Serum brain-derived neurotrophic factor in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: Relationship to glucose metabolism and biomarkers of insulin resistance

ObjectivesThe aims of this study were to measure serum levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and to investigate the association of these BDNF levels with biomarkers of glucose metabolism and insulin resistance.Design and methodsWe studied 112 patients with T2DM and 80 age- and gender-matched control subjects.ResultsSerum BDNF levels were significantly lower in patients with T2DM compared to control subjects (15.5 ± 5.2 ng/mL vs. 20.0 ± 7.3 ng/mL, P < 0.01). In patients with T2DM, BDNF levels were significantly higher in females than in males (P < 0.01). In the female patients, BDNF was positively related to immunoreactive insulin (IRI) (ρ = 0.458, P < 0.05) and HOMA-R (ρ = 0.444, P < 0.05). Stepwise multiple regression analysis showed a significant relationship between BDNF and IRI (F = 5.294, P < 0.05) in female patients with diabetes.ConclusionsThese findings suggest that BDNF may contribute to glucose metabolism.     

Gingival crevicular fluid PGE2, IL-1beta, t-PA, PAI-2 levels in type 2 diabetes and relationship with periodontal disease

ObjectivesTo evaluate if type 2 diabetes mellitus increase gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) levels of prostaglandin E₂ (PGE₂), interleukin-1beta (IL-1ß), tissue-type plasminogen activator (t-PA), and plasminogen activator inhibitor-2 (PAI-2).Design and methodsSeventeen type 2 diabetic patients with periodontal disease (DM), 17 otherwise healthy periodontally diseased patients (PD) and 17 systemically and periodontally healthy control subjects (H) were enrolled. Clinical periodontal measurements were recorded at six sites/tooth. GCF samples were analyzed by ELISA. Data were tested by statistical tests.ResultsDM group revealed lower IL-1ß levels than PD group (p < 0.01). PGE₂, t-PA and PAI-2 levels were similar in DM and PD groups (p > 0.05). PGE₂, t-PA levels were higher in DM and PD groups than H group (p < 0.05). PAI-2 level was higher in DM group than H group (p < 0.05). GCF total amount of PGE₂ in DM group exhibited significant correlations with all clinical periodontal measurements (p < 0.05).ConclusionType 2 diabetes in this study seems not to increase GCF levels of the evaluated inflammatory mediators.     

Association between indices of body mass and antibody titers to heat-shock protein-27 in healthy subjects

ObjectivesWe have assessed the relationship between indices of adiposity and antibody titers to Hsp-27 in healthy subjects.DesignTwo-hundred and fifty subjects were studied, including 50 normal-weight subjects (body-mass-index (BMI) ?25 kg/m²), 100 overweight subjects (BMI 25 to ?30 kg/m²) (n = 100) and 100 obese subjects (BMI ≥ 30 kg/m²).ResultsAnti-Hsp27-antibody levels in obese subjects were [0.34 (0.20–0.39) absorbency unit], being significantly higher than overweight and normal-weight groups (P < 0.05). Anti-Hsp27-antibody levels in overweight subjects [0.29 (0.15–0.34) absorbency unit] were statistically higher than controls [0.18 (0.10–0.23) absorbency unit] (P < 0.05).ConclusionHigh anti-Hsp-27-antibody levels in obese-subjects without established coronary disease may be related to a heightened state of immunoactivation associated with obesity.     

Usefulness of glycated albumin as an indicator of glycemic control status in patients with hemolytic anemia

BackgroundIn patients with hemolytic anemia (HA), glycated hemoglobin (HbA_1C) presents lower values in relation to glycemia because the lifespan of erythrocytes is shortened, whereas glycated albumin (GA) is not affected. In the present study, we examined the usefulness of GA as an indicator of glycemic control status in patients with HA.MethodsWe enrolled 21 patients with HA. A total of 202 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) without complications were used as controls.ResultsWe identified a significant correlation between GA and HbA_1C in the patients with HA. However, in a comparison between the patients with HA and those with T2DM, the regression line showed a leftward shift in the former group. There was a significant positive correlation between hemoglobin (Hb) and HbA_1C in the patients with HA (R = 0.541, p = 0.025), although there was no significant correlation between Hb and GA. There was an inverse correlation between Hb levels and GA/HbA_1C ratio (R = ? 0.710, p = 0.001). The measured HbA_1C levels were lower than the HbA_1C levels estimated from mean plasma glucose levels, whereas the GA/3 levels were close to the estimated HbA_1C levels.ConclusionsGA is a useful indicator of glycemic control status in patients with HA.     

