吸烟诱导慢性阻塞性肺疾病急性加重期血清锁链素水平变化及其与肺功能的相关性研究

目的 探讨吸烟对血清中锁链素(desmosine,DES)表达水平的影响及其与慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)的关系.方法 将COPD急性加重患者分为不吸烟COPD组、吸烟COPD组,同时选择吸烟健康组和不吸烟健康组.收集静脉血,ELISA方法测定血清中的锁链素浓度,对锁链素与吸烟指数、肺通气功能指标FEV1％pred进行直线相关分析.结果 1.吸烟COPD组血清锁链素水平(0.38±0.17) ng/ml高于不吸烟COPD组(0.29±0.08) ng/ml、吸烟健康组(0.21±0.16) ng/ml、不吸烟健康组(0.15±0.07)ng/ml,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).2.血清锁链素水平与吸烟指数呈正相关(r=0.412,P＜0.05),与FEV 1％pred呈负相关(r=-0.348,P＜0.05).结论 吸烟COPD患者、不吸烟COPD患者均有使锁链素水平升高的趋势,在吸烟COPD患者中升高更明显.吸烟COPD患者血清锁链素水平与肺功能FEV1％pred下降相关.     

Effect of smoking on cadmium and lead concentrations in human amniotic fluid

The amniotic fluids of 155 pregnant women, non-smokers (n = 128) and smokers (n = 27), were investigated on their cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) concentrations. The mean +/- s range of Cd in the amniotic fluid of non-smokers amounted to 2.58 +/- 1.36 ng/l, that of smokers to 7.29 +/- 2.39 micrograms/l. Moreover, there was a correlation between the extent of daily cigarette consumption and Cd levels. With Pb, higher concentrations were found ranging between 23.98 +/- 9.41 ng/l for non-smokers and 21.53 +/- 7.16 micrograms/l for smokers. No correlations were seen between age, week of pregnancy, blood pressure, disorders of pregnancy and the amniotic Cd or Pb concentrations. Thus, the maternal and fetal risks of the higher Cd levels in the amniotic fluid of smoking women remain unanswered.     

Clinical correlation between the consumption of nicotine and cotinine concentrations in urine and serum by competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay

Different negative effects of smoking are known (e.g. postoperative complications), which lead, especially in plastic surgery, to unsatisfactory results. The aim of this study was to examine the appropriateness of a cotinine enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for routine usage in operative disciplines. By correlation of smoking habits and concentration of cotinine in serum and urine, we tried to ascertain reference values for smokers, passive smokers and non-smokers. The reliability and sensitivity of the cotinine ELISA concerning nicotine exposure need to be proven. 165 (108 men, 57 women) test persons were examined by detecting cotinine in serum and urine by ELISA. The study shows a very good sensitivity, precision and reproducibility of the cotinine ELISA according to the laboratory criteria. The test shows significance of a good differentiation between smokers, passive smokers and non-smokers in urine. In serum, cotinines are excellent to differentiate between smokers and non-smokers/passive smokers. Urine and serum tests demonstrate valid and comparable results.     

Sex differences in effects of cigarette smoking and 24-hr abstinence on plasma arginine vasopressin

The present study examined plasma arginine vasopressin (AVP) levels in 18 smokers (10 men, 8 women) and in 22 non-smokers (12 men, 10 women). Non-smokers came to the laboratory once, whereas smokers came twice: while smoking freely and following 24-hr abstinence. Plasma was collected for AVP assessment; salivary cotinine and expired carbon monoxide levels confirmed smoking status. Among non-smokers, men had higher AVP levels than did women (p<0.05). Among smokers, however, women displayed higher AVP levels than did men both while smoking and following abstinence (p's<0.05). Among men, smoking resulted in lower AVP levels compared to non-smoking men. In contrast, women who smoked displayed higher AVP levels compared to their non-smoking counterparts. AVP levels were not affected by 24-hr abstinence among smokers, regardless of sex, which suggests that dysregulation in AVP levels in tobacco smokers continues even following 24-hr abstinence. Findings are consistent with previous reports of elevated Th1/Th2 immune function among female smokers compared to male smokers and to male and female non-smokers. Data suggest sex-dependent AVP changes during smoking that could contribute to negative impact of smoking on cardiovascular health.     

