Multiple MR Imaging Techniques in the Diagnosis and Assessment of Resectability in Pancreatic Carcinoma

Objective: To study the value of multiple MR imaging techniques in the diagnosis of pancreatic carcinoma and the assessment of resectbility of the lesion. Methods: MR imaging was performed in 18 pa-tients with surgically and/or pathologically proven pancreatic carcinoma. GRE T1WI, TSE T2WI, GRE T1WI with fat suppression, delayed enhancement GRE T1WI, MRCP and 3D DCE MRA were used in MR scanning. Tumor involvement of the celiac trunk and its main branches, superior mesenteric artery,the portal, splenic and superior mesenteric veins were prospectively graded on a 0-4 scale based on cir-cumferential contiguity of tumor to vessel. Results: On GRE T1WI and TSE T2WI all the lesions showed slightly hypointense and hyperintense, respectively; On GRE T1WI with fat suppression, all the tumors obviously appeared hypointense; On delayed enhancement GRE T1WI, the lesions displayed irregularly circular enhancement in 14 patients and well-distributed enhancement in 4 patients. MRCP showed exten-sive bile and main pancreatic duct dilatation with typical “double-duct“ sign in 8 patients. On 3D DCE MRA, we thought it was unresectable with more than half circumferential involvement of tumor to vessel,so that the portal, splenic and superior mesenteric veins were involved with 56% (10/18), 39% (7/18)and 67% (12/18), respectively. The celiac trunk and its main branches and superior mesenteric arteries were involved with 22% (4/18) and 17% (3/18), respectively. The pancreatic lesions in 2 cases could be completely resected in the evaluation of MR imaging, which was fitted to the findings of operation by pan-creatoduodenectomy. The pancreatic lesions in other 2 cases were partly, resected because there was tumor extension to superior mesenteric vein and/or artery. The tumors in the remaining 14 patients were too large and involved peripancreatic vessels or there were stomach or liver metastases, so these patients were only treated by choledochojejunostomy and gastrojejunstomy. Conclusion: The “all-in-one“ MR approach including fast scanning sequences, fat suppression, MRCP and 3D DCE MRA provides the surgeon with diagnosis and assessment of resectability of tlm lesion prior to surgery of pancreatic carcinoma.     

应用MRI评价胰腺癌胰周血管侵犯预测胰腺癌的可切除性

目的评价MRI判断胰腺癌胰周血管侵犯程度的价值,探讨MRI预测胰腺癌可切除性的最佳界点。方法搜集经手术病理证实的胰腺癌患者41例,均行MRI平扫及增强扫描,37例加做冠状位增强磁共振血管造影(MRA)。术前根据MRI表现,判断胰周血管侵犯情况,按照肿瘤对周围血管侵犯程度的不同,采用1级、2a级、2b级、3a级、3b级和4级进行评价,统计各分级血管的条数,并与手术结果对照。计算以2级和2a级作为可切除判断标准的敏感性、特异性、阳性预测值、阴性预测值和准确率应用受试者工作特性曲线(ROC)确定MRI预测胰腺癌可切除性的最佳界点。结果41例患者中,切除22例,其中20例为根治性切除,2例为姑息性切除。与手术结果对照,MRI共误诊7条血管,其中动脉3条,静脉4条。以1级、2a级、2b级、3a级和3b级作为可切除的标准,判断肿块不可切除的敏感性分别为78.3%、84.8%、67.4%、56.5%和47.8%。ROC曲线显示,以2a级作为MRI预测胰腺癌可切除的最佳界点。结论胰周血管侵犯2a级可作为MRI预测胰腺癌可切除的最佳界点。     

胰腺癌手术可切除性的术前CT及MRI评估

摘 要：［目的］ 评价CT和MRI术前判断胰腺癌手术可切除性的应用价值。［方法］ 回顾性分析经病理证实的40例胰腺癌的CT和MRI征象,包括肿瘤大小、边界、血管侵犯、淋巴结转移及远处转移,并与手术及病理对照。［结果］ 术前影像学显示肿瘤大小平均4.5cm,边界清晰18例,血管受累不可切除26例,淋巴结转移21例,肝脏转移8例,腹膜及远处转移6例。术前影像学对于血管可切除性、淋巴结转移诊断的灵敏度、特异性、准确率分别为76.9%、40.7%、52.5%和70.0%、65.0%、67.5%。手术可切除组和不可切除组肿瘤大小（P=0.546）和肿瘤边界（P=0.053）没有统计学差异。［结论］ CT和MRI是评估胰腺癌可切除性的有效方法。     

