原发性腹膜后神经源性肿瘤93例分析

目的　探讨原发性腹膜后神经源性肿瘤的临床病理特征及外科治疗原则 ,以提高手术切除率及安全性。方法　回顾性分析 13年间经手术和病理证实的原发性腹膜后神经源性肿瘤患者的临床资料。结果　神经源性肿瘤占同期腹膜后肿瘤的 2 0 .6% (93 /4 5 2 ) ,其中神经鞘瘤 2 4例(2 5 .8% )、恶性神经鞘瘤 19例 (2 0 .4% )、副节瘤 14例 (15 .1% )、神经纤维瘤 16例 (17.2 % )、其他少见肿瘤 2 0例 (2 1.5 % )。术前CT和MRI检查的诊断率分别为 65 .6%和 73 .9%。手术切除率为97.9% (91/93 ) ,2例行探查活检。良、恶性肿瘤术后的 3 ,5年生存率分别为 95 .9% ,80 .1%和42 .4% ,10 .5 %。良性肿瘤术后复发 8例 ,复发率为 13 .1% ;恶性肿瘤复发 14例 ,复发率为 43 .8%。结论　CT和MRI对本病诊断有辅助意义 ;治疗首选手术切除。良性肿瘤预后良好 ,恶性肿瘤术后易复发     

经颈、胸骨上段劈开径路手术治疗上胸段食管癌

目的总结经颈、胸骨上段劈开径路手术治疗上胸段食管癌的临床经验,并探讨食管癌外科治疗手术径路的选择以及术后并发症等问题。方法采用左颈部胸锁乳突肌前缘切口以游离颈部食管,将胸骨上段部分劈开,充分显露及游离上胸段食管及肿瘤;经腹部切口游离胃后行胸段食管内翻拔脱,将胃经食管床上提后行食管胃吻合。颈部吻合23例,纵隔内吻合14例。结果37例上胸段食管癌患者的癌肿全部切除,切除率100%,无手术死亡。术后发生颈部吻合口瘘3例,经保守治疗后痊愈;发生声音嘶哑12例,7例声带功能逐步恢复。结论经颈、胸骨上段劈开径路对上胸段食管的显露满意,可在直视下完成食管及肿瘤的游离。手术切除率高,术后发生危重并发症较少。     

纵隔畸胎瘤的临床特点与外科治疗

目的 总结纵隔畸胎瘤的临床特点和外科治疗经验。方法 对1993年1月～2005年12月收治的67例纵隔畸胎瘤患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析。所有患者均行手术治疗，经胸部前外侧切口径路手术切除纵隔畸胎瘤26例，后外侧切口径路手术23例，电视胸腔镜加辅助小切口手术8例，电视胸腔镜手术（VATS）5例，胸骨正中切口径路手术5例。结果 本组无手术死亡。术后病理检查证实均为畸胎瘤，其中62例为成熟畸胎瘤，4例为不成熟畸胎瘤（其中Ⅰ级1例、Ⅱ级2例、Ⅲ级1例）。术后发生肺部感染3例，肺水肿1例，肺不张2例，上肢功能障碍1例。经相应的处理除1例患者上肢功能未恢复外，其余患者均痊愈出院。术后随访61例，6例失访，随访时间1～12年，无肿瘤再发。结论 纵隔畸胎瘤经外科手术治疗效果良好，手术时应注意切口的选择，术中避免损伤神经、血管等。     

Grunenwald切口在颈胸交界处手术中的应用

目的探讨Grunenwald切口应用于颈胸交界处手术中的临床效果。方法回顾性分析2011年12月至2021年9月期间河北医科大学第四医院胸外科单治疗组25例颈胸交界处肿瘤和1例颈胸交界处外伤患者的临床资料, 其中男19例, 女7例;年龄9～73岁, 平均(50.50±17.27)岁。包括上纵隔肿瘤9例, 肺上沟瘤6例, 甲状腺肿瘤侵犯上纵隔4例, 胸壁肿瘤4例, 食管癌锁骨上淋巴结转移癌2例, 颈胸交界处异物贯通伤1例。全组采用Grunenwald切口或附加胸部后外侧切口、胸骨正中切口、颈部领状切口。评估肿瘤切除程度, 观察手术时间、术中出血量、住院时间, 分析术后随访情况。结果全组无围手术期死亡。应用单纯Grunenwald切口14例, 附加胸部后外侧切口6例, 附加颈部领状切口4例, 附加胸骨正中切口2例。肿瘤完全切除22例, 姑息切除3例, 完整取出异物1例。术后病理证实神经鞘瘤4例, 肺腺癌、甲状腺癌、肌纤维母细胞瘤各3例, 肺鳞癌、食管癌锁骨上淋巴结转移癌各2例, 肺大细胞神经内分泌癌、肺鳞癌术后单纯第1肋骨转移癌、节细胞神经瘤、结节性甲状腺肿、血管瘤、高分化脂肪肉瘤、血管内...     

