孕妇缺铁性贫血与营养素关系的调查分析

目的了解孕妇缺铁性贫血患病率与其相关因素,提出干预措施。方法对1000例建立孕册的孕妇血常规检查结果进行整理分析。结果孕妇缺铁性贫血患病率为31．5％。结论通过调查分析,孕妇贫血程度与其生活条件及是否摄人禽铁仁高的食物有较大关系,应采取综合措施及进行营养教育,必要时应补充铁剂。     

上海市孕妇营养素补充剂摄入情况分析

目的了解和掌握目前上海市孕妇营养素补充剂的摄入情况及其影响因素。方法在市区和郊区各选择一个年接生数相近的医院,按10%的比例随机抽取602例本市孕妇,孕中、晚期各半,进行问卷调查。结果孕妇营养素补充剂摄入率达到了90.70%,平均每月花费(224.83±155.79)元。规律性补充比例较高的营养素有钙(75.58%)、叶酸(71.12%)、锌(65.28%)、维生素C(66.78%)、维生素B1(61.23%)和维生素B2(60.13%)。硒、碘、磷、铜、烟酸等补充率在15.00%以下。维生素A、维生素E、维生素C、维生素B1、维生素B2、维生素B6、维生素B12的平均摄入量超过了RNI或AI。有67.22%的孕妇认为"在随访时医生推荐",是自己摄入营养素补充剂的原因。结论上海市孕妇摄入营养素补充剂较普遍,摄入品种具有一定的合理性,但有些营养素补充量过大。在是否补充营养素问题上,主要依靠医生的推荐,没有可靠的依据,以及一些商业因素的干扰,是影响孕妇合理服用营养素补充剂的主要因素。     

广西城乡孕妇和乳母营养与健康现况调查研究

目的了解广西孕妇、乳母的营养与健康状况,为提出针对性营养改善措施提供依据。方法利用2002年广西居民营养与健康状况调查数据,对全区216名孕妇和265名乳母的调查问卷及实验室检测资料进行统计分析。结果孕妇、乳母贫血患病率分别为31.4%和23.3%,其中农村孕妇、乳母贫血高达34.4%和28.2%;孕妇尤其是农村孕妇服用叶酸营养补充剂的比例为0.8%;孕妇小腿痉挛的发生率为30%;30%的孕妇产前检查在1次以下,农村地区超过一半。结论广西农村孕妇、乳母营养不良相关疾病发生较为严重,营养改善和健康教育工作亟待加强。     

儿童营养性贫血与多种微营养素缺乏

儿童营养性贫血是由于营养物质摄入不足、吸收不良, 导致造血物质相对或绝对减少, 使红细胞生成或血红蛋白合成减低所致的贫血。常见的原因包括铁、叶酸、维生素B12等物质缺乏。当这些物质同时缺乏时, 可发生营养性混合性贫血。     

湖北省城乡孕妇膳食营养状况调查分析

目的:查明湖北省部分地区孕妇膳食营养现状,为制定符合湖北省实际情况的干预策略和措施提供参考。方法:抽取到医院进行产前检查的湖北省城乡孕妇进行问卷调查,采集孕妇血样测定营养生化指标,并采用t检验和χ2检验等方法对数据进行统计分析。结果:孕妇膳食结构以植物性食物为主,各类食物摄入量较丰富。农村孕妇奶类的摄入远远低于城市孕妇,粮谷类、蔬菜类的摄入较城市高,城市孕妇的水果类、大豆类、畜禽肉类、鱼虾蟹贝类食物摄入量高于农村孕妇。能量和各营养素平均摄入量总体达到RNI或AI的要求,但在部分孕妇中仍存在能量和营养素摄入明显不足的情况。营养生化指标中血清锌缺乏率最高(51.52%),尤其是农村地区。孕妇贫血患病率为35.50%,农村(50.74%)显著高于城市(13.68%)(χ2=33.5333,P<0.0001)。结论:湖北省孕妇膳食结构中食物种类多样,城市孕妇各类食物摄取都比较充足,农村孕妇膳食摄入和营养状况仍存在相对较多的问题。     

