ESWL治疗重复肾Y型输尿管畸形合并结石2例分析

笔者采用ESWL治疗重复肾Y型输尿管畸形合并结石2例分析如下。 1病历摘要 例1：男，32岁。因左腰部阵发性疼痛2d就诊。体检：左。肾区叩击痛（＋），沿左输尿管走行压痛（＋），血常规WBC13．6×10^9／L，尿常规隐血（＋＋）。超声检查：左侧肾盂扩张，显示为2个不相通的不规则液性暗区，上部为4．2cm×2．3cm，下部为4．5cm×2．6cm，分别各有一条输尿管结构从暗区内引出，内径分别为0．8cm、1．2cm，     

实时三维超声诊断膀胱癌1例

患者男,59岁,无痛性肉眼血尿1个月。超声体检于膀胱右下壁靠近右侧输尿管口处探及一低回声,大小约2．1cm×1．3cm。对该区域进行三维重建,显示右侧输尿管开口内下方可见一隆起样病变（图1）,形态不规则,表面不光滑,呈“菜花样’凹凸不平,与膀胱壁以宽基底相连（图2）,     

腹腔镜与输尿管镜双镜联合保肾手术治疗双侧输尿管癌1例报告

65岁老年患者，肉眼血尿1月余，当地医院输尿管镜检，术中见左侧输尿管口一0.5cm菜花样新生物，取活检。右侧距输尿管口7cm见菜花样新生物，取活检。CTU:右侧输尿管下段占位伴肾积水，右侧输尿管下段小结石。病理：双侧输尿管低级别乳头状尿路上皮癌。于我院行输尿管镜检辅助定位下腹腔镜下左侧输尿管下段肿瘤切除膀胱再植术+右侧输尿管膀胱肌瓣成形术。术后病理：（左侧输尿管）低级别非浸润性尿路上皮癌，部分呈乳头状，部分上皮脱落，两端切缘（-），（右侧输尿管）高级别乳头状尿路上皮癌，局部微浸润，浸润粘膜固有层，两端切缘（-）。     

超声诊断小儿左肾重复肾合并上部肾盂积水及上部输尿管扩张1例

1病历要 女，2岁。体检：一般状态好，患儿无明显症状，左侧腹部可见一肿块，来院确诊，行超声检查：显示左肾明显增大，形态失常，肾窦断裂，可见分及上下两部分，上部系统重度分离约7.8cm，呈圆形无回声区，实质变薄（图1），下部系统未见分离，左肾内侧可探及上、下两输尿起始部分，与左肾上下集合系统相连，上侧输尿管（LVR-2）明显扩张，最宽约4cm，输尿管末端呈“鼠尾征”，右肾未见异常。超声诊断：左肾重复肾合并上部肾盂重度积水及上部输尿管扩张（考虑上部输尿管末端狭窄）后经手术证实：左肾重复肾合并。肾盂积水及输尿管末端狭窄，输尿管末端开口膀胱内位置异常。     

超声诊断先天性输尿管末端囊状扩张伴结石1例

患，男，25岁。右侧腰部不适伴血尿数年，加重半月。查体：一般状况好．右肾区叩击痛。尿常规检查：红细胞20-30个／克．超声检查：右肾盂中度积水，厚2．9cm，呈“调色板”状(图1)。右输尿管全程扩张，最宽处1．2cm，膀胱充盈好，壁光滑；膀胱内相当于右输尿管口处见圆形的囊状肿物，大小随     

超声诊断双侧输尿管末端囊肿1例

病例 女，28岁。因腰酸痛10天就诊。超声检查：双肾大小形态正常，双侧输尿管中上段未见明显扩张。膀胱充盈好，在膀胱三角区左、右输尿管末端膀胱开口处，可见两个向膀胱腔内突起的囊性暗区，囊壁薄，呈环状结构（图1），大小分别约：左侧1．3cm×0．9cm，右侧1．5cm×1．0cm。彩色多普勒：在输尿管喷尿时，可见囊性暗区扩大并见线状回声从囊内喷入膀胱。超声诊断：双侧输尿管末端囊肿。在连续硬膜外麻醉下行TUR证实。     

超声诊断腔静脉后输尿管1例

患者,女,72岁,因"右侧腰痛1年"入院.患者1年前无明显诱因出现腰部胀痛,无尿频、尿急、尿痛,无肉眼血尿,否认肝炎、结核病史.入院超声显示:双肾大小正常,轮廓清晰,皮髓质境界尚清.右肾集合系统轻度分离约1.0 cm,上段输尿管明显扩张,内径约1.6 cm,走行纡曲,向内下方移行,在与下腔静脉相交水平处突然变窄中断,其下段显示不清.左肾集合系统未见分离,左侧输尿管未见扩张.超声提示:①右侧肾盂积液;②右侧输尿管上段明显扩张(与下腔静脉关系密切,腔静脉后输尿管可能).     

