24例肺真菌病回顾性分析

目的了解肺真菌病的流行病学特点、宿主因素、影像学特征、诊断、治疗和预后。方法回顾性分析中南大学湘雅医院2011年12月—2014年11月24例确诊肺真菌病住院患者的临床资料。结果 24例患者中,肺曲霉病11例(45.8%),肺隐球菌病8例(33.3%),肺组织胞浆菌病3例(12.5%),肺毛霉病1例(4.2%),放线菌病1例(4.2%)。24例肺真菌病患者中,存在基础疾病的高达66.7%,基础疾病主要为慢性阻塞性肺疾病、肺结核和糖尿病等。肺真菌病的临床症状以咳嗽最常见,占83.3%,其次是咯血或痰中带血(62.5%)多见,但不具有特异性。最常见的危险因素为长期使用广谱抗菌药物及低蛋白血症。肺部影像学表现多种多样,"晕征"对肺曲霉病的诊断有一定价值。而胸膜下孤立性结节或肿块,对肺隐球菌的诊断有一定意义。24例肺真菌病中,9例由手术或抗真菌药物联合手术治疗,获得痊愈;14例经抗真菌药物治疗,其中痊愈1例、好转12例、死亡1例;1例拒绝任何治疗。结论临床医师应对肺真菌病的危险因素、宿主因素、临床表现以及病原学综合分析,进行病理组织学检查可确诊,并提高诊断率,选择合适的治疗方式,提高治愈率。     

肺隐球菌病15例临床分析

目的 探讨肺隐球菌病的临床表现和影像学特点、诊断和治疗,以提高对本病的认识.方法 回顾性分析我院2002年1月-2008年6月经病理确诊为肺隐球菌病住院患者15例,总结其临床表现、影像学特点、诊断方法 及治疗情况.结果 本组肺隐球菌病以中青年男性为主,既往有基础疾患8例(占53.3%).主要临床症状有:咳嗽(10例,66.7%)、发热(6例,40.0%)、咳痰(5例.33.3%).病变位于右肺12例,左肺7例,影像学以肿块结节型为主(12例,80.0%).CT引导下经皮肺穿刺活检证实7例(46.7%),手术证实6例(40.0%),颈部淋巴结活检证实2例(13.3%).病理诊断前误诊为肺结核4例(26.7%),周围型肺癌5例(33.3%),普通细菌感染4例(26.7%).误诊率达86.7%.6例(40.0%)经外科手术切除,1例术后发生隐球菌脑膜炎;9例(60.0%)经抗真菌药物治疗,7例患者痊愈或显效.结论 肺隐球菌病多发生于中青年男性,临床表现无特异性,影像学改变以肿块结节型为主,误诊率高,确诊有赖于病理,尽早行CT引导下经皮肺穿刺活检是有价值的确诊手段,手术患者术后宜行足疗程全身抗真菌治疗.     

肺真菌病78例临床分析

目的比较不同菌种、不同免疫状态肺真菌病临床特点差异。方法回顾性分析福建省立医院2012年6月-2016年6月确诊的78例肺真菌病患者临床资料。结果确诊菌种包括隐球菌(61/78,78.2%);曲霉(14/78,17.9%);马尔尼菲篮状菌、毛霉、阿萨希毛孢子菌(各1例,3.8%)。肺隐球菌病主要感染无基础病人群,肺曲霉病主要感染有基础疾病者,基础疾病最常见为2型糖尿病。确诊方法包括CT引导下肺穿刺活检34例(34/78,43.6%),手术后病理32例(32/78,41.0%),经支气管肺活检(TBLB)11例(11/78,14.1%),血培养1例(1/78,1.3%)。肺隐球菌病以无症状为主(29/61,47.5%),仅在有基础疾病患者中出现咯血;而肺曲霉病咯血发生率(8/14,57.1%)高于其他菌种。气管镜下肺隐球菌病无异常表现(14/18,77.8%);肺曲霉病主要表现为炎性渗出(6/10),并仅在有基础疾病患者中出现管腔内坏死、新生物等情况。肺隐球菌病主要影像表现为结节肿块影(48/61,78.7%),肺曲霉病极少出现晕征、新月征。治疗采用单纯药物治疗45例(45/78,57.7%),手术治疗15例(15/78,19.2%),药物联合手术18例(18/78,23.1%)。最终死亡6例,失访25例,病情稳定47例。结论肺真菌病临床特征因菌种不同及宿主基础状态不同而有差异,临床诊断肺真菌病时应结合宿主免疫状态,根据不同症状推测可疑病原菌,尽早选择针对性方式确诊,以提高确诊率。     

原发性肺隐球菌病12例临床分析

目的分析12例原发性肺隐球菌病患者的临床特点,提高对肺隐球菌病的临床诊疗水平,减少延诊、误诊。方法回顾性分析2007年1月-2010年9月深圳市人民医院确诊的12例原发性肺隐球菌病患者的资料,包括临床症状、影像学特点、实验室检查以及治疗。结果12例肺隐球菌患者中,4例患有基础病,8例有咳嗽、咳痰、胸痛、气促、发热等临床症状。影像学表现为肺单发或多发结节,或片状渗出影。7例行肺叶切除,仅2例术后接受抗真菌治疗。4例患者给予氟康唑治疗,1例未抗真菌治疗。结论原发性肺隐球菌病可发生于免疫功能正常者,临床表现和影像学表现无特异性,易误诊,确诊依靠病理活检。治疗手段包括抗真菌药物治疗,部分病例需行手术。氟康唑有良好疗效且不良反应小,可作为该病首选药物。     