西安市效区农村孕妇缺铁性贫血和营养状况调查

本文的调查结果,表明绝大多数孕妇的每日蛋白质、热量、Ca、VitB_2、Vitc及铁的摄入量不足,还发现晚孕期铁缺乏者较早孕、中孕及育龄妇女显著增多,提出预防缺铁性贫血的关键是指导孕妇每日摄入适量热量、Vitc、动物性蛋白质、铁及额外补充铁剂。     

孕妇营养素补充剂使用及影响因素分析

目的 了解孕妇营养素补充剂使用现状及影响因素,为今后指导孕妇合理选用营养素补充剂提供科学依据.方法 采用问卷调查方式收集473名孕妇基本信息、营养素补充剂使用、对营养素补充剂的认知情况和态度等情况,并进行分析.结果 473名孕妇中,有274人(57.93%)选用营养素补充剂,其中41.67%是接受医生推荐,选用较多的是维生素类,为168人(32.75%),选用维生素矿物质复合型类149人(29.04%),31.75%选择同时服用≥2种补充剂;营养素补充剂认知得分平均为(64.46±23.99)分,不同文化程度、职业孕妇认知得分差异均有统计学意义(P<0.01);86.47%的孕妇不赞成长期服用营养素补充剂.结论 孕妇营养素补充剂的使用具有一定普遍性,医生推荐是孕妇选用营养补充剂的主要原因;孕妇营养素补充剂使用与年龄、职业、文化程度、家庭收入等因素有关.     

成都市健康孕妇妊娠期贫血的调查与干预

目的 了解健康孕妇孕期贫血的严重程度、主要影响因素及其对妊娠结局的影响,并比较补铁治疗对妊娠结局的影响.方法 选择2006年7月至2007年6月在四川大学华西第二医院定期接受产前检查和分娩的3109例健康孕妇的病历资料为研究对象,采取回顾性研究方法, 测定纳入孕妇孕早、中、晚期血红蛋白计数、比较补铁效果及妊娠结局.结果 在未干预的情况下,健康孕妇孕晚期贫血发生率为34.97%(905/2588),其中以轻度贫血为主,妊娠晚期中度贫血的比例显著增大.在影响健康孕妇孕期贫血的因素中,职业因素是贫血的显著影响因素(P<0.05),农民、职员、服务业、工人等是贫血的高危人群.中、重度贫血孕妇发生胎膜早破、早产、产褥期感染、新生儿窒息、低出生体重儿等不良妊娠结局,显著高于不贫血和轻度贫血的孕妇,差异有显著意义(P<0.05).结论 孕妇孕期贫血会对母儿产生不良影响,应对孕妇进行营养指导,对妊娠期贫血及时防治.孕期营养指导及补铁治疗可有效减少孕妇孕期贫血的发生,使妊娠结局得到改善.     

广西居民缺铁性贫血与膳食营养素摄入关系的研究

目的了解广西城乡居民缺铁性贫血与膳食营养素摄入量之间的相互关系,为开展营养健康教育提供科学依据。方法采取多阶段随机整群抽样方法抽取广西8个市(县)共2865人,膳食调查采用连续3日24小时个人膳食询问法;用氰化高铁法测量血红蛋白。结果广西城乡居民膳食中铁的供给量普遍高于推荐量,而钙、钾、镁、视黄醇当量、维生素B1、维生素B2等均低于推荐量。另外,农村居民膳食中蛋白质、锌、硒、维生素C等均低于推荐量。结论广西居民缺铁的根本原因是膳食铁的吸收率太低和饮食习惯的不合理,而不是膳食铁的供应量不够。维生素A等营养素的缺乏也是导致我区居民缺铁性贫血的原因之一。     

玉林市孕妇地中海贫血基因携带状况调查及干预

目的:了解玉林市孕妇地中海贫血基因携带状况,提出干预措施.方法:对62 719例孕妇进行地中海贫血筛查,1 260对地贫双阳夫妇进行地贫基因诊断,436例孕妇进行地贫产前诊断数据进行统计分析.结果:玉林市孕妇地中海贫血α型基因携带率为6.45％,β型地中海贫血基因携带率为3.61％.夫妇双方均为同型地中海贫血基因携带者胎儿携带地中海贫血基因检出率70.64％ (308/436).其中,24例α重型,β中间型或重型29例,10例α中间型共63例终止了妊娠,所有终止妊娠的胎儿进行基因诊断核实与产前诊断结果一致.结论:对孕妇地中海贫血筛查、基因诊断,产前胎儿基因诊断是预防重型地中海贫血胎儿活产的有效措施.     

