和行为、自我管理得分,并检测血糖。结果干预后观察组糖尿病健康知识和行为能力得分、自我管理得分、血糖水平显著优于对照组(P0.05,P0.01)。结论基于ABC管理法的糖尿病自我管理教育可显著提高患者的糖尿病知识水平和自我管理行为能力,控制血糖水平。     

思维导图在糖尿病患者小组教育中的应用

目的 评价思维导图在2型糖尿病患者健康教育中的应用效果.方法 将78例2型糖尿病患者按随机数字表法分为观察组和对照组各39例.观察组运用思维导图、对照组运用PPT进行糖尿病教育.于教育前及教育结束后3个月测评患者的糖尿病知识水平、糖尿病自我管理能力及糖化血红蛋白.结果 教育后观察组糖尿病知识得分与自我管理能力得分显著高于对照组（P＜0.05,P＜0.01）;观察组糖化血红蛋白水平显著低于对照组（P＜0.05）.结论 将思维导图应用于糖尿病健康教育,可提高糖尿病患者的知识水平及自我管理能力,改善患者的血糖水平.     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.