Association between serum retinol-binding protein 4 and small dense low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels in young adult women

BackgroundSerum retinol-binding protein 4 (RBP4) and small dense low-density lipoprotein (sdLDL) have been suggested to be associated with insulin resistance, but no information is available on the relationship between RBP4 and sdLDL.MethodsWe determined serum RBP4, sdLDL-cholesterol, and other metabolic variables on 38 young women, aged 19–29 years. The homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) was used for the estimation of insulin resistance.ResultsIn simple regression analyses, RBP4 levels had significant correlations with total cholesterol (r = 0.354, P = 0.029), LDL-cholesterol (r = 0.396, P = 0.014), and sdLDL-cholesterol (r = 0.510, P = 0.001) levels. The sdLDL-cholesterol levels also correlated significantly with total cholesterol (r = 0.402, P = 0.012), LDL-cholesterol (r = 0.627, P < 0.001) and triglycerides (r = 0.449, P = 0.005). Stepwise multiple regression analyses showed only sdLDL-cholesterol (β coefficient (ß) = 0.510, P = 0.001) level was a significant independent predictor of RBP4 levels (adjusted R² = 0.240), whereas RBP4 (ß = 0.289, P = 0.026) level was one of major factors affecting sdLDL-cholesterol levels (adjusted R² = 0.519). There was no significant association of HOMA-IR with RBP4 or sdLDL levels.ConclusionsWe showed an independent linkage between serum RBP4 and sdLDL-cholesterol levels in young adult women. These findings may contribute to understanding of lipoprotein metabolisms involved in diabetes and cardiovascular disease.     

Association of the TNF-α -308G/A polymorphism with family history of type 2 diabetes mellitus in a Mexican population

AimsWe examined the possible association of the ? 308G/A polymorphism of the TNF-α promoter gene in type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM2) patients and in non-diabetic subjects with and without family history of DM2.MethodsWe studied 87 non-diabetic subjects without DM2 family history in at least one of two generations, 48 non-diabetic subjects with DM2 family history and 95 DM2 patients. Genotyping was carried out by PCR-RFLP.ResultsThe frequency of TNF-α ? 308G/A genotype was significantly lower in non-diabetic subjects without DM2 relatives (6%) as compared to DM2 patients (24%) (odds ratio (OR) = 5.24; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.9–15.8, p < 0.0005), but similar to non-diabetic subjects with DM2 relatives (29%) (OR = 0.77; CI = 0.3–1.7, p = 0.4). Logistic regression analysis showed the association of TNF-α ? 308G/A polymorphism with DM2 family history (OR = 5.80; CI = 1.77–18.98, p < 0.0003).ConclusionsOur results suggest that TNF-α ? 308G/A polymorphism is associated with DM2 family history and is a risk factor for DM2.     

Delayed postprandial metabolism of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins in obese young men compared to lean young men

BackgroundObesity, especially visceral obesity, has been known to affect lipoprotein metabolism, but it is not clear whether obesity in young, apparently healthy men is associated with postprandial triglyceride-rich lipoprotein (TRL) metabolism.MethodsTen young normolipidemic, normoglycemic obese men (20.6 ± 0.5 y, BMI 27.5 ± 1.0 kg/m²) and 11 lean healthy men (22.1 ± 0.4 y, 21.2 ± 0.4 kg/m²) ingested OFTT cream (1 g/kg body weight). Fasting and postprandial blood samples were obtained for up to 6 h, and serum lipids and lipoproteins were analyzed.ResultsThe obese men with a fasting triglyceride (TG) in the normal range and not different from the fasting value of lean controls had a prolonged postprandial response, indicated by a significantly greater incremental areas under the curve in serum TG, TRL-TG, and remnant-like particle-cholesterol (RLP-C) compared with controls. Plasma glucose levels did not change during the test. Differences in serum insulin levels and homeostasis model assessment-insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) were not statistically significant between the two groups; however, trends toward higher levels were shown in obese young men.ConclusionsThe obese young men showed significantly delayed TRL metabolism compared to the lean young men after fat loading, even though the obese men were normolipidemic. These results suggest the possibility that early insulin resistance in the obese young men may have caused the decrease of lipoprotein lipase activity and induced delayed TRL metabolism. A fat loading test without carbohydrate may provide a useful tool for the detection of delayed postprandial TRL metabolism and early insulin resistance.     