经阴道超声诊断输尿管下段结石1例

患者女,已婚,36岁,突发腰部剧烈疼痛12h,呕吐,肉眼血尿。体格检查：患者脸色苍白,体温37．8℃,有侧腰部叩击痛。经腹超声检金：左肾形态、大小正常．皮髓质分界清楚,集合部集中,窦内未见异常回声。右肾形态大小正常,皮髓质分界清楚,集合部分离约1．5cm,窦内未虬明显异常回声。右侧输尿管上段内径0．8cm,输尿管显示段内未见异常回声;输尿管下段显示不清;左侧输尿管不扩张。超声提示：有侧输尿管上段轻度扩张;右肾轻度积水,考虑为右侧输尿管结石（图1）。     

超声诊断胎儿输尿管囊肿1例

孕妇，29岁。孕1产0，孕04周，常规产前超声检查见胎儿头位，双顶径8．5cn．股骨长6．6cm．脊柱排列整齐．胎心搏动规律，胎儿双肾盂扩张．左肾盂内径1．7cm．右肾盂内径1．4cm．双删输尿管中上段扩张，胎儿膀胱内可见一圆形无回声区壁纤薄．并可见一狭小出口膀胱相通。超声诊断：单活胎，胎儿泌尿系畸形（输尿管囊肿合并双侧肾盂积水）．见图1。引产后尸检证实左侧输尿管囊肿．     

输尿管息肉的超声表现1例

患者男,20岁。因腹胀、腹部绞痛来我院就诊。查体:急性痛苦面容,右下腹压痛,无反跳痛,右肾区叩击痛。肉眼可见血尿,血尿后腹痛加重。临床拟诊:右输尿管结石。建议行泌尿系超声检查。超声所见:右肾集合系统光点分离约2.6cm,右侧输尿管上段扩张,内可探及范围约3.2cm×1.4cm的较强     

儿童遗传性心律失常的诊治进展

回顾在遗传性心律失常领域最新发表的相关研究,主要关注与儿童心源性猝死关系密切的离子通道病,包括长QT综合征（LQTS）、短QT综合征（SQTS）、Brugada综合征（BrS）和儿茶酚胺敏感性多形性室性心动过速（CPVT）,总结它们在发病机制及诊治方面的进展。     

The acoustic characteristics of the skull

Many investigators have stated that the difficulties of imaging with acoustical energy through the skull result from the marked attenuation of the energy by the skull. In the literature measurements of total attenuation have been confused with those for absorption.Measurements made by us show that absorption by compact bone varies between 2–3 dB cm^?1 MHz^?1 and, in the low megaHertz region appears to be directly proportional to frequency.It has also between shown that the convoluted inner surface of the ivory bone of the inner table of the skull may degrade the collimation and directionality of the beam by refraction.Cancellous bone, such as is present in the dipole of the skull, greatly attenuates the energy. It is postulated that this largely results from scattering. It is also postulated that the energy propagates through cancellous bone as two components, one in the soft tissues and the other partly in the bony spicules. Observations suggest that attenuation due to scattering much more markedly affects the latter of these components and scatters more greatly the higher frequencies in a pulse of broad bandwidth.The energy in each component has varying propagation paths so that the later cycles in the pulse of each component are subject to increasing interference as a result of the variations in propagation times. The two components moreover may have different propagation times so that interference may occur between the pulses of each component as well.All of these phenomena degrade the collimation, coherence, directionality, beam width, pulse length, frequency and other properties of the ultrasonic energy upon which imaging through the skull depends.The interference effects described above are least for the first cycle in the pulse which usually is not the cycle of highest amplitude. Since, in the free field, most of the energy is concentrated around the beam axis, most of the energy in the field which is deflected from its normal propagation path is deflected away from the beam axis. Thus the directionality of the beam is least degraded in the beam axis. The effects of the skull in degrading the properties of the ultrasonic pulse would therefore be lessened if the amplitude of the first cycle of the pulse and the directionality of its energy could be used for imaging.     

Organ Preservation: Current Concepts and New Strategies for the Next Decade

SUMMARY: Organ transplantation has developed over the past 50 years to reach the sophisticated and integrated clinical service of today through several advances in science. One of the most important of these has been the ability to apply organ preservation protocols to deliver donor organs of high quality, via a network of organ exchange to match the most suitable recipient patient to the best available organ, capable of rapid resumption of life-sustaining function in the recipient patient. This has only been possible by amassing a good understanding of the potential effects of hypoxic injury on donated organs, and how to prevent these by applying organ preservation. This review sets out the history of organ preservation, how applications of hypothermia have become central to the process, and what the current status is for the range of solid organs commonly transplanted. The science of organ preservation is constantly being updated with new knowledge and ideas, and the review also discusses what innovations are coming close to clinical reality to meet the growing demands for high quality organs in transplantation over the next few years.     