The relationships between blood lead levels and serum follicle stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999-2002

The relationships between blood lead levels and serum follicle stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone were assessed in a nationally representative sample of women, 35-60 years old, from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999-2002. The blood lead levels of the women ranged from 0.2 to 17.0 μg/dL. The estimated geometric mean was 1.4 μg/dL, and the estimated arithmetic mean was 1.6 μg/dL. As the blood lead level increased, the concentration of serum follicle stimulating hormone increased in post-menopausal women, women who had both ovaries removed, and pre-menopausal women. The concentration of luteinizing hormone increased as blood lead level increased in post-menopausal women and women who had both ovaries removed. The lowest concentrations of blood lead at which a relationship was detected were 0.9 μg/dL for follicle stimulating hormone and 3.2 μg/dL for luteinizing hormone. Lead may act directly or indirectly at ovarian and non-ovarian sites to increase the concentrations of follicle stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone.     

单纯性肥胖女性绝经前后血管内皮功能和胰岛素抵抗的变化

目的探讨单纯性肥胖女性绝经前后血管内皮功能和胰岛素抵抗的变化及其影响因素。方法单纯性肥胖女性197例分为绝经前组113例和绝经后组84例，测定两组血管内皮依赖性舒张功能（血流介导）和内皮非依赖性舒张功能（硝酸甘油介导），并测定体脂、血压、血糖、血脂和胰岛素抵抗指数（HOMA-IR）等指标进行对比分析。结果绝经后内皮依赖性舒张功能降低较绝经前更明显[分别为（5．7±5．2）％和（7．8±5、7）％，P〈0．05]，并且与腰臀比和血浆内皮素（ET-1）呈显著正相关（分别为r=0．325和r=0．228，均P〈0．05），与血清NO显著负相关（r=-0．263，P〈0．05）。2组HOMA-IR无统计学意义。结论绝经后肥胖女性血管内皮功能较绝经前显著降低；绝经前后胰岛素抵抗无变化。     

Clozapine serum concentrations are lower in smoking than in non-smoking schizophrenic patients

Serum concentrations of clozapine and its main metabolite demethylclozapine were measured in 44 schizophrenic inpatients, of whom ten were non-smokers and 34 smokers. When comparing their clozapine dose and body weight-related serum drug levels, we found that clozapine and demethylclozapine concentrations were about 40% lower in the smoking than in the non-smoking group, probably due to an inducing effect of smoking on the cytochrome P450 (CYP) 1A2, which is involved in the metabolism of clozapine. We conclude that dosage adjustment may be necessary in clozapine-treated smokers.     

Effects of smoking on diurnal variations of subjective activation and mood

This study assessed the influence of smoking on diurnal variations in subjective activation and mood, with no restrictions placed on subjects' usual smoking habits after the first cigarette of the day. Forty-two students (21 smokers and 21 non-smokers) responded to questions on unipolar visual analogue scales every hour from 08:00 to 21:00 hours. At 08:00 h, the smokers were in a situation of nicotine deprivation. Each visual analogue scale was analyzed independently to determine whether they differ in sensitivity to time of day. We confirmed that subjective activation and mood improved after subjects smoked their first morning cigarette, with vigour, sleepiness and sadness being the most sensitive scales. Smokers' diurnal functions on negative scales of activation varied within a wider range than did non-smokers' and optimal moments were delayed 3 h as a result of worse morning ratings and greater post-lunch interference. The only mood scale sensitive to smoking was happiness, with smokers having a lower mean score than non-smokers, and a delay of 6 h in peak ratings. These results support reports of differences in the circadian rhythmicity of smokers and non-smokers, even when the former smoke at will. Smokers' presentation of suboptimal levels of activation and mood at critical diurnal periods is consistent with models of deprivation-reversal and acute nicotine depletion over the course of the day. Copyright 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

部队离退休老干部血脂水平调查及其与吸烟的关系分析

目的 调查某部干休所老干部血脂水平并分析其与吸烟的关系.方法 140名老年人根据年龄分为A组47名(65～69岁)、B组49名(70 ～79岁)及C组44名(80 ～89岁)3组,比较其血液中胆固醇(TC)、三酰甘油(TG)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)的水平.根据是否吸烟,分为E组(吸烟组)及F组(不吸烟组)两组,比较TC、TG、LDL-C、HDL-C的水平及两组2型糖尿病的患病率.结果 该干休所老年人高脂血症发生率为38.33％;各年龄段血脂水平未见明显差异;吸烟组与不吸烟组相比,TG[(1.64±0.48) mmol/L与(1.53 +0.66) mmol/L,P ＜0.05]、TC[(5.31±1.27) mmol/L与(5.15±0.79) mmol/L,P＜0.05]、LDL-C[ (3.86±0.88) mmol/L与(3.14±1.10) mmol/L,P＜0.05]较高,HDL-C[( 1.47±0.410) mmol/L与(1.63±0.55) mmoL/L,P＜0.05]较低.2型糖尿病的发病率两组比较差异显著(10.87％与5.32％,P＜0.05).结论 吸烟的老年人脂类代谢紊乱严重,吸烟可使老年人血中脂质和脂蛋白向不利于健康方向变化,吸烟组的老年人患动脉粥样硬化性心血管病和2型糖尿病的风险高.     