胰腺癌MR诊断价值的探讨

为了总结胰腺癌的MR表现,探讨胰腺癌的MR诊断价值,回顾性分析56例经手术病理确诊的胰腺癌的MR表现,并与手术及病理对照。56例胰腺癌病程长,表现为腹痛、黄疸、消瘦及乏力等。MR表现为胰腺肿块、胰周浸润、胰管扩张、血管侵犯及淋巴结转移等。MR对胰腺癌的诊断准确率为96%。初步研究结果提示,MR对胰腺癌的检出率高,对中晚期胰腺癌周围组织侵犯的评价较好,为临床手术治疗提供了很有价值的参考依据。     

磁共振功能成像在胰腺癌诊断中的应用及新进展

胰腺癌恶性程度高、预后差，早期诊断及鉴别诊断困难。MR功能成像作为无创性检查方法能为其诊断及鉴别诊断提供重要信息。MR功能成像包括扩散加权成像、灌注成像及波谱分析。本文分别对它们的原理及在胰腺癌诊断及鉴别诊断中的应用与进展进行综述。     

胰腺癌影像学诊断进展

胰腺癌是预后十分凶险恶劣的消化系统常见恶性肿瘤之一。胰腺癌在出现症状之前有一个肿瘤隐匿期 ,早期发现十分困难。往往在发现胰腺癌时已侵犯到胰周血管 ,使患者丧失了手术机会。因此 ,如何早期发现胰腺癌 ,提高病人的生存率 ,如何准确地对胰腺癌进行肿瘤分期和可切除性判断 ,使病人避免不必要的开腹手术 ,并指导临床制定合理的治疗方案都是迫切需要解决的重要课题。而影像诊断起着不可忽视、不可低估和不可替代的重要作用。现将影像学在胰腺癌诊断上的主要进展汇总 5个方面 ,分述如下。1　各种影像学检查在应用价值比较上的进展随着科学…     

对"边缘可切除"胰腺癌的新认识

随着胰腺影像学和外科手术技巧的发展,外科医生在"可切除的"胰腺癌与"局部进展的"胰腺癌之间划分出一类"边缘可切除"胰腺癌.这一大类肿瘤包括部分累及肝动脉、门静脉、肠系膜上动静脉,并且其受累的血管有切除与重建可能的胰腺癌.对"边缘可切除"胰腺癌施行根治性手术,有助于提高以往被认为是"无法切除"的胰腺癌的手术切除率,但是根据现有的资料统计,"边缘可切除"肿瘤的术后切缘阳性发生率较高,直接影响患者的预后.因此,术前应对肿瘤进行准确的分期分级,并联合新辅助治疗有可能为此类患者获得RO切除创造条件,并改善预后.     

边缘可切除胰腺癌新辅助治疗优化策略的研究进展

胰腺癌具有高度侵袭性,预后差,仅少数患者在确诊时存在手术根治机会。随着医学技术的发展,介于明确可切除与不可切除胰腺癌之间,划分出了一种特殊类型,即边缘可切除胰腺癌（BRPC）。此类胰腺癌根治性手术难度大,R0切除率低、复发风险高,新辅助治疗在提高BRPC的R0切除率和延长生存期上发挥了重要的作用。如何优化新辅助治疗策略、改善BRPC患者的预后值得临床重视。     

^（18）F-FDG PET/CT与增强CT对胰腺癌可切除性评估价值分析

目的：探讨18F-FDG PET/CT与增强CT对胰腺癌可切除性评估价值。方法：回顾性分析病理、术中所见或临床综合及随访资料证实的胰腺癌病人18F-FDG PET/CT和增强CT影像资料,对比二者及二者联合对胰腺癌可切除性评估价值。结果：74例病人中24例进行了手术,其中仅15例成功完整切除了肿瘤,另9例因术中发现不可切除因素而行姑息手术。余50例均经随访证实因多发转移而不可切除。以不可切除为阳性指标,18F-FDG PET/CT显像对不可切除评估的灵敏度、特异性及准确性分别为79.66%,86.67%和81.08%,增强CT的灵敏度、特异性及准确性分别为84.75%,93.33%和86.49%,二者差异无显著性。以其中一种方法阳性即认为不可切除,二者联合判断的灵敏度、特异性及准确性分别为91.53%,86.67%和90.54%,显著优于单独PET/CT或增强CT。结论：18F-FDG PET/CT与增强CT均为胰腺癌可切除性评估重要手段,二者价值相似,具有互补性,联合应用准确性更高。     

