直径分型法及其指导下的冠状动脉分叉病变介入治疗临床观察

目的探讨冠状动脉分叉主支与分支血管的直径关系并提出一种新的分型方法——直径分型法,进而采用直径分型法指导术式选择并观察介入治疗效果。方法入选2011年3月~2015年4月中国部分北方地区包括北京军区总医院在内的5个心脏中心冠状动脉造影或支架术中观察的361例1080处冠状动脉分叉及分叉病变,于术中测量冠状动脉主支近段血管直径(Dp)、主支远段血管直径(Dd)及分支血管直径(Ds),记录所有直径≥2.5 mm的主支及边支血管情况,观察三者的直径关系及其出现的频次,分为4型,直径分型法1型(ZJ1型):Dp=DdDs;直径分型法2型(ZJ2型):Dp=Dd=Ds;直径分型法3型(ZJ3型):Dp=Dd+Ds且Dd=Ds;直径分型法4型(ZJ4型):不符合上述分型条件者。其中189例冠脉分叉病变患者按照直径分型法进行了冠状动脉支架治疗,均采用了双支架策略。直径分型法1型采用DK mini-Crush支架术,直径分型法2型采用DK mini-Culotte支架术,直径分型法3型采用SKS/V支架术,观察3组术后1个月及1年的主要心脏不良事件(MACE)发生率,包括病死率、心肌梗死复发率、冠状动脉支架内血栓发生率及支架内再狭窄发生率。结果 361例患者1080处冠脉分叉及分叉病变按照直径分型法分型:ZJ1型病变469处(43.4%);ZJ2型病变305处(28.2%);ZJ3型病变248处(23%);ZJ4型病变58处(5.4%)。其中189例分叉病变患者行冠状动脉支架置入术,手术成功率为100%。随访结果显示,ZJ1型、ZJ2型、ZJ3型病变患者术后1个月三组MACE发生率分别为12.6%、5.4%、12.7%,其中病死率分别为2.3%、0%、2.1%;心肌梗死复发率分别为4.6%、3.6%、6.4%;支架内血栓发生率分别为3.4%、0%、2.1%;支架内再狭窄发生率分别为2.3%、1.8%、2.1%;术后1年三组MACE发生率分别为28.7%、23.6%、23.4%,其中死亡率分别为8.0%、9.1%、6.4%;心肌梗死复发率分别为10.3%、7.3%、8.5%;支架内血栓发生率分别为4.6%、3.6%、4.3%;支架内再狭窄发生率分别为5.7%、3.6%、4.3%。结论直径分型法简便、直观、操作性强,指导冠状动脉介入术式选择随访心脏事件发生率低,对于分叉病变的介入治疗具有临床意义。     

冠状动脉扩张患者临床特点及近期预后

目的：研究冠状动脉扩张（CAE）患者的临床特点及近期预后。方法纳入2009年1月~2011年10月2258例因典型或不典型胸痛行冠脉造影（CAG）患者的影像资料进行回顾性分析,共发现CAE患者102例,通过多元回归分析,分析年龄、性别、吸烟史、高血压病和糖尿病与CAE的相关性,按照是否合并狭窄分为单纯冠状动脉扩张组（n=25）和冠状动脉扩张合并狭窄组（n=77）,进一步将CAE合并狭窄患者按照所采用的治疗策略不同分为介入治疗亚组和药物治疗亚组,对所有CAE患者随访2年,评价主要心血管事件（MACE,包括再发心绞痛、心肌梗死、死亡）发生率有无差异。结果 CAE发生率4.52％（102/2258）,扩张合并狭窄较单纯扩张更为常见（75.50%vs.24.50％）。多元回归分析结果显示,男性是CAE的独立危险因素（OR=3.32;95%CI：1.80~6.20）。单纯扩张组与扩张合并狭窄组MACE发生率无明显差异（37.5%vs.32.0%,P＞0.05）;但在扩张合并狭窄组中,介入治疗亚组患者的MACE发生率显著低于药物治疗亚组（15.09%vs.72.73%,P＜0.01）。结论 CAE常与狭窄同时存在,更好发于男性,CAE预后与是否合并狭窄无关,但对于合并狭窄的患者,及时采用介入治疗能够改善近期预后。     