Injury morbidity in an urban and a rural area in Tanzania: an epidemiological survey

Background  

Injuries are becoming a major health problem in developing countries. Few population based studies have been carried out in African countries. We examined the pattern of nonfatal injuries and associated risk factors in an urban and rural setting of Tanzania.     

Nutrition during pregnancy: the effects of an educational intervention program in Greece

An intervention program was undertaken to assess dietary habits and the impact of nutrition education among pregnant women in the rural county of Florina, northern Greece. Analysis of dietary habits, nutrient intake, hemoglobin, and serum vitamin concentrations in an intervention and control group indicated that the population was adequately nourished although nutrient intake was below recommended levels for pregnant women. Nutrition counseling was associated with improvements in dietary intake and significantly greater maternal weight gain (p less than 0.05). Mean birth weight was slightly higher in the intervention group but so was the incidence of low birth weight (4.5% vs 3.9%). The prematurity rate was marginally lower in the intervention group (p less than 0.04), as was the number of perinatal deaths (9 vs 11). The results indicate that nutrition counseling during pregnancy can improve dietary intake and maternal weight gain but the mediating influence on low frequency pregnancy outcomes is indeterminate in a population that is not nutritionally at risk.     

Malaria in an urban and a rural area of Zambia

Children in Lusaka and in a rural area in central Zambia were examined during November 1984 and April 1985 to assess the effect of urbanization on malaria transmission. Of 423 urban children examined in November, 2.4% had scanty parasitaemia, and low titres of malarial antibodies were found in 46%. These proportions increased in April to a parasite rate of 10.3% and malaria antibodies were detected by indirect fluorescent antibody tests (IFAT) in 62%. The presence of malaria antibodies was positively associated with journeys outside the main towns. Examination of paired sera from the 2 periods showed an association between a history of malaria and an increased antibody titre, but failed to show an association between travel outside the main towns and conversion from a negative to a positive IFAT. The spleen rate in children under 15 years old in Lusaka was 3%, indicating hypoendemic malaria. In rural children the parasite rate was 10% and 27% in the 2 seasons, respectively, and over 97% of the children had malaria antibodies. The spleen rate was 20%, indicating mesoendemic malaria. It is concluded that there is only low transmission of malaria in Lusaka so that many people do not develop resistance and are therefore at risk of severe attacks if they do become infected. Possible measures to protect the urban population are discussed.     

The epidemiology of Entamoeba histolytica in a rural and an urban area of Mexico. A pilot survey II

Stocks of intestinal amoebae grown in monoxenic culture, were compared against each other and against those previously reported from Mexico City. These were isolated from subjects in San Cristobal de las Casas, Chiapas (rural area) and hospital patients in Merida, Yucatan (urban area). Electrophoretic patterns of the four enzymes: glucose phosphate isomerase (GPI), phosphoglucomutase (PGM), L-malate: NADP+ oxido-reductase (oxalacetate-decarboxylating) (ME) and hexokinase (HK) demonstrated the presence of five groups (zymodemes) of Entamoeba histolytica already described from Mexico City, together with two new zymodemes, one of which gave a recognizable pathogenic pattern, whilst the other gave a contradictory pattern. Zymodemes of Entamoeba coli, Entamoeba hartmanni, Iodamoeba buetschlii and Dientamoeba fragilis, previously described were also isolated. One new zymodeme of D. fragilis was demonstrated.     