胸顶部肿瘤外科治疗27例临床分析

目的　探讨前径路技术在胸顶部肿瘤手术治疗中的应用及其优势。　方法　从 1995年 1月至 2 0 0 1年 1月 ,手术治疗原发性胸顶部肿瘤患者 2 7例 ,平均年龄 4 9 2岁。病理类型包括非小细胞肺癌、肉瘤、神经纤维瘤、颈段食管癌等。通过对临床表现、肿瘤类型及外侵范围、手术径路及切除程度、并发症、生存期等资料进行分析 ,评估前径路对手术安全性和彻底性的帮助以及对延长生存期的作用。　结果　 6例采用前径路半蛤壳切口 ,全部得到完全切除 ;2 1例采用后径路Paulson切口 ,其中 13例为完全切除 ,8例为姑息性切除。随访 2 3～ 4 6个月 (平均 2 9个月 ) ,总的中位生存期为2 1个月 ,其中完全切除者为 2 9个月 ,姑息切除者为 14个月 ,两者差异有显著意义 (P <0 0 1)。前径路的完全切除率明显高于后径路 (χ2 =1.6 78,P <0 0 1)。　结论　前径路切口可显著改善胸顶结构的暴露 ,尤其对于锁骨下血管、臂丛神经等结构可在直视下予以解剖 ,从而增加了手术的安全性和彻底性。     

经胸部后侧切口治疗胸廓上口肿瘤

目的介绍经胸部后侧切口径路切除胸廓上口肿瘤的手术方法及疗效,为治疗该处肿瘤探索新的手术径路。方法2004年6月～2007年6月,我中心采用胸部后侧切口治疗胸廓上口部肿瘤10例,神经源性肿瘤5例,肺尖癌1例,肺尖后段肿瘤1例。皮肤切口上端自第6颈椎横突外侧,向下行于肩胛骨内侧缘与后正中线之间,切口下端绕过肩胛下角止于腋后线,将肩胛骨向前牵拉,于肿瘤投影下方切除相应肋骨（第2或第3肋）进胸,切除肿瘤。结果全组患者无手术死产。除1例因肿瘤明显外侵行开胸探查外,其余9例均完整切除肿瘤。肩背部疼痛4例中3例术后症状缓解,2例“哑铃型”神经源性肿瘤患者双下肢无力症状明显改善,1例痛觉及腹壁反射消失者术后恢复,另1例术后双下肢肌力由Ⅱ级上升至Ⅳ级。2例出现胸腔积液需行胸腔穿刺,其余患者均顺利康复。10例患者均行门诊或电话随访3～36个月（平均18个月）,其中失访1例,死亡2例,余7例无明显异常。结论胸部后侧切口对胸廓上口显露良好,增加了肿瘤的切除率及手术的安全性。     

纵隔神经源性肿瘤的诊断和治疗

目的：探讨各种病理类型的纵隔神经源性肿瘤的临床表现、诊断要点、手术方法和预后。方法：回顾性分析外科手术治疗的110例（良性102例,恶性8例）纵隔神经源性肿瘤的临床资料。结果：本组住院死亡2例;8例出现合并症,主要为霍纳综合征和喉返神经麻痹。随诊良性肿瘤2例复发,4例恶性神经鞘瘤患者于术后3年内死亡。结论：绝大多数纵隔神经源性肿瘤为良性肿瘤;经胸部X线平片或CT可明确诊断;哑铃形神经源性肿瘤有其特殊的临床表现,诊断和手术方法不同;微创外科技术和电视辅助胸腔镜外科在部分病例有其特殊治疗价值;良性神经源性肿瘤完整切除后极少复发,恶性神经源性肿瘤预后不良。     

