志贺菌临床株耐药性分析及对氟喹诺酮类抗生素耐药机制的研究

目的:了解本地区志贺菌抗生素耐药情况,探讨志贺菌对氟喹诺酮类药物的耐药机制和耐药基因的突变及流行情况。方法:K-B纸片扩散法测定2009—2010年天津地区临床分离的119株志贺菌的药敏情况,对氟喹诺酮耐药志贺菌的gyrA、parC基因及质粒介导的喹诺酮耐药(PMQR)基因qnrA、qnrB、qnrS、aac(6′)-ib-cr、qepA进行扩增、测序,将PMQR阳性菌株与大肠埃希菌J53ARZ进行质粒接合试验,比较接合前后受体菌对抗菌药物的敏感性变化。结果:119株志贺菌对萘啶酸敏感率最低(1.72%),其次为氨苄西林(2.52%)及复方磺胺甲口恶唑(3.36%)。福氏志贺菌与宋内氏志贺菌对氟喹诺酮耐药性差别较大,5株志贺菌对环丙沙星等氟喹诺酮耐药,均为福氏志贺菌,其中2株对左氧氟沙星耐药。4株同时存在gyrA83、87位点及parC80位点突变,1株缺乏gyrA87位点突变。PMQR基因阳性菌3株,包括1株qnrS及2株aac(6′)-ib-cr阳性菌,接合菌对多种抗生素的敏感性降低。结论:本地区志贺菌临床株对多种抗生素的多重耐药率较高,对氟喹诺酮耐药率低于5%。喹诺酮耐药机制既有染色体介导靶位酶突变,也存在质粒介导喹诺酮耐药。     

临床分离弗劳地枸橼酸杆菌耐药性分析及质粒介导的AmpC酶基因检测

目的 了解安徽地区临床分离弗劳地枸橼酸杆菌临床分布、耐药性及质粒介导AmpC酶（pAmpCs）基因的流行情况。方法 收集2012~2017年安徽省细菌耐药监控中心监测网内的34所医院报送的临床分离的104株弗劳地枸橼酸杆菌,采用琼脂稀释法进行抗生素敏感性实验。提取细菌质粒,聚合酶链式反应（PCR）检测质粒介导AmpC酶基因,对阳性扩增产物进行测序分析;AmpC酶阳性菌株做转移接合试验,PCR扩增并测序确定接合子的基因型;测定供体菌、受体菌和接合子对多种抗生素的最低抑菌浓度（MIC）。结果 104株弗劳地枸橼酸杆菌临床分布广泛,最多见于呼吸内科（30.77%）及重症监护病房（24.04%）,标本来源以痰液、尿液最多。4株AmpC酶基因阳性的菌株中,有3株DHA-1基因阳性,1株ACT-1基因阳性。4株AmpC酶基因阳性的菌株有3株转移接合成功。这3株接合子与受体菌相比,对多种常用抗生素尤其是β-内酰胺类抗生素的MIC值提高了8~128倍。结论 弗劳地枸橼酸杆菌临床分布广泛,耐药严重,携带有质粒介导的AmpC酶基因的菌株对多种β-内酰胺类抗生素耐药,并且可通过接合性质粒在不同菌属间播散。     

2017-2020年某院临床分离耐碳青霉烯阴沟肠杆菌检测及分析

摘要：目的 通过研究本院近3年耐碳青霉烯阴沟肠杆菌,探讨其临床分布及相关耐药基因分布情况。方法 收集2017年1月至2020年9月山西白求恩医院分离的33株耐碳青霉烯阴沟肠杆菌为研究对象,利用全自动快速生物质谱检测系统(美国Bruker,MicroflexLT/SH)进行细菌鉴定,VITEK2-Compact全自动微生物分析系统进行细菌药敏试验。采用改良碳青霉烯灭活试验进行耐药表型筛选。采用PCR方法检测碳青霉烯酶基因(blaIMP、blaKPC、blaNDM 、blaVIM和blaOXA-48)。对所有菌株进行MLST分型和同源性分析。质粒接合转移实验研究耐药质粒的传播。结果 22株阴沟肠杆菌对厄他培南、亚胺培南、美罗培南均耐药,11株仅对厄他培南耐药。其中16株阴沟肠杆菌产NDM-1,4株产NDM-5,2株产IPM-1,1株菌同时产NDM-1和KPC-2。11株仅对厄他培南耐药阴沟肠杆菌中有两株检出blaNDM-1、两株检出blaKPC-2基因。MLST分型主要流行株为ST418型。质粒接合转移实验有14株转移成功。结论 本院耐碳青霉烯类阴沟肠杆菌从2017年逐年增加,2020年出现暴发流行。携带的碳青霉烯酶基因以blaNDM为主,ST418型菌株占多数。耐药基因可通过质粒水平传播,所以加强临床耐药菌株筛检及控制对临床抗感染治疗作用关键。     