血浆内脏脂肪素与2型糖尿病的相关性研究

目的 探讨血浆内脏脂肪素（visfatin）与2型糖尿病的关系。方法 2007年7月—9月选取2型糖尿病患者和正常对照组各40例。根据体重指数再分为超重肥胖组和非超重肥胖组。检测visfatin水平、空腹血糖、空腹胰岛素、血脂、血压等,计算腰臀比、体重指数、稳态模型胰岛素抵抗指数homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance,HOMA IR）及胰岛素分泌功能（HOMA β）。结果 2型糖尿病组血浆visfatin水平显著低于正常对照组（P〈0.05）。多元逐步相关分析表明,在肥胖的2型糖尿病个体中visfatin与高密度脂蛋白胆固醇、空腹血糖、体重指数呈负相关。二分类Logstic回归分析显示血浆visfatin及胰岛素抵抗指数与2型糖尿病的发生显著相关,回归方程式为Y=7.681＋2.417 ln HOMA IR-2.549 visfatin。结论 visfatin的变化可能对2型糖尿病的发生、发展具有一定作用。     

Urinary 11-dehydro thromboxane B₂ levels in type 2 diabetic patients before and during aspirin intake

BackgroundDiabetic patients commonly present an increased risk for cardiovascular events, for which aspirin is the most frequently used medication for primary prevention. Urinary 11-dehydro thromboxane (11-dhTXB₂) concentrations assess the effect of aspirin on platelets and identify patients who are at risk of cardiovascular events. The present study investigated whether or not type 2 diabetic patients who took a daily dose of 100 mg of aspirin had a significant reduction in urinary 11-dhTXB₂ concentrations and whether these results were associated with clinical and laboratory variables.MethodsEighty-one type 2 diabetic patients were enrolled in the study. Laboratory tests included the determination of lipidic profile, glycated hemoglobin, platelets count, molecular analysis for both GPIIbIIIa and COX-1 polymorphisms, and urinary 11-dhTXB₂.ResultsPatients' median value for urinary 11-dhTXB₂ before aspirin intake was 179 pg/mg of creatinine. After 15 days taking aspirin, the patients presented median of 51 pg/mg of creatinine, thus revealing a significant difference between medians (p = 0.00). A reduction of 95% in urinary 11-dhTXB₂ concentrations could only be identified in 4 patients (5%). A BMI of ≥ 26 presented a significant association with a reduction of urinary 11-dhTXB₂ concentrations (p = 0.010), as shown by the multiple logistic regression model. Other clinical and laboratory variables showed no association.ConclusionsRegardless of the mechanisms related to aspirin non-responsiveness, most patients enrolled in the present study also presented a reduced or minimal response to low-dose aspirin therapy, thereby indicating a clear variability related to aspirin effectiveness. Moreover, BMI appears to be independently associated to the reduction of urinary 11-dhTXB₂ concentrations in type 2 diabetic patients taking aspirin.     

Plasma ceruloplasmin as a biomarker for obesity: a proteomic approach

ObjectivesThis study aimed to investigate new biomarkers of obesity particularly in relation with inflammation-associated proteins using protein differential display techniques.Design and methodsComparison of protein expression in plasma between non-obese (n = 109, body mass index, BMI < 25 kg/m²) and obese (n = 32, BMI ≥ 25 kg/m²) groups was carried out using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE) analysis. ELISA was also performed for validation.ResultsAmong six differentially expressed protein spots, ceruloplasmin (Cp) and fibrinogen were over-expressed in obese group. Plasma Cp levels were significantly higher in obese group than non-obese group (34.0 ± 8.6 vs. 41.3 ± 12.7 mg/dL, p < 0.001) and positively correlated with age (r = 0.253, p < 0.005), BMI (r = 0.265, p < 0.001) and hsCRP (r = 0.385, p < 0.001). In stepwise multiple linear regression analysis, plasma Cp along with hsCRP were found predictors for obesity (adjusted β-coefficient = 0.266, p < 0.01).ConclusionElevated plasma Cp levels were significantly associated with obesity, which may be suggested to be a marker of obesity.     