纵隔神经源性肿瘤的外科治疗

目的总结纵隔神经源性肿瘤的诊断及外科治疗。方法对我院1996年3月至2006年3月收治的57例纵隔神经源性肿瘤患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果完整切除55例,部分切除1例,探查活检1例。发生手术相关并发症1例。术后均经病理证实为神经源性肿瘤。结论早期诊断以及根据肿瘤特点选择适宜的手术方法是获得良好治疗效果的关键。     

颈胸交界处肿瘤28例诊治体会

目的探讨外科治疗颈胸交界处肿瘤的临床疗效。方法 2008年1月～2019年3月我院胸外科收治的颈胸交界处肿瘤病人28例。所有病人均行手术治疗,其中高后外侧切口径路5例,前径路L形切口入路15例,颈部低位领式切口6例(转胸骨切开入路1例),胸腔镜入路2例。7例肺上沟瘤病人行肺叶切除和淋巴结清扫术,其中5例合并部分胸壁切除,3例受侵袭椎体的部分切除,1例锁骨下动脉修补;另3例肺上沟瘤行姑息性切除。结果 6例胸骨后甲状腺肿、6例神经纤维瘤、2例支气管源性肿瘤、1例食管癌和3例复发性甲状腺癌均得到根治性切除。1例上肢肿胀,2周后消失;3例肺部感染和1例切口感染治愈后出院。1例Horner综合征、2例喉返神经损伤。结论颈胸交界处病变的显露通常较为困难,采用外科治疗要重视手术入路的选择,但不是某一个手术入路适用于所有的颈胸交界处肿瘤,有时需要两种入路的配合。     

颈胸“联合”肿瘤的诊治分析

目的探讨颈胸联合肿瘤手术治疗的方法及要点。方法回顾性分析郑州大学第一附属医院胸外科2012年7月至2015年4月收治的26例颈胸联合肿瘤的手术治疗方法及径路选择,其中5例选择颈胸联合T或L型切口切除肿瘤,8例行颈部领式切口加胸腔镜纵隔肿瘤切除术,2例行颈部领式切口加后外侧切口切除肿瘤,11例行颈部领式切口切除肿瘤。结果该组无术后死亡病例,患者均顺利出院。24例患者术后随访1年,恢复良好;2例患者术后随访6个月,未诉不适。结论颈胸联合肿瘤位置特殊,手术难度、风险较大,应根据肿瘤特点选择适合的手术方式和径路,以达到理想的治疗效果。     

Surgical treatment of neurogenic tumors of the chest.

BACKGROUND: Neurogenic tumors are commonly found in the mediastinum, especially in the posterior mediastinum or in the chest wall, and have a variety of clinical and histological features. We reviewed our experience with these types of tumors and assessed diagnostic and therapeutic approaches. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A series of 60 consecutive patients with a neurogenic tumor of the chest, all seen at a single institute, was retrospectively reviewed. RESULTS: The mean age of the 60 patients was 40 years, including 32 males and 28 females. Preoperative symptoms were present in seven patients (11.7%). Median tumor size was 5.3 cm, ranging from 1.4 to 20 cm. The major location of the tumor was the posterior mediastinum in 38 cases (63.3%) and the chest wall in 16 cases (26.7%). The operative procedure performed was tumor extirpation in 58 cases (96.7%), in which video-thoracoscopic procedure was performed in nine patients and chest wall resection in two cases. The major histological type was neurilemmoma in 51 patients (85%), and malignant tumor was only diagnosed in one patient with malignant schwannoma. Tumor related death occurred in only one case with malignant schwannoma. Ten patients with neurilemmoma were precisely diagnosed by magnetic resonance imaging. CONCLUSION: Almost all cases of intrathoracic neurogenic tumors were benign in nature. Therefore, surgical indications may be carefully determined in cases with no symptom and with imaging that indicate benign neurilemmoma.     