多重耐药菌中质粒介导喹诺酮耐药基因的检测和分析

目的分析广州医学院第一附属医院临床分离的60株多重耐药大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌质粒介导的喹诺酮耐药基因存在状况。方法采用VITEK-2全自动细菌鉴定仪检测大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌对抗生素的药物敏感性,选择多重耐药的大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌作为研究对象,用多重PCR法进行质粒介导的喹诺酮耐药基因的检测和分析。结果检测出耐药基因qnrA型2株,qnrB型耐药基因15株,aac（6’）-Ib基因9株,其中aac（6’）-Ib—cr型耐药基因5株。其中有1株肺炎克雷伯菌检测到同时含有qnrA和aac（6’）-Ib—cr基因;还有3株肺炎克雷伯菌检测到同时含有qnrB和aac（6’）-Ib—cr基因。未检测到qnrC、qnrD、qnrS、qepA型的耐药基因。结论临床分离的多重耐药大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌含有多种质粒介导的喹诺酮耐药基因,应引起临床的重视。     

医院感染阴沟肠杆菌中整合子的检测及特点

目的 研究整合子在医院感染阴沟肠杆菌中的分布及其与细菌耐药的相关性,探讨Ⅰ类整合子与临床耐药播散的关系.方法 运用K-B法检测临床株的耐药表型,双纸片扩散法检测ESBLs,PCR扩增筛选含整合子的临床菌株,接合传递实验、套式PCR、质粒谱分析及DNA测序研究携带耐药基因的Ⅰ类整合子与耐药播散的关系.结果 医院感染阴沟肠杆菌69.2%含Ⅰ类整合子,未检测出Ⅱ类和Ⅲ类整合子.Ⅰ类整合子可变区扩增片段大小从1.0～2.3kb不等,编码对氨基糖苷类抗生素、磺胺类药物和氯霉素耐药的基因.整合子阳性组中ESBLs、多重耐药菌均明显高于阴性组.整合子可通过质粒在不同菌属间水平传播.结论 Ⅰ类整合子在医院感染阴沟肠杆菌中广泛分布.可通过质粒在不同菌属间水平传播,在耐药基因传播中起重要作用,应引起临床足够的重视.     

广谱β-内酰胺酶TEM-141的克隆及特性研究

目的:对临床分离阴沟肠杆菌株EC002所产TEM型β-内酰胺酶进行克隆及原核表达,并了解其相关特性。方法:以琼脂二倍稀释法检测阴沟肠杆菌EC002的耐药情况,以双纸片法筛选及确证试验检测超广谱β-内酰胺酶(ESBLs),以等电聚焦电泳(IEF)法测定酶的等电点(pI),以聚合酶链反应(PCR)扩增酶编码基因并将TEM型β-内酰胺酶基因进行原核表达及表型鉴定。结果:阴沟肠杆菌株EC002对所试多数β-内酰胺类抗菌药物耐药,ESBLs表型鉴定及质粒接合试验结果均为阳性。IEF显示该菌产2种pI分别为8.7及5.4的β-内酰胺酶,测序表明其为CTX-M-22及一种新的TEM亚型,其克隆菌株所表达酶的表型为非ESBLs。该酶的编码基因已被GenBank命名为TEM-141。结论:临床分离阴沟肠杆菌株EC002所产TEM-141为一种新型质粒介导的广谱β-内酰胺酶。     

淋病流行株耐药基因的定位研究

为了对淋病流行株的耐药基因作定位研究 ,对 1998～ 1999年间从广东省湛江地区分离出的 98株淋病流行株 ,采用 K- B法测定了其对 10种抗生素的敏感性 ;应用碱裂解法提取了相应菌株的质粒 ;并筛选其中的 NG4 、NG31 、NG4 3、NG70 4株菌作质粒的转化、接合及消除试验 ,对耐药基因进行定位。结果显示 ,98株淋病流行株对环丙沙星、四环素、氯霉素高度耐药 ,耐药率分别为 82 .6 5 %、6 9.39%、5 0 % ;检出 4 2 .5、39.5、7.4、4 .2 kb质粒分别占 11.2 2 %、4 1.82 %、5 9.16 %和 6 7.32 %。 NG4 3能通过接合、转化将对四环素和氯霉素的耐药性传递给受体菌淋病奈瑟氏敏感菌和大肠埃希氏菌 C6 0 0 ,NG31 通过接合传递实验 ,将对氯霉素的耐药性传递给淋病奈瑟氏标准敏感菌 ,通过质粒消除 ,上述菌株又恢复对抗生素的敏感性 ,而环丙沙星的耐药性通过接合、转化及消除均未见改变。从而提示湛江地区淋病流行株耐药形势严峻 ,淋球菌对四环素和氯霉素的耐药由质粒介导 ,对环丙沙星的耐药则有可能由染色体介导。     