WHOLE BLOOD AGGREGATION AND PLASMA LYSO-PAF RELATED TO SMOKING AND ATHEROSCLEROSIS

1. Aggregation of diluted whole blood (impedance method) and thromboxane B2 production during aggregation were measured in cigarette smokers and non-smokers, aged 41-68 years, with (n = 14) and without (n = 15) major symptomatic peripheral vascular disease. The plasma level of the lyso derivative of platelet activating factor (lyso-PAF) was also measured using a bioassay with 14C-serotonin labelled rabbit platelets, after extraction and acetylation to active PAF. 2. Aggregation to ADP and collagen was significantly less in non-smokers without vascular disease (n = 8) than in the other three groups (P less than 0.01; ANOVA). Thromboxane B2 production was not significantly different between the groups. There was no significant difference in plasma lyso-PAF between groups. No change was found in any variable after smokers smoked two cigarettes. 3. In these older age subjects, both vascular disease and the smoking habit were associated with greater whole blood aggregation. However, current smoking and the smoking of two cigarettes did not affect aggregation in subjects with vascular disease and plasma lyso-PAF levels were not consistently related to either smoking or vascular disease.     

Effects of cigarette smoking and exposure to cadmium and lead on phenotypic variability of hepatic CYP2A6 and renal function biomarkers in men

Effects of cigarette smoking and exposure to dietary cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) on urinary biomarkers of renal function and phenotypic variability of cytochrome P450 2A6 (CYP2A6) were investigated in a group of 96 healthy Thai men with mean age of 36.7 year (19-57 years). In non-smokers, Cd burden increased with age (r = 0.47, P < 0.001). In current smokers, Cd burden increased with both age (r = 0.45, P = 0.01) and number of cigarettes smoked per day (r = 0.32, P = 0.05). Cd-linked renal tubular dysfunction was seen in both smokers and non-smokers, but Pb-linked glomerular dysfunction was seen in smokers only, possibly due to more recent exposure to high levels of Cd and Pb, as reflected by 30-50% higher serum Cd and Pb levels in smokers than non-smokers (P < 0.05). Exposure to dietary Cd and Pb appeared to be associated with mild tubular dysfunction whereas dietary exposure plus cigarette smoking was associated with tubular plus glomerular dysfunction. Hepatic CYP2A6 activity in non-smokers showed a positive association with Cd burden (adjusted beta = 0.38, P = 0.006), but it showed an inverse correlation with Pb (adjusted beta = -0.29, P = 0.003), suggesting opposing effects of Cd and Pb on hepatic CYP2A6 phenotype. In contrast, CYP2A6 activity in current smokers did not correlate with Cd or Pb, but it showed a positive correlation with serum ferritin levels (r = 0.45, P = 0.01). These finding suggest that Pb concentrations in the liver probably were too low to inhibit hepatic synthesis of heme and CYP2A6 and that the concurrent induction of hepatic CYP2A6 and ferritin was probably due to cigarette smoke constituents other than Cd and Pb.     

Correlation between self-reported smoking status and serum cotinine during pregnancy

Maternal smoking is associated with adverse perinatal outcomes. Because of concerns of underreporting, investigators routinely perform biochemical testing to confirm smoking status, such as serum cotinine, a major metabolite of nicotine, adding an increased cost to examine compliance. The objectives of this study were to determine the sensitivity and specificity of self-reported smoking with serum cotinine as the gold standard and to determine the correlation between self-reported smoking in cigarettes per day and serum cotinine levels. In this cross-sectional study, we surveyed women during the first trimester of pregnancy on their tobacco exposure. A total of 40 women reported that they were smokers, and 40 were nonsmokers, 1 of whom had quit 5 days prior. The mean (+/-S.D.) serum cotinine value among smokers was 155 (+/-122) ng/l, vs. 1 (+/-6) ng/l in nonsmokers, p<0.001. The sensitivity of self-reported smoking status was 97.6%, and the specificity was 100%. Comparing the reported number of cigarettes smoked and the serum cotinine level, the Spearman correlation coefficient was 0.92 (p=0.015) overall and 0.67 (p=0.088) for the subgroup of smokers. This study demonstrates that self-reported smoking exposure during pregnancy is highly accurate. The high correlation coefficient suggests that this is a robust surrogate for cotinine levels.     