Dumbbell neurogenic tumor of the mediastinum: a report of three cases undergoing single-staged complete removal without thoracotomy

Of a total thirteen patients who underwent surgery for a neurogenic tumor in the posterior mediastinum 4 (30.8 per cent) presented with dumbbell type development of the tumor. Along with a comparatively greater incidence in the number of cases of dumbbell neurogenic tumors in the posterior mediastinum, resection has also recently become more popular, necessitating the establishment of a standard operative approach for this type of tumor. We successfully removed dumbbell neurogenic tumor from the posterior mediastinum in our 3 most recent cases via a dorsal approach by virtue of a laminectomy and resection of a small portion of the neighbouring rib root without opening the parietal pleura at all. These three patients were a 14 year old female, a 54 year old male and a 68 year old female, respectively, and the largest diameter in cm and level of origin of the tumors were 5.5 at Th 1 in case 1, 3.0 at Th 2 in case 2 and 3.7 at Th 11 in case 3. The operative approach described herein was easy to perform, felt secure and was less invasive and better tolerated by the patients than the thoracotomy approach. Avoiding a thoracotomy in such cases has many advantages to enumerate, but does not seem to have been clearly aimed at by others to date. We therefore propose our technique as a standard approach for dumbbell neurogenic tumors in the posterior mediastinum.     

Thoracoscopy: the preferred approach for the resection of selected posterior mediastinal tumors

The posterior mediastinum is a common site for neurogenic tumors. These are mostly asymptomatic and detected incidentally during radiologic investigations. However, they occasionally present with compressive or neurologic symptoms. The tumors are mostly benign but can also be malignant. Left untreated, they continue to grow. Therefore, once detected, resection is always advised. Traditionally, resection has been performed by standard posterolateral thoracotomy. More recently, such tumors have been removed thoracoscopically. We report our experience with three such cases and present a comprehensive analysis of cases of thoracoscopic resection of posterior mediastinal neurogenic tumors reported in the English literature to suggest guidelines for their current management.     

Chirurgie der Mediastinaltumoren

Thymomas, lymphomas, and germ cell tumors are the most frequent lesions of the anterior mediastinum, whereas endodermal (bronchogenic) cysts and lymphomas are the most frequent lesions of the middle mediastinum. In the posterior mediastinum, neurogenic tumors and soft-tissue sarcomas are the most frequent. Depending on tumor location, mediastinoscopy, mediastinotomy, and thoracoscopy are the preferred diagnostic methods. Surgical treatment of thymoma is the gold standard, and median sternotomy is the most frequently applied approach. The decisive prognostic and therapeutic criteria are Masaoka staging, WHO classification, and R0 status. Thoracoscopy should be performed only in patients with myasthenia gravis and with very small tumors. Surgical treatment is highly recommended in patients with locally recurrent tumors. The importance of surgical treatment of germ cell tumors is determined by a negative concentration of β-HCG and α-fetoprotein and in cases of residual tumor after chemotherapy. Bronchogenic cysts always require resection because of their high complication rate (66%) after conservative treatment. In these cases complete resection is necessary due to the probability of recurrence. Ninety-eight percent of neurogenic tumors in adults are benign and usually resected via thoracoscopy or thoracotomy, depending on location and size.     

Pitfalls in intraoperative frozen section histology of mediastinal neoplasms

We evaluated the reliability of intraoperative frozen section histology in 149 mediastinal tumours of which 106 lesions were localized in the anterior, 18 in the central and 25 in the posterior mediastinum. Gross non-resectability was ruled out by preoperative imaging. No preoperative cytological or histological diagnosis was obtained in any case. At thoracotomy, 3 biopsies from 3 different sites of the tumour were processed for frozen section as well as for paraffin histology and immunohistochemistry. In 67 of 73 benign lesions (91%), the intraoperative diagnosis was correct, 5 cases could not be classified by frozen section and 1 case had to be revised. Only 28 of 76 malignant lesions (36.8%) were diagnosed correctly by intraoperative frozen section. In 27 cases (35.5%), no intraoperative classification was possible and in 21 patients (27.6%), the diagnosis was wrong with the consequence of surgical overtreatment for lymphoma misinterpreted as thymic cancer in 3 cases. In patients in whom preoperative investigations suggest borderline resectability, a staged procedure to obtain histology prior to definitive surgery could prevent overtreatment.     