98例急性冠状动脉综合征患者介入治疗临床分析

目的观察急性冠状动脉综合征(ACS)患者经皮冠状动脉介入治疗(PCI)的安全性和有效性。方法98例ACS患者,其中不稳定型心绞痛62例,非ST段抬高心肌梗死13例,ST段抬高心肌梗死23例。经右桡(股)动脉穿刺,常规选择性冠状动脉造影,确定病变后,沿指引导管插入0.014英寸导丝,选择合适的球囊预扩张后,再置入合适的支架。结果98例患者,病变血管共135支,单支病变68例、双支病变23例、三支病变7例,慢性完全闭塞病变4例。介入干预病变血管105支,置入支架109枚,全部成功(TIMI血流均为3级)。结论PCI是ACS患者安全而有效的治疗方法。     

173例高龄冠心病患者直接经皮冠状动脉介入治疗的临床疗效观察

目的评价高龄冠心病(CAD)患者直接经皮冠状动脉介入治疗(PCI)的安全性、临床疗效。方法回顾分析我院CAD年龄≥70岁173例(高龄组)和年龄<70岁134例(非高龄组)行PCI患者的临床病变特点、手术成功率、手术并发症、近中期临床疗效。结果高龄组行PCI的总成功率与非高龄组比较差异无显著性(99%vs 98%,P>0.05);高龄组死亡率(0.00%)与非高龄组死亡率(1.49%)比较差异无显著性(P>0.05),两组间冠状动脉、外周血管并发症无明显差异;高龄组冠状动脉病变较非高龄组重,支架置入率高于非高龄组(92.6%vs 90.1%)。随访24月,两组间恶性心脏事件发生率无明显差异。结论高龄CAD患者行PCI是安全的,其手术成功率、围手术期死亡率、并发症及近中期疗效与非高龄患者比较无差异。PCI同样是高龄冠心病患者治疗的一种理想选择。     

经皮冠状动脉介入治疗术中冠状动脉穿孔32例临床分析

目的总结经皮冠状动脉介入治疗(PCI)术中冠状动脉穿孔的临床特点。方法回顾性分析2004年4月至2006年8月阜外心血管病医院PCI术中发生的32例冠状动脉穿孔患者的临床资料。结果32例冠状动脉穿孔患者占同期7102例PCI患者的0.5%。病变特点按美国心脏病学会(ACC)/美国心脏协会(AHA)标准进行分型,其中B2+C型病变占81.3%,慢性完全闭塞病变占62.5%。冠状动脉穿孔的Ellis分型:Ⅰ型14例(43.8%),Ⅱ型10例(31.2%),Ⅲ型8例(25.0%)。发生原因:钢丝引起21例(65.6%),球囊预扩张引起6例(18.8%),球囊后扩张引起3例(9.4%),支架置入引起2例(6.2%)。处理措施:鱼精蛋白中和肝素14例(43.8%),穿孔近端球囊封堵9例(28.1%),心包穿刺引流7例(21.9%),置入带膜支架4例(12.5%),急诊外科修补加冠状动脉旁路移植术(CABG)2例(6.2%)。预后:死亡3例(9.4%),急诊外科修补加CABG2例(6.2%),急性心脏压塞6例(18.8%),迟发性心脏压塞1例(3.1%),急性心肌梗死9例(28.1%)。结论Ⅲ型冠状动脉穿孔后果严重,需积极处理。     

冠状动脉CT血管成像指导经皮冠状动脉介入治疗临床研究进展

冠状动脉CT血管成像是评估冠状动脉狭窄程度的无创影像学手段。随着冠状动脉CT血管成像技术不断完善,其可提供斑块性质、血管周围脂肪组织衰减指数、血流储备分数及心肌灌注等大量信息,对经皮冠状动脉介入治疗具有重要指导意义。     

高龄女性冠状动脉介入治疗临床特征及3年预后分析

目的 评估高龄女性PCI的3年预后情况.方法 连续入选2004年1月～2015年12月行PCI的年龄≥61岁女性患者1083例,患者年龄61～97岁,将年龄≥80岁的146例作为女性高龄组、年龄＜80岁的937例作为女性老年组,同期选择年龄≥80岁的男性患者113例作为男性高龄组.收集患者基线临床资料,随访3年,记录主...     

冠状动脉扩张症的认识及进展

冠状动脉扩张症是一种罕见的心血管系统疾病,其扩张处的管腔直径超过临近正常节段的1.5倍,该病的发病率为0.2％～5.3％.动脉粥样硬化是其最常见的病因之一.关于该病自然史尚不明确,因此冠状动脉扩张症潜在发病机制仍在进一步研究中.该病诊断的金标准是冠状动脉造影,但在其治疗方案上的争议依然不断.现总结当前文献对于冠状动脉扩...     