Quantification of benzo[a]pyrene and other PAHs in the serum and follicular fluid of smokers versus non-smokers

Cigarette smoking is a well-established reproductive hazard that has been linked with decreased fertility in both smokers and those exposed to second hand smoke. The chemical components responsible for the reproductive toxic effects of cigarette smoke are unknown. Moreover, exposure of reproductive tissues to the chemical constituents of cigarette smoke is largely unknown. Therefore, we measured the levels of benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P), and other polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) present in cigarette smoke, in the serum and follicular fluid of women exposed to mainstream (n=19) and side stream smoke (n=7) compared to non-smokers (n=10). Women exposed to mainstream smoke had significantly higher levels of B[a]P (1.32+/-0.68ng/ml) in their follicular fluid compared to side stream exposed (0.05+/-0.01ng/ml) or their non-smoking (0.03+/-0.01ng/ml) counterparts. More importantly we found significantly higher (p<0.001) levels of B[a]P in the follicular fluid of women who did not conceive (1.79+/-0.03ng/ml) compared to those that achieved a pregnancy (0.08+/-0.03ng/ml). Other PAHs known to be present in cigarette smoke were also detectable in both serum and follicular fluid of study subjects studied but with lower frequency compared to B[a]P and no differences in serum or follicular fluid levels between the groups could be demonstrated. The important finding that B[a]P reaches the follicular fluid and the fact that it is found at much higher levels in women who smoke provides further evidence that of the many toxicants present in cigarette smoke, B[a]P may be a key compound that is central to the documented adverse effects of cigarette smoke on follicular development and subsequent fertility.     

The effects of cigarette smoking on the response to stress in a driving simulator

1. Some behavioural and physiological responses of cigarette smokers and non-smokers exposed to varying degrees of stress in a driving simulator were compared.2. When the smokers were smoking a cigarette, some of their reaction times to light signals differed significantly from those of non-smokers, some being longer and some shorter. These differences disappeared when the smokers were not smoking.3. Of the physiological measurements, only heart rate differed significantly between smokers and non-smokers, being higher at all levels of stress in the smokers. There were no significant differences in blood pressure, calf blood flow and respiration rate between smokers and non-smokers.4. The results of the Cattell Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire showed that the smokers were significantly more extroverted and self-reliant than the non-smokers.5. The results are discussed in relation to the pharmacology of cigarette smoking. It is concluded that the differences in reaction times and heart rates between smokers and non-smokers were a consequence of cigarette smoking.     

吸烟对血液过氧化与抗氧化平衡的影响

比较吸烟与不吸烟人静脉血血浆及红细胞脂质过氧化物-丙二醛（MDA）含量，血浆及红细胞超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）活力、全血谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶（GSH－Px）活力及血浆总抗氧化能力（AOA）．结果表明：吸烟组血浆及红细胞MDA的含量高于不吸烟组（P＜0．01），红细胞SOD含量高于不吸烟组（P＜0．01），血浆SOD、全血GSH－Px活力．血浆AOA均低0于不吸烟组（P＜0．01，P＜0．05，P＜0.05）．提示长期吸烟可使血中氧化与抗氧化失去平衡。     

Influence of body iron store status and cigarette smoking on cadmium body burden of healthy Thai women and men

The influence of cigarette smoking, body iron store status and gender on cadmium (Cd) body burden was examined in a group of 197 healthy Thais with overall mean age of 30.5 year (19-47 year). The lowest, geometric mean, and the highest urinary Cd excretion rate was 0.04, 0.46 and 3.84 microg/g creatinine, respectively. The prevalence of low iron stores (serum ferritin <20 microg/l) was 16% and 2% in women and men, respectively. All women (n = 99) were non-smokers, but they had the same Cd body burden as did men (n = 47) who on average smoked 8.7 cigarettes per day for 9 years. These women and men had 1.9-fold greater body Cd burden than did non-smoking men (t = 4, P < 0.001). In addition, the women Cd body burden was found to be inversely correlated with serum ferritin (r = -0.39, P < 0.001) and those with low iron stores showed a 3.4-fold greater Cd body burden than did women whose serum ferritin being between 101 and 200 microg/l (F = 6.2, P = 0.003, one-way ANOVA). In contrast, men's Cd body burden did not show a significant correlation with serum ferritin, but it did show a positive correlation with cumulative cigarette smoking index (r = 0.29, P = 0.02). Thus, iron status and cigarette smoking were found to be determinants of Cd body burden in young adult Thai women and men.     