质粒介导的喹诺酮耐药基因在中国大陆尿液分离的大肠埃希菌中的广泛分布

目的分析中国大陆20家三甲医院尿来源大肠埃希菌的耐药特点并调查质粒介导的喹诺酮类耐药基因的分布情况和流行特点。方法收集卫生部全国耐药监测网2007年1月至2008年3月非重复298株尿液分离大肠埃希菌;琼脂稀释法测定其对20种抗菌药物的敏感性,多聚酶链反应和DNA测序分析qn-rA,qnrB,qnrS,aac(6’)-ib和qepA基因的流行性;接合实验分析质粒的转移性;Eric-PCR分析喹诺酮基因阳性菌株之间的遗传相关性;卡方检验用于分析耐药基因与氟喹诺酮耐药之间的相关性。结果 298株大肠埃希菌对20种抗菌药物耐药现象严重,其中对环丙沙星和左氧氟沙星有很高的耐药性,耐药率高达78.5%和74.2%。经基因比对分析,62株(20.8%)细菌携带aac(6’)-Ib基因;45株(15.1%)细菌携带喹诺酮耐药基因,1株(0.3%)检测出qnrA基因,3株(11.4%)检出qnrB基因,5株(1.7%)检出qnrS基因,25株(8.4%)确定为aac(6’)-Ib-cr基因,12株(4.7%)检出qepA基因;此外,有3株细菌分别发现aac(6’)-Ib-cr和qepA1基因aac(6’)-Ib-cr和qnrB1基因,qepA和qnrS1基因共存。45株喹诺酮基因阳性菌株之间具有很大的遗传差异,并且其中有16株细菌携带的基因具有可转移性。aac(6’)-Ib的流行性与细菌的环丙沙星和左氧氟沙星不敏感性相关(P<0.05);喹诺酮耐药基因的流行性与细菌的氟喹诺酮不敏感性相关(P<0.05)。结论尿液分离的大肠埃希菌耐药严重,质粒介导的喹诺酮耐药基因主要以aac(6’)-ib-cr为主,qepA1次之,这些潜在播散的喹诺酮耐药基因对于临床尿路感染的治疗有很大的挑战。     

肠杆菌科细菌喹诺酮耐药基因qnrB的研究

目的 对2005年10月～2006年4月临床分离的120株肠杆菌科细菌检测qnrB的分布,同时研究qnr阳性菌株与blaSHV、bhtCTX-M或质粒型AmpC β-内酰胺酶基因的关系,为进一步研究质粒介导的喹诺酮类耐药机制(PMQR)提供实验依据.方法 采用碱裂解变性法提纯质粒DNA,PCR法检测qnrA和qnrB的存在,接合实验验证qnr的转移性.扩增qnrB全序列、测序.对所有qnr阳性菌株,采用nitrocefin法检测qnr阳性菌产β-内酰胺酶情况,多重PCR法检测blaSHV、btaCTX-M及多种质粒型AmpC β-内酰胺酶基因.结果 120株肠杆菌科细菌中,qnrA和qnrB的检出率分别为30.8%与27.5%,其中13株细菌同时检出qnrA和qnrB;肠杆菌属、克雷伯菌属细菌及大肠埃希菌qnr的检出率分别为52.9%、59.3%和50.0%.17株细菌可扩增出681bp的全序列片段.测序结果显示,部分菌株包含qnrBl;另有4株细菌的qnrB序列相同,但与qnrB3相比存在3个位点核苷酸序列突变(201位A→T,271位T→G,498位G→A)而导致编码蛋白的氨基酸存在2个位点差异,为新的qnrB亚型(qnrB6),GenBank注册号为:EF520349.所有qnr阳性菌均可使nitrocefin纸片变红色.qnr阳性菌中,49株(89.1%)包含blaSHV或blaCTX-M;约70.0%可检测到质粒型AmpC相关的β-内酰胺酶基因,分别有18和16株细菌可扩增到blaDHA及blaEBC.结论 我院临床存在qnr阳性菌株的流行,发现一种新的qnrB亚型(qnrB6).     

大肠埃希菌耐喹诺酮类抗菌药的相关耐药基因检测及耐药机制分析

目的 探讨大肠埃希菌耐喹诺酮类抗菌药的相关耐药基因检测及耐药机制.方法 选取我院尿液等排泄物和分泌物标本中分离出的150株大肠埃希菌株,应用纸片扩散法进行药敏试验,采用PCR技术检测qnr以及aac(6')-Ib-cr质粒基因的表达,并对PCR产物进行DNA测序分析.结果 150株大肠埃希菌对喹诺酮类抗菌药物的耐药率均超过50％,20株菌检出阳性基因qnrB,qnrS以及aac(6')-Ib-cr的阳性率分别为12.20％、9.76％、13.41％,共有8株菌同时携带超过2种质粒基因,其对喹诺酮类药物均耐药,同时合并有其他类型抗菌药物的耐药情况,12株菌检出单个质粒基因,其中4株对喹诺酮类敏感.结论 大肠埃希菌的耐药情况十分严重,存在qnrB、qnrS、aac(6')-1b-cr流行,并存在两种及多种耐药基因共存于同一细菌中的现象,质粒介导的喹诺酮耐药基因数量与耐药种类数量呈正相关.     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.