2017年呼吸疾病主要进展

2017年,国内外学者在呼吸系统疾病的临床和基础领域均进行了深入研究,不仅对相关指南进行了更新,并且针对一些临床热点、难点问题达成专家共识,现就2017年呼吸疾病相关进展作一简单介绍。     

家族性噬血细胞性淋巴组织细胞增生症1例并文献复习

目的加强对家族性噬血细胞性淋巴组织细胞增生症（familially hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis,FHL）的认识。方法报道确诊为FHL的新病例1例,结合国内外报道的FHL的病例,对该病的临床特点进行汇总分析。结果FHL2常与PRF1基因突变相关,约20%~40%的患者存在穿孔素基因突变。结论对于有阳性家族史,基因诊断明确,应尽早行化疗或者造血干细胞移植。若无家族史,未发现与继发性HLH相关的原发病因,可考虑行基因筛查以明确是否存在FHL的可能。     

COVID‐19 and COVID‐19 vaccine‐related dermatological reactions: An interesting case series with a narrative review of the potential critical and non‐critical mucocutaneous adverse effects related to virus,therapy, and the vaccination

This narrative review article was conducted to lay out a summarized but exhaustive review of current literature over mucocutaneous manifestations in 4 dimensions of SARS‐CoV‐2 pandemic: virus itself, treatment‐related, vaccine‐induced, and alteration of chronic dermatologic diseases following infection. Virus and vaccine‐related were mainly self‐limited and non‐severe. Treatment‐related reactions could be life‐threatening.     

Burkitt's lymphoma of maxillary gingiva: A case report

Burkitt's lymphoma(BL) is an aggressive form of nonHodgkin's B-cell lymphoma with three variants namely endemic, sporadic, and immunodeficiency-associated types. It is endemic in Africa and sporadic in other parts of the world. While the endemic form is widely reported to occur in early childhood and commonly involves the jaw bones, the sporadic form typically presents as an abdominal mass. This presentation reports a rare case of sporadic form of BL clinically manifesting as a generalized gingival enlargement in an immunocompetent adult male which demonstrated an aggressive behavior. The patient reported with a prominent anterior gingival swelling of 6 mo duration which slowly enlarged in size and associated with multiple lymph node involvement. Microscopic examination of the lesion using H, E and immunohistochemical diagnosis confirmed the diagnosis as BL. The patient succumbed to the disease before any therapy could be instituted. Since a wide array of causes can be attributed to gingival enlargements, it is necessary to consider malignancies as one of the important differential diagnosis so as to facilitate the need for appropriate diagnosis and prompt treatment.     

Real‐life effectiveness of biological therapies on symptoms in severe asthma with comorbid CRSwNP

BackgroundWe aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of different antibody therapies on nasal polyp symptoms in patients treated for severe asthma.MethodsWe performed a retrospective analysis of patients with severe asthma and comorbid CRSwNP who were treated with anti‐IgE, anti‐IL‐5/R or anti‐IL‐4R. CRSwNP symptom burden was evaluated before and after 6 months of therapy.ResultsFifty patients were included hereof treated with anti‐IgE: 9, anti‐IL‐5/R: 26 and anti‐IL‐4R: 15 patients. At baseline median SNOT‐20 was similar among groups (anti‐IgE: 55, anti‐IL‐5/R: 52 and anti‐IL‐4R: 56, p = 0.76), median visual analogue scale (VAS) for nasal symptoms was 4, 7 and 8 (p = 0.14) and VAS for total symptoms was higher in the anti‐IL‐4R group (4, 5 and 8, p = 0.002). After 6 months SNOT‐20 improved significantly in all patient groups with median improvement of anti‐IgE: −8 (p < 0.01), anti‐IL‐5/R: −13 (p < 0.001) and anti‐IL‐4R: −18 (p < 0.001), with larger improvement in the anti‐IL‐4R group than in anti‐IgE (p < 0.001) and anti‐IL‐5/R (p < 0.001) groups. VAS nasal symptoms improved by median anti‐IgE: 0 (n.s.), anti‐IL‐5/R: −1 (p < 0.01) and anti‐IL‐4R: −3 (p < 0.001), VAS total symptoms by anti‐IgE: −1 (n.s.), anti‐IL‐5/R: −2 (p < 0.001) and anti‐IL‐4R: −2 (p < 0.001).ConclusionsTreatment by all antibodies showed effectiveness in reducing symptoms of CRSwNP in patients with severe asthma, with the largest reduction observed in anti‐IL‐4R‐treated patients.     

动态心电图临床操作标准化方法

动态心电图,又称Holter或Holter检查,是一种评价各种心脏病患者心电图异常的简便、高效、准确、安全的无创检查,广泛用于心律失常的相关症状评价,心肌缺血的诊断,心脏病患者的预后和日常生活能力评估,药物疗效评价,起搏器等埋藏式心脏电治疗装置监测等领域。目前动态心电图已广泛用于于临床各级医疗机构,为了更好地发挥其作用,有必要对该项技术进行规范化培训。本文参考相关指南、共识及专家建议,结合作者经验,撰写动态心电图临床操作标准化方法供临床使用时参考。