急诊经皮冠状动脉介入治疗对高龄急性心肌梗死患者的临床疗效分析

目的评价高龄急性心肌梗死(AMI)患者急诊行经皮冠状动脉(冠脉)介入治疗(PCI)的临床疗效和预后.方法对157例发病在18 h以内的高龄AMI患者梗塞相关血管(IRA)急诊行经皮冠脉腔内成形术(PTCA)加冠脉内支架置入术.观察手术前后IRA的狭窄程度、心肌梗死溶栓治疗临床试验(TIMI)血流、成功率和心功能情况.结果157支IRA,163处靶病变平均狭窄程度95%～100%,TIMI血流0～2级,急诊PTCA后共置入158枚冠脉内支架,155支IRA术后完全再通,即刻成功率98.73%.2支IRA因PTCA后无血流未置入支架.经置入冠脉内支架后IRA均恢复到TIMI血流3级,残余狭窄为0%～10%.1例于术中死亡,2例于术后48 h死亡,住院期间总病死率1.91%.术后随访6～15个月,全部存活,心功能分级(NYHA)Ⅰ～Ⅲ级,无严重的心脏不良事件[(死亡、再次心肌梗死、急诊冠脉旁路移植术(CABG)]发生.结论急诊冠脉介入治疗对高龄AMI成功率高,临床疗效显著,能明显降低心脏事件的发生和提高患者的生活质量.     

血管内超声指导冠状动脉中重度钙化病变介入治疗的效果

目的:评价血管内超声(IVUS)对冠状动脉中-重度钙化病变介入治疗的指导作用及对预后的影响。方法:2009年1月~2013年1月冠状动脉中-重度钙化病变患者219例接受冠状动脉介入治疗,其中95例患者术中应用血管内超声指导,124例患者在单纯冠状动脉造影(CAG)指导下完成介入治疗。结果:两组患者的临床基线特征、靶血管部位、病变类型、置入支架数目、长度、直径;冠状动脉旋磨和切割球囊应用等方面,差异均无统计学意义。两组患者住院期间及术后30 d临床终点事件,包括主要不良心血管事件(MACE)事件、支架内血栓发生率的差异均无统计学意义。随访12个月时,IVUS组MACE事件发生率显著低于CAG组(8.4%vs.17.7%,P0.05),IVUS组靶血管重建发生率显著低于CAG组(3.2%vs.10.5%,P0.05)。IVUS组与CAG组在支架内血栓发生率方面差异无统计学意义(3.2%vs.3.2%)。结论:IVUS指导中-重度冠状动脉钙化病变术后即刻和短期临床效果并不优于CAG,但应用IVUS指导能够显著降低术后1年靶血管重建发生率。     

冠状动脉扩张的研究现状

冠状动脉扩张可定义为冠状动脉弥漫性或局限性扩张。扩张的病因有动脉粥样硬化、川崎病、结缔组织病、大动脉炎、先天性心脏病等,其发病机制尚不完全清楚。扩张的冠状动脉段由于血液湍流,可表现为活动时心绞痛甚至是心肌梗死。现对冠状动脉弥漫及瘤样扩张的流行病学、病理机制、临床表现、治疗方案等方面进行总结。     

Assessment of Coronary Flow Parameters by Transesophageal Echocardiography in Patients with Isolated Coronary Artery Ectasia: Effect of Intravenous Nitroglycerin

Background: We sought to assess coronary flow parameters in patients with isolated coronary artery ectasia (CAE) as compared to subjects with normal coronaries. Methods: Consecutively, we enrolled 30 patients with ectasia of the left anterior descending (LAD) coronary artery (study group), and 10 subjects with normal coronaries (control group). All patients underwent transesophageal echocardiography to visualize the LAD. Spectral recordings of proximal LAD flow velocities were made and velocity time integrals were calculated. The diameter of the proximal LAD was measured and LAD blood flow was calculated. Nitroglycerin (0.3 mg) was administered intravenously and measurements were repeated 5 minutes later. Results: The mean age of the whole series was 48.6 ± 8 years, 39 (97.5%) being males. A significantly higher baseline systolic, diastolic, and total coronary blood flow was found in the study group as compared to the control group (46.1 ± 34.3 vs. 23.1 ± 8.2, 123.9 ± 73.3 vs. 68.1 ± 21.6, 170.1 ± 97.9 vs. 91.1 ± 26.8 cm³/min, respectively, P < 0.05 for all). Within the study group, nitroglycerin administration caused a significant decrease in peak diastolic velocity; systolic, diastolic, and total velocity time integrals; and both diastolic and total coronary blood flow (P < 0.05 for all). Meanwhile, within the control group, nitroglycerin administration caused a significant increase in the total coronary blood flow (P < 0.05). Conclusions: Patients with CAE have higher resting coronary blood flow in comparison with subjects with normal coronaries. Intravenous nitroglycerin administration causes significant reduction of coronary blood flow in ectatic coronary arteries. (Echocardiography 2010;27:1004‐1010)     