18F-FDG PET/CT与增强CT对胰腺癌可切除性评估价值分析

目的:探讨18F-FDG PET/CT与增强CT对胰腺癌可切除性评估价值。方法:回顾性分析病理、术中所见或临床综合及随访资料证实的胰腺癌病人18F-FDG PET/CT和增强CT影像资料,对比二者及二者联合对胰腺癌可切除性评估价值。结果:74例病人中24例进行了手术,其中仅15例成功完整切除了肿瘤,另9例因术中发现不可切除因素而行姑息手术。余50例均经随访证实因多发转移而不可切除。以不可切除为阳性指标,18F-FDG PET/CT显像对不可切除评估的灵敏度、特异性及准确性分别为79.66%,86.67%和81.08%,增强CT的灵敏度、特异性及准确性分别为84.75%,93.33%和86.49%,二者差异无显著性。以其中一种方法阳性即认为不可切除,二者联合判断的灵敏度、特异性及准确性分别为91.53%,86.67%和90.54%,显著优于单独PET/CT或增强CT。结论:18F-FDG PET/CT与增强CT均为胰腺癌可切除性评估重要手段,二者价值相似,具有互补性,联合应用准确性更高。     

CT在判断可切除性胰头癌手术中的价值探讨

经手术、病理证实的胰头癌５９例。通过对术前ＣＴ判断肿瘤的可切除性和术后比较，其结果可切除的符合率为６４．７％，不可切除的符合率为９２．８％。ＣＴ显示肠系膜上动脉、腹腔动脉增粗，肿瘤包裹血管、血管中癌栓形成为肿瘤不可切除的可靠征象；肝转移、腹水为不可切除的完全可靠的征象，但小的转移性肝癌不易发现；淋巴结肿大并不是转移的特异征象；血管部分与肿瘤接触，脂肪层消失，有时不易区别是否为肿瘤授润，对判断手术可     

Multiple pancreatic metastases from clear cell renal carcinoma: Diagnosis with chemical shift magnetic resonance imaging before surgery

We present a case in which multiple pancreatic tumours were diagnosed as metastatic clear cell renal carcinomas with chemical shift MRI (CSI) before surgery. Radiologists may be unable to recognize the loss of intensity on CSI macroscopically. We believe that it is useful to make subtraction images and calculate signal intensity on CSI, even if the lesions are multiple metastatic tumours.     

波谱分析和磁共振灌注成像在胶质瘤复发诊断中的价值

目的:目前对高级别胶质瘤复发的诊断难度较大,尤其是放化疗后放射性坏死和肿瘤复发鉴别更为困难,波谱分析（MR spectroscopy,MRS）是目前唯一能无创性定性定量提供活体内生化信息的方法,对颅内肿瘤的诊断有一定的意义,磁共振灌注成像（MR perfusion imaging,MR灌注）能有效反应局部血管情况,所以本研究为探讨MRS和MR灌注在脑内高级别胶质瘤复发中的诊断价值。方法:选取哈尔滨医科大学附属第二医院2007年7月-2013年12月收治的96例经过病理证实为脑胶质瘤的病例,均为接受手术治疗及术后放化疗,并且再次手术病例,结合新的病理结果、MRS和MR灌注,进行回顾性分析。结果:MRS的真阳性率为77.38%（65/84）,假阳性率为22.62%（19/84）,真阴性率为58.33%（7/12）,假阴性率为41.67%（5/12）。MR灌注的真阳性率为78.82%（67/85）,假阳性率为21.18%（18/85）,真阴性率为54.55%（6/11）,假阴性率为45.45%（5/11）。通过不同分级的对比,MRS、MR灌注的结果相一致的有52例,结果不一致的有44例。通过McNemar检验分析,两者差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。总体上MRS对高级别胶质瘤的敏感度为92.86%,特异度为26.92%,准确度为75.00%;而MR灌注的敏感度略高为93.05%,特异度略低为25.00%,准确度略高为76.40%。把两个检测设置为并联,其联合灵敏度为99.50%,联合特异度为6.73%。结论:总体上MRS、MR灌注对高级别胶质瘤的敏感度、特异度及准确度结果较为接近。两种检查明显有互补性,并联后可以明显提高敏感性,串联后可以明显提高特异度。MRS和MR灌注在高级别胶质瘤复发的诊断中有互补性,能更有效的提高临床诊断的准确度和特异度。     

超声内镜对胰腺癌可切除性评估的价值分析

目的探讨内镜超声检查术(EUS)对胰腺癌的可切除性评估的价值。方法收集在术前均经EUS、BUS以及CT检查,后经手术治疗,并最终为病理组织学证实为胰腺癌的病例。对EUS在术前对胰腺癌的可切除性评估进行回顾分析,以手术结果为金标准进行对比,并与BUS以及CT诊断结果进行比较。结果21例接受手术治疗,其中6例术前EUS认为可切除,实际术中切除5例,EUS评估胰腺癌可切除性的准确度为83.3%;15例术前EUS评估为不可切除,实际手术无法切除14例,EUS评估不可切除准确度为93.3%。提示EUS术前评估结果与手术结果一致性较好。EUS诊断胰腺癌准确率为95.2%,CT为90.5%,B超为71.4%。结论应用EUS评估胰腺癌的可切除性是一种有效的方法。     