Isolation and activation of human neutrophils in vitro. The importance of the anticoagulant used during blood collection

ObjectivesTo assess the effect of different anticoagulants (EDTA, citrate and heparin) on the isolation procedure of human neutrophils and in the subsequent alterations of calcium levels and respiratory burst induced by phorbol myristate acetate (PMA).Design and methodsIsolation of human neutrophils from whole blood was performed by the gradient density centrifugation method. PMA-induced neutrophil burst was measured by chemiluminescence. Intracellular calcium ([Ca²⁺]_i) was measured using Fluo-3 AM, a calcium-sensitive dye.ResultsEDTA provided the highest number of isolated neutrophils/mL of blood (1.7 × 10⁶ ± 1.5 × 10⁵) when compared with citrate (0.46 × 10⁶ ± 0.95 × 10⁵) and heparin (0.66 × 10⁶ ± 0.15 × 10⁵). EDTA originated less degree of PMA-induced activation (370 ± 30%) relatively to citrate (830 ± 98%) and heparin (827 ± 77%). [Ca²⁺]_i was lower with EDTA (122 ± 11 nM) when compared with citrate and heparin (150 ± 13 and 230 ± 30 nM).ConclusionThe anticoagulant used during blood collection interfered differently with the yield of isolated neutrophils as well as on their calcium levels and reactivity to PMA.     

HOMA-IR and non-HDL-C as predictors of high cholesteryl ester transfer protein activity in patients at risk for type 2 diabetes

Background and aimsMetabolic syndrome (MS) and type 2 diabetes are highly associated with an abnormal lipoprotein profile, which may be generated and accentuated by high cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) activity. Given the difficulty in measuring CETP activity, the aim was to identify simple biochemical predictors of high CETP activity.Design and methodsEighty five subjects at risk for type 2 diabetes were classified according to the presence of MS. Lipoprotein profile, HOMA-IR and endogenous CETP activity were evaluated.ResultsAs expected, MS patients presented higher concentration of glucose, insulin, triglycerides and non-HDL-C and lower HDL-C levels. Moreover, MS patients exhibited increased HOMA-IR and CETP activity. Employing a ROC curve for MS, high CETP activity was defined as > 250% ml^? 1 h^? 1. The predictive variables of high CETP were non-HDL-C ≥ 160 mg/dl (OR = 11.1;95%IC = 3.3–38.2;p < 0.001) and HOMA-IR > 2.1 (OR = 4.4;95%IC = 1.3–14.8;p < 0.05).ConclusionsHigh non-HDL-C and insulin resistance were predictors for increased CETP activity which measurement is not accessible for clinical laboratories.     

Are preservatives necessary in 24-hour urine measurements?

Background24-h urine measurements are used in the routine diagnosis and follow-up of many diseases in the clinical laboratory. Calcium (Ca²⁺), magnesium (Mg²⁺), phosphate (PO₄^3?) and uric acid are frequently requested markers in 24-h urine samples. Because of the different solubilities of these parameters, different urine collection conditions – urine in base for uric acid and urine in acid for Ca²⁺, PO₄^3? and Mg²⁺ measurements – are recommended.MethodsWe aimed to test the effect of addition of preservatives and heating of the urine specimen on the results obtained for Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, PO₄^3? and uric acid by comparison with untreated samples results. Spot (n = 20) and 24-h urine (n = 50) samples were obtained from patients for routine urine analysis. A single spot urine sample was divided into five aliquots of 10 mL each: one containing 200 µL of HCl (6 N), another containing 200 µL of sodium bicarbonate, NaHCO₃ (5 g/L), two others in which the same preservative agents were added 24 h after the collection, and one without any preservative (untreated). Ca²⁺, PO₄^3?, uric acid and Mg²⁺ were measured in triplicate and at three different time points during the study: at the time of sampling (0 h), 24 h after sampling, and after heating the samples. The 24-h urine samples were collected without preservatives and analytes were measured promptly before and after acidification/alkalinization.ResultsThere was no statistically significant difference between untreated and treated samples (p > 0.05). Heating also failed to show any difference in the results (p > 0.05).ConclusionAccording to our results, addition of preservatives is not necessary for measurement of Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, PO₄^3? and uric acid in promptly assayed 24-h urine samples.     