Intrathoracic neurogenic tumors--50 years' experience in a Japanese institution.

OBJECTIVE: Intrathoracic neurogenic tumors are relatively uncommon, and there have been few reports regarding their entire clinical characteristics in the Asian population. OBJECTIVES: We retrospectively reviewed our Japanese institutional experience of intrathoracic neurogenic tumors, with emphasis on the clinical spectrum. METHODS: We analyzed the records of 146 patients with intrathoracic neurogenic tumors who were treated over the past 50 years. There were 60 pediatric and 86 adult patients (74 males and 72 females). RESULTS: There were 51 ganglioneuromas, 37 schwannomas, 30 neurofibromas, 18 neuroblstomas, 5 gangliobastomas, and 5 others, of which 136 cases were located in the posterior mediastinum, 9 in the chest wall, and 1 in the lung parenchyma. Neurogenic tumors were most commonly seen as a pediatric mediastinal tumor (46.2%), as compared to 11.2% in the adult population (P<0.001). Eighty-four percent of adult patients and 60% of pediatric patients were asymptomatic. In thirteen patients (8.9%), the tumor showed an intraspinal extension, the so-called dumbbell-type. Overall, 20.5% of the neoplasms were malignant, occurring predominantly in the first 5 years of life. Complete resection was performed in 95.7% cases for benign tumors and 63.3% for malignant tumors, including a laminectomy for six cases of the dumbbell-type. There were no operative deaths and minimal morbidity. Conclusions: Age seemed to be the most important clinical parameter for distinguishing between histological type and rate of malignancy for neurogenic tumors. Recognition of this clinical spectrum will lead to the immediate and appropriate surgical intervention.     

Neurogenic Tumors of the Pelvis: Clinicopathologic Features and Surgical Outcomes Using a Multidisciplinary Team

Background  Few data exist regarding the outcomes in patients undergoing surgery for pelvic tumors of neurogenic origin. Our aim was to characterize the clinical and pathologic features of pelvic neurogenic tumors and assess surgical outcomes. Methods  All patients who underwent operations for pelvic neurogenic tumors at our institution between 1956 and 2004 were identified. Data analyzed included demographics, clinical features, histopathology, local recurrence, and survival. Results  Eighty-nine patients were identified, of whom 44 were male. Median age was 38 years. The most common presenting symptom was low back or pelvic pain (56%). Malignant lesions were found in 43 patients (48%). Schwannomas were the most common benign tumor (61%) and malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors the most common malignant lesion (81%). Median tumor size was 9.5 cm (range 0.8–32 cm). Malignant tumors had histopathologic evidence of infiltration of surrounding structures in 49% of cases. Intralesional resection was the most common surgical technique for both benign and malignant tumors. Thirty-day mortality was nil; major morbidity was seen in 13%. Adjuvant therapy was given to 91% of the patients with malignant disease. Five-year local recurrence rates for benign and malignant lesions were 35.9% and 35.0%, respectively. Distant recurrence for malignant lesions was 65.1% at 5 years. Five-year disease-free survival for malignant tumors was 25.9%. Conclusion  Pelvic neurogenic tumors occurring in young patients may be large when detected and present with nonspecific symptoms. Benign and malignant tumors had a high local recurrence rate and survival for malignant tumors was poor. Early detection and aggressive surgical intervention should improve outcome.     

Posterior mediastinum neoplasms: a case of schwannoma

The Authors report the case of a 33-year-old male affected with an asymptomatic schwannoma of the posterior mediastinum, and review the relevant Literature, discussing the difficulties in making the differential diagnosis of the posterior mediastinum lesions, particularly in the pre-clinical phase. Neurogenic tumors represent about 75 percent of all tumors of mediastinum and about one third of all tumors of the mediastinum. They can originate from the peripheral nervous system group, from the sympathetic nervous system group or, in rare cases, from the vagus nerve. In adult patients, they are usually found by chance during radiographic examination of the thorax, and they are usually asymptomatic and benign. During preoperative evaluation, a magnetic resonance examination of rachis should be done to exclude the possibility of intraspinal involvement. If there are no contraindications, the treatment of choice should be surgical resection by means of thoracoscopy or thoracotomy, when size and location of the tumors allow it in order to prevent malignant evolution.