广西南宁市城、郊区儿童肥胖发生率比较

目的:了解广西南宁市城、郊区儿童超重、肥胖发生率的情况。方法:对广西南宁地区11万余7~18岁的中小学生资料进行统计分析,将南宁划分为城、郊区两部分,分别统计不同年龄段儿童超重、肥胖发生率情况。结果:在城区及郊区儿童超重、肥胖的发生年龄存在相同的趋势,城区儿童超重、肥胖发生率高于郊区。结论:城、郊区儿童由于生活方式不同,儿童超重、肥胖发生率也存在一定的差异。     

A prospective survey of the outcome of pregnancy in a rural area of the Gambia

Pregnancy outcome was studied in 672 women over a 1-year period in a rural area of Gambia where medical resources were very limited, prior to the introduction of a primary health care program. Maternal mortality was quite high (22/1000), primarily the result of postpartum hemorrhage and infections. Stillbirth and neonatal death rates were also very high (35 and 65/1000); prematurity and infections were the primary causes of neonatal deaths. First or late pregnancies, either prior to age 20 or after age 40, and multiple pregnancies were all associated with a poor pregnancy outcome. Women in these groups should therefore be encouraged by traditional birth attendants and by the staff of rural antenatal clinics to deliver at a health center or hospital.     

Adolescent pregnancy and young motherhood in rural Zimbabwe: Findings from a baseline study

Pregnant adolescents and young mothers comprise a vulnerable group, particularly in low and middle income countries, yet there is limited research describing this population, particularly in rural Zimbabwe. Using tablet-administered questionnaires concerning maternal and child health, sexual and reproductive health, psychosocial well-being and parenting, we recruited 442 pregnant and young mothers (14–24 years) with the support of social workers from health facilities. We found high levels of poverty amidst increased rates of marriage, including child marriage (almost 20%). Participants had poor sexual and reproductive health knowledge and uptake of contraception was low (only 35% respondents reported current use). Although almost 60% girls had completed Form 2, 24% had only completed Grade 1 and just 4% were still engaged in schooling. Girls reported inadequate social support amidst high caretaking responsibilities and change in relocation for marriage, compromising mental health. Most of the pregnancies were unintended (approximately 60%) which had consequences on attachment and parenting where roughly 40% of our sample reported difficulties and lack of enjoyment in caring for their babies. Investments in interventions that address these vulnerabilities for pregnant adolescents and young mothers, and capitalise on available resources, are critical to improve health and interrupt cycles of risk for the next generation.     

北京农村地区高血压高危人群的膳食干预研究

为探讨合理的生活方式和膳食结构与原发性高血压发病的关系 ,于 1997～ 1999年对北京房山地区 97名高血压高危对象进行了膳食干预研究 ,膳食调查采用称重法结合 3日 2 4小时回顾法 ,干预措施主要有合理膳食及生活方式卫生宣教 ,填写健康挂历、限盐以及适当增加运动等。结果显示 :(1)在高血压高危人群中普遍存在膳食结构不合理的现象 ;(2 )经过两年的合理膳食干预后 ,干预组中可促进高血压发生发展的膳食营养因素明显减少 ,而对照组则明显增加或没有变化。两年间 ,对照组超重 +肥胖者比例增加了2 4 6 % ,而干预组无明显变化 ,干预组平均收缩压和舒张压水平分别下降了 3 7和 5 1mmHg ,而对照组的血压水平没有明显变化 ,而且干预组两年内高血压的新发病例数明显低于对照组。因此 ,加强营养知识宣教和合理膳食指导是预防原发性高血压的一项重要而且有效的措施。     

上海地区孕妇烟草暴露相关因素与干预措施调查

目的 了解孕妇孕期烟草暴露现状及相关的影响因素,为制定相应的防控策略提供科学依据.方法 在知情同意的基础上,对2008年1月至2009年1月在上海交通大学医学院附属国际和平妇幼保健院和浦江镇平产分娩点的1 432名孕妇进行了有关烟草暴露情况的问卷调查.结果 孕妇主动烟草暴露率为2.4%,被动烟草暴露率为62.5%.非沪籍孕妇总被动烟草暴露率高于沪籍孕妇(χ2=4.05,P=0.044).非沪籍孕妇的被动烟草暴露主要来自家庭,而沪籍孕妇则主要来自工作单位.文化程度与孕妇的被动烟草暴露呈反比.结论 文化程度和对被动烟草暴露危害性的认识是影响孕妇烟草暴露的主要因素;在产前检查时加强烟草危害性的宣传有助于降低妇女孕期的烟草暴露水平.