Potential role of GABAA receptor subunit; GABRA6, GABRB2 and GABRR2 gene polymorphisms in epilepsy susceptibility and pharmacotherapy in North Indian population

BackgroundGABA_A receptors influence the susceptibility to seizures, and variations in the receptor genes can contribute to antiepileptic drug resistance also.MethodsWe investigated the possible associations of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) present in GABRA6 c. 1512 T>C, GABRB2 c. 1412 C>T, and GABRR2 c. IVS2C>G genes of GABA_A receptors in epilepsy susceptibility and drug resistance in northern Indian patients with epilepsy. After screening a total of 202 healthy controls and 401 epilepsy patients were enrolled in study. The genotyping was done by PCR-RFLP methods.ResultsThe GABRA6 c. 1512 T>C, polymorphism was conferring risk for epilepsy susceptibility for TC (P = 0.018), CC (P = 0.0001) genotype and for C allele (P = 0.0002). Another polymorphism GABRB2 c. 1412 C>T was also conferring high risk for epilepsy susceptibility CT (P = 0.012), TT (P = 0.778) genotype and for variant T allele (P = 0.034) but was not associated with drug resistance. No association was found with epilepsy susceptibility or with drug resistance in case of GABRR2 c. IVS2C>G gene polymorphism.ConclusionOverall, our findings suggest significant involvement of alpha (GABRA6) and beta (GABRB2) subunits of GABA_A receptor in epilepsy susceptibility in north Indian population.     

Serum 1,5-anhydroglucitol levels in patients with fulminant type 1 diabetes are lower than those in patients with type 2 diabetes

ObjectivesWe investigated clinical relevance of serum 1,5-anhydroglucitol (1,5-AG) levels in fulminant type 1 diabetes mellitus (FT1DM) patients, because 1,5-AG is known to reflect short term glycemic control.Design and methodsSubjects comprised 7 patients with FT1DM and 32 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) with HbA1c < 8.5%. All of them have never been treated for diabetes.ResultsHbA_1C showed no significant difference between both groups. On the other hand, serum 1,5-AG levels were significantly lower in the FT1DM patients than in the T2DM patients. Serum 1,5-AG levels were < 5.0 μg/ml in 6 of 7 (86%) FT1DM patients, compared with only 1 of 32 (3%) T2DM patients.ConclusionsSerum 1,5-AG levels were lower in the FT1DM patients than in the T2DM patients. Serum 1,5-AG, but not HbA_1C, reflects short-term exacerbation of glycemia in patients with FT1DM.     

Plasma concentrations but not serum concentrations of brain-derived neurotrophic factor are related to pro-inflammatory cytokines in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

ObjectivesTo investigate peripheral brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) concentrations in the perioperative period, their relationship with transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1 tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and IL-6 genetics.Design and methodsProspective, observational study. BDNF, TGF-β1, IL-6 and TNF-α were analysed at baseline (T0), 5 h (T1), 24 h (T2) and 5 days (T3) after surgery, in 21 patients. The IL-6 ? 174 G/C polymorphism was genotyped.ResultsSerum BDNF concentrations decreased (P = 0.048), correlated with TGF-β1 (r = 0.610 at T1, r = 0.493 at T2, r = 0.554 at T3). Plasma BDNF concentrations raised (P = 0.049), correlated with IL-6 and TNF-α at T1 (r = 0.495 and r = 0.441, respectively). BDNF response was predictable from TNF-α and IL-6 concentrations and the IL-6 ? 174 G/C genotype.ConclusionSerum and plasma BDNF concentrations could relate to platelet activation and inflammatory response, respectively. IL-6 genetics played a role in the BDNF acute response.     

HDL-C concentration is related to markers of absorption and of cholesterol synthesis: Study in subjects with low vs. high HDL-C