The addiction Stroop task: examining the fast and slow effects of smoking and marijuana-related cues

Research has shown that attentional bias toward smoking-related stimuli is related to the maintenance of smoking behaviour and the chance of a relapse during a quit attempt. Effects of smoking attentional bias can occur both during smoking stimulus presentation (fast effect) and on stimuli that immediately follow smoking stimuli (slow effect). The current research builds on these findings by closely examining the temporal aspects of these fast and slow effects across groups of different smoking status. In Experiment 1 (n = 64), smokers, smokers attempting to quit (SATQ) and non-smokers completed an addiction Stroop task using smoking related, negative emotion and neutral stimuli. In Experiment 2 (n = 32), marijuana smokers and non-marijuana smokers completed an addiction Stroop task using marijuana and neutral stimuli. Results showed fast effects across all smoking groups (except non-smokers) and slow effects in SATQ and marijuana smokers. Furthermore, marijuana smokers showed slow effects over extended periods of time. Results also show a relationship between anxiety, nicotine dependence and attentional bias in SATQ. The implications of these findings are discussed.     

The relationship of white blood cell and platelet counts to cigarette smoking in adult Nigerians

This study was undertaken to examine the relationship between cigarette-smoking and total white blood cell count (wbcc) and platelet count (pc) in adult Nigerians. We also studied the relationship of the white blood cell and platelet counts to the duration of the smoking habit and number of cigarette smoked per day. Three hundred and fifty-two healthy male adults, aged 18-52 years, were studied. They were randomly allocated to two groups--176 smokers and 176 non-smokers. The smoking habit was assessed from a minimum period of 1 year and a minimum number of 5 cigarettes per day. Results revealed that platelet count was higher for the regular Nigerian smoker than for non-smoker. The difference between mean platelet counts for smokers and non-smokers was statistically significant (t = 2.64 p = 0.0046). Man WBC count in smokers was slightly higher than for non-smokers. However, unlike in the case of platelet counts, the mean difference in WBC count between smokers and non-smokers is not statistically significant (t = 0.07, p value = 0.9442). Similar studies based on white population has showed statistically significant increases in wbcc and pc in smokers.     

Relationship of cigarette smoking with blood pressure, serum lipids and lipoproteins in young Japanese women

1. The relationship of cigarette smoking with blood pressure and serum lipids and lipoproteins was studied in 1062 young Japanese women aged 20-39 years of age. 2. After adjusting for age, body mass index (BMI), alcohol intake and physical activity scores, the mean systolic and diastolic blood pressures (SBP and DBP, respectively) did not indicate dose-dependent relationships with cigarette smoking. The largest significant mean differences in SBP (3.5%; P < 0.001), DBP (6.2%; P < 0.018), high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C; 13.2%; P < 0.005), ratio of total cholesterol to HDL-C (13.9%; P < 0.022), triglycerides (TG; 24.1%; P < 0.001) and the logarithmic transformation of TG (log TG; 5.6%; P < 0.001) were found between non-smokers and smokers. 3. When age, BMI, alcohol intake and physical activity scores were included in the forward step-wise multiple regression analysis, there were negative relationships found for cigarette smoking and SBP and DBP and positive relationships for cigarette smoking and TG and log TG. 4. Although the results are somewhat variable, the present study shows that cigarette smoking is negatively associated with SBP and DBP and that there is an association between cigarette smoking and serum lipids and lipoproteins and that smoking has an unfavourable effect on these parameters in young Japanese women.     

Daily uplifts, hassles, stresses and cognitive failures: in cigarette smokers, abstaining smokers, and non-smokers

Cigarette smokers (n = 25), temporarily abstaining smokers (n = 25) and non-smokers (n = 25), self-rated their feelings of stress, arousal and pleasure, every 3 h over a normal day. Then, later in the evening, they rated the hassles, uplifts, stresses and cognitive failures they had experienced during the day. The abstaining smokers reported significantly worse psychological states on every assessment measure, in comparison with both non-smokers and non-deprived smokers. Abstinence thus led to greater stress, lower arousal, less pleasure, more cognitive failures, more hassles and less uplifts. The non-deprived smokers did not differ from the non-smokers on any dependent variable. These findings support the Deprivation Reversal Model, which states that the apparent benefits of smoking only represent the reversal of unpleasant abstinence effects. These data provide no evidence to support the Nicotine Resource Model, which suggests that tobacco smoking can relieve stress and improve cognitive functions. The repetitive use of nicotine by cigarette smokers does not seem to generate any real psychobiological gains or advantages. Instead, dependent smokers need regular hits of nicotine just to remain feeling normal.