Natural History of Spontaneous Coronary Artery Dissection With Spontaneous Angiographic Healing

Objectives

Given the uncertainty regarding the degree and prevalence of spontaneous healing following spontaneous coronary artery dissection (SCAD), the aim of this study was to assess the angiographic characteristics of the dissected segments in a large cohort of patients with SCAD who underwent subsequent repeat coronary angiography.

Coronary Artery Ectasia in Atherosclerotic Coronary Artery Disease,Inflammatory Disorders,and Sickle Cell Disease

Coronary artery ectasia (CAE) or aneurysm is usually defined as dilation ≥1.5‐fold the normal vessel diameter. It has an incidence of 1.4–5.3% and is associated with a wide variety of etiologies—mainly congenital, atherosclerotic, and inflammatory ones. CAE is very common in sickle cell disease, and possibly sickle cell trait, with an incidence of 17.7%. It is likely related to the inflammatory process associated with hemoglobin S. Prognosis depends mainly on the underlying etiology. Atherosclerotic CAE does not carry additional risks compared to atherosclerotic coronary artery disease (ACAD) without ectasia. However, isolated CAE in the absence of ACAD carries an increased risk of myocardial infarction (MI) due to vasospasm, slower coronary blood flow, and thrombosis, typically within the dilated segments. Due to lack of studies and guidelines, management recommendations are based on personal experiences. Therapy should be tailored to each individual case after assessment of severity, history of complications, underlying etiology, and comorbidities. Treatment of underlying condition and avoidance of exacerbating factors are essential. Medical therapy in general may include antiplatelets, β‐blockers, angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitors statins, and dihydropyridine calcium channel blockers. In severe CAE or history of MI, the addition of anticoagulation therapy after assessing bleeding risk may be warranted. In acute MI, the large thrombus burden in the dilated segment makes the percutaneous approach very challenging. Aspiration attempts can result in distal thromboembolization. Survival is better in bypass grafting than with medical therapy. Nonetheless, bypass grafting does not improve survival in atherosclerotic CAE. Depending on the physical characteristics of aneurysm, different surgical approaches can be sought; however, the ideal one is unclear.     

Coronary Artery Disease in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease: A Clinical Update

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is an independent risk factor for coronary artery disease (CAD). Coronary artery disease is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in patients with CKD. The outcomes of CAD are poorer in patients with CKD. In addition to traditional risk factors, several uremia-related risk factors such as inflammation, oxidative stress, endothelial dysfunction, coronary artery calcification, hyperhomocysteinemia, and immunosuppressants have been associated with accelerated atherosclerosis. A number of uremia-related biomarkers are identified as predictors of cardiac outcomes in CKD patients. The symptoms of CAD may not be typical in patients with CKD. Both dobutamine stress echocardiography and radionuclide myocardial perfusion imaging have moderate sensitivity and specificity in detecting obstructive CAD in CKD patients. Invasive coronary angiography carries a risk of contrast nephropathy in patients with advanced CKD. It should be reserved for those patients with a high risk for CAD and those who would benefit from revascularization. Guideline-recommended therapies are, in general, underutilized in renal patients. Medical therapy should be considered the initial strategy for clinically stable CAD. The effects of statins in patients with advanced CKD have been neutral despite a lipid-lowering effect. Compared to non-CKD population, percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) is associated with higher procedure complications, restenosis, and future cardiac events even in the drug-eluting stent era in patients with CKD. Compared with PCI, coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) reduces repeat revascularizations but is associated with significant perioperative morbidity and mortality. Screening for CAD is an important part of preoperative evaluation for kidney transplant candidates.