BackgroundThe antiatherogenic functions of high density lipoprotein (HDL-C) include its role in reverse cholesterol transport, but to what extent the concentration of HDL-C interferes with the whole-body cholesterol metabolism is unknown. Therefore, we measured markers of body cholesterol synthesis (desmosterol and lathosterol) and of intestinal cholesterol absorption (campesterol and β-sitosterol) in healthy subjects that differ according to their plasma HDL-C concentrations.MethodsHealthy participants presented either low HDL-C (< 40 mg/dl, n = 33, 17 male and 16 female) or high HDL-C (> 60 mg/dl, n = 33, 17 male and 16 female), BMI < 30 kg/m², were paired according to age and gender, without secondary factors that might interfere with their plasma lipid concentrations. Plasma concentrations of non-cholesterol sterols were measured by the combined GC–MS analysis.ResultsPlasma desmosterol did not differ between the two groups; however, as compared with the high HDL-C participants, the low HDL-C participants presented higher concentration of lathosterol and lower concentration of the intestinal cholesterol absorption markers campesterol and β-sitosterol.ConclusionPlasma concentrations of HDL, and not the activities of LCAT and CETP that regulate the reverse cholesterol transport system, correlate with plasma sterol markers of intestinal cholesterol absorption directly, and of cholesterol synthesis reciprocally.     

The alarm secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor increases with progressive metabolic dysfunction

BackgroundSecretory leukocyte protease inhibitor (SLPI) is an alarm antiprotease secreted by neutrophils and mucous membranes that potently inhibits the inflammatory cascade; however, the role of SLPI in human disease remains largely unknown. We hypothesized that SLPI is related to chronic low-grade inflammatory diseases, such as metabolic syndrome (MS) or type-2 diabetes (T2DM).MethodsWe examined associations between circulating SLPI (ELISA) and quantitative traits of MS (ATPIII criteria) in 261 Caucasian men with various degrees of metabolic dysfunction. Subjects had neither MS nor T2DM (n = 140), either diagnosis (n = 44) or both diagnoses (n = 77).ResultsCirculating SLPI increased with progressive metabolic dysfunction, with a mean increase of 4.4 ng/ml (95% IC 2.4 to 6.3 ng/ml; p < 0.001) for each unit increase in the criteria used to define MS. Circulating SLPI showed independent associations with uric acid [β = 5.1 (95% CI 3.4 to 6.7), p < 0.00001], serum lipids, pulse pressure and inflammatory markers.ConclusionsCirculating SLPI increases with progressive metabolic dysfunction and is related to metabolic and inflammatory parameters in men.     

Advantages of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) clearance model over simple PSA half-life computation to describe PSA decrease after prostate adenomectomy

ObjectivesA population kinetic approach based on PSA clearance (CL_PSA) may be a more rational strategy to characterize prostate-specific antigen (PSA) decrease profile after prostate surgery than the commonly used method (half-life from mono/bi-exponential models).MethodsWe used 182 post-adenomectomy PSA concentrations from 56 benign prostatic hyperplasia patients to build, with NONMEM software, a multi-exponential and a CL_PSA model for comparison.ResultsThe best multi-exponential model was PSA(t) = 4.96e^? 0.269t + 3.10e^? 0.16t + 0.746e^+ 0.0002t with a stable median residual PSA at 0.64 ng/mL. The best model parametrized with clearance was CL_PSA = 0.0229 ^? (AGE/69)^3.78. Akaike information criteria and standard errors favored the CL_PSA model. Median peripheral zone and transitional zone productions were 0.034 ng/mL/cm³ and 0.136 ng/mL/g. A threshold at 2 ng/mL on day 90 allowed for a diagnostic of biochemical relapse diagnostic.ConclusionsThe population CL_PSA model was superior to the multi-exponential approach for investigating individual post-adenomectomy PSA decreases.     

Oxidative stress is independently associated with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in subjects with and without type 2 diabetes

ObjectiveOur work is aimed at exploring the interrelationship of oxidative stress and insulin resistance in NAFLD subjects with and without type 2 diabetes in a population-based study.MethodsSubjects [n = 200] were recruited from the Chennai Urban Rural Epidemiology Study. 1: Normal glucose tolerance (NGT) subjects without NAFLD; 2: NGT with NAFLD; 3: type 2 diabetic subjects [T2DM] without NAFLD and 4: T2DM with NAFLD. Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), protein carbonyl (PCC) and glutathione levels were measured by standard methods. Ultrasound of the liver was used to diagnose NAFLD.ResultsTBARS and PCC levels were significantly elevated and GSH/GSSG ratio was significantly decreased in diabetic subjects with NAFLD compared to all other groups (p trend < 0.001). Oxidative stress markers significantly associated with NAFLD even after adjusting for age, gender, BMI and glycemic status.ConclusionsIncreased oxidative stress is independently associated with NAFLD in Asian Indians without and with T2DM.