Assessment of Resectability of Pancreatic Carcinoma by Endoscopic Ultrasonography

OBJECTIVE To study the value of endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS) in the preoperative assessment of resectability of pancreatic carcinoma. METHODS Thirty-eight non-selected consecutive patients were prospectively investigated using EUS to determine tumor resectability. The EUS findings in each of the patients were evaluated prospectively by 2 EUS specialists. All patients were explored and resectability determinded.RESULTS Ten out of 38 cases with pancreatic carcinoma were considered to be resectable by EUS with a positive predictive value of 80% compared to findings with surgery. EUS also had a high correlation with surgical results in assessing unresectability of pancreatic carcinoma, the negative predictive. value was 96.4%. There were 2 false-positive and 1 false-negative assessments (sensitivity, 88.9% and specificity, 93.1%). The accuracy of EUS was the highest. The diagnostic accuracy of EUS, CT, MRI and sonography were 97.4%, 94.6%, 89.5%, and 73.6% respectively. CONCLUSION Endoscopic ultrasonography is an effective method to assess resectability of pancreatic carcinoma.     

肝外胆管癌常规磁共振和磁共振胆胰管造影的诊断价值

目的 探讨肝外胆管癌的常规磁共振(MRI)和磁共振胆胰管造影(MRCP)影像表现和临床应用价值。方法 54例经手术病理证实的肝外胆管癌经常规MRI检查,其中MRCP44例,Gd-DTPA增强扫描29例。综合分析MR1和MRCP的影像学表现和诊断,并与手术病理结果进行对照。结果 MRI显示肿块39例,29例增强扫描中22例病灶强化,胆管壁不规则增厚13例。MRCP显示病变部位胆管中断,梗阻近端形态截断状或圆锥状16例,鸟嘴状或鼠尾状26例,杯口状2例。29例显示梗阻远端的胆管。结合常规MRI和MRCP原始与重建图像,定位诊断准确率为96．3％,定性诊断准确率为92．6％。结论 常规MRI和MRCP源像是MRCP诊断肝外胆管癌的重要补充。MRCP结合常规MRI对肝外胆管癌定位诊断准确,定性诊断有较高特异性。     

Periampullary localized pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia-3 (PanIN-3): evaluation with contrast-enhanced MR cholangiography (MRCP)

Background

The early determination of premalignant lesions of pancreas can prevent unnecessary excessive surgical procedures and can reduce morbidity and mortality. Pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia-3 (PanIN-3) is a preinvasive form of adenocarcinoma (carcinoma in situ). PanINs have not taken place in the literature of radiology yet, it should be considered in differential diagnosis of pancreatic cystic lesions.

Case report

A patient with preliminary diagnosis of chronic cholecystitis who had choledocolithiasis and periampullary pancreatic cyst detected by noncontrast-enhanced (NCE) and contrast-enhanced (CE) magnetic resonance cholangiography (MRCP) is presented. Pathological examination results of gallbladder and pancreatic cyst were reported as gallbladder adenocarcinoma and PanIN-3, respectively.

Conclusions

Pancreatic cystic lesions with thin septa which enhances slightly with the administration of contrast material may represent PanIN-3. In patients with cystic pancreatic lesion localized at periampullary region, using CE-MRCP together with NCE-MRCP could be useful in the evaluation of pancreatic cystic masses as well as other abdominal pathologies.     

胰腺癌早期诊断及外科治疗探讨

目的:探讨胰腺癌早期诊断和提高手术疗效的临床措施。方法:回顾性分析我院自1974年-2001年间连续收治的340例胰腺癌的诊断及外科治疗。结果:本组19.1%(65/340)的胰腺癌病例施行了根治性手术,手术死亡率7.7%(5/65),80.9%(275/340)行姑息性手术及探查术。行根治性手术的胰腺癌病例,首发症状多为上腹部隐痛、胀满不适、纳差、乏力和消瘦等非特异性症状,仅16.9%为无痛性黄疸。影像学检查间接征象检出率分别为胆道扩张97.1%,胆囊肿大88.8%,胰管狭窄、中断、移位和增粗93.8%。对有首发症状的高危人群,联用影像学技术检查直接及间接征象,并及早手术探查,有助于胰腺癌早期诊断。Child改良式胰十二指肠切除术后并发症和手术死亡率明显降低。结论:联用影像技术、及早手术探查,早识别,早诊断,早治疗,是提高胰腺癌早期诊断改善疗效的有效措施。根治性手术切除(Child改良术式)为主的综合性治疗仍是治疗本病的主要治疗措施。