无免疫功能缺陷的肺隐球菌病19例误诊分析

目的探讨无免疫功能缺陷的肺隐球菌病临床特点及误诊原因。方法回顾性分析我院2010年6月—2014年10月收治的19例无免疫功能缺陷的肺隐球菌病误诊病例资料。结果本组以中青年男性为主,以咳嗽、发热、咳痰为主要表现,14例(73.7%)影像学表现为结节型肿块。入院初期误诊为肺结核6例(31.6%),肺癌5例(26.3%),普通细菌感染4例(21.1%),误诊率达78.9%。均经病理检查确诊肺隐球菌病,其中经皮肺穿刺活组织病理检查确诊13例,术后病理检查确诊5例,气管镜肺活组织病理检查确诊1例。6例(31.6%)经外科手术切除,13例(68.4%)予氟康唑抗真菌治疗,效果满意,随访0.5~1年未发现病情复发或其他脏器播散。结论肺隐球菌病在免疫功能正常人群中亦可发病;肺隐球菌病影像学表现形式多种多样,需与肺结核、肺癌及机化性肺炎相鉴别,病原学检查和肿块活组织病理检查对于鉴别诊断至关重要,尤其PAS染色诊断敏感性极高。     

肺隐球菌病16例临床分析

目的：分析16例肺隐球菌病患者的临床资料,以提高对肺隐球菌病的临床诊疗水平。方法：回顾分析2003年1月-2008年1月收治的16例肺隐球菌病病例的临床资料,对其临床特点,影像学表现,实验室检查,病理特征以及治疗方法进行综合分析。结果：16例肺隐球菌病例中,除3例患者既往有支气管哮喘外,余13例均无基础疾病。12例有临床症状,4例由体检查出。临床主要表现为咳嗽、咳痰、胸痛、气急、发热。影像学表现为肺内单发或多发结节,或片状渗出影,经病理检查证实诊断,病理学表现均为肺肉芽肿性变。6例行肺叶切除,其中2例在术前曾给予抗真菌药物治疗,仅1例术后给予抗真菌治疗。10例患者仅给予抗真菌药物氟康唑治疗,其中2例在氟康唑治疗无效后改用两性霉素治疗,全部病例均治愈。结论：肺隐球菌病可见于免疫功能正常者,临床表现和影像学表现无特异性,早期易误诊,确诊依靠病理活检。治疗包括手术切除和抗真菌药物治疗,彻底切除术后可不行抗真菌治疗;非手术治疗主要为抗真菌药物治疗,氟康唑治疗有效且不良反应小,可作为首选药物。     

原发型肺隐球菌病的临床、病理及影像学诊断

肺隐球菌病(pulmonary cryptococcosis,PC)是由新型隐球菌感染引起的一种亚急性或慢性肺部真菌病,由于临床表现及胸部X线、CT等检查特异性较少,部分患者仅在体检时发现,所以常常误诊或漏诊.文献[1]报道真菌性肺炎的临床及影像误诊率可达39.29%.本文收集国内外文献资料,对肺隐球菌病的临床、病理和影像学诊断综述如下.……     

注射用两性霉素B胆固醇硫酸酯复合物挽救治疗侵袭性真菌病的安全性和有效性

目的 评价注射用两性霉素B胆固醇硫酸酯复合物(ABCD)挽救治疗侵袭性真菌病(IFD)的安全性和有效性。方法 回顾性收集既往抗真菌治疗失败后在2021年4—8月间接受ABCD治疗的106例患者资料。统计患者基本信息、临床结局以及ABCD相关不良反应指标。结果 106例患者中，ABCD相关不良反应主要为输液反应，包括寒颤(60.4%)、发热(54.7%)和畏寒(11.3%)。不良反应多为1～2级。106例患者的ABCD挽救治疗有效率为85.8%(91例，95%CI:77.7%～91.9%)。其中，确诊/临床诊断IFD患者有效率为92.6%(25/27,95%CI:75.7%～99.1%)，包括毛霉病(9例)、肺曲霉病(5例)、隐球菌性脑膜脑炎(5例)、马尔尼菲篮状菌病(3例)、肺念珠菌病(2例)患者治疗均有效，3例念珠菌血症患者中的1例治疗有效。7例既往接受过多烯类抗真菌药物治疗的确诊/临床诊断IFD患者挽救治疗均有效。此外，确诊/临床诊断IFD患者6周内均为生存状态。结论 ABCD治疗IFD安全可耐受，肾毒性较低，用于既往抗真菌治疗不耐受或无效患者仍可有效。     

无基础疾病的肺真菌病16例临床分析

目的探讨无基础疾病的肺真菌病临床表现,为其诊治提供依据。方法回顾性分析2009年1月—2013年8月确诊为无基础疾病的肺真菌病16例患者的临床、影像学及实验室检查特点。结果 16例确诊患者主要是肺曲霉病(9例)和肺念珠菌病(3例),分别占56.3%和18.7%,均无全身性疾病即原发病变的基础。临床主要表现为咳嗽、发热、咯血、呼吸困难;影像学主要表现为双肺多发斑片影、结节影或弥漫病变,容易误诊为肺结核或肺炎。16例患者中经支气管镜肺活检确诊2例,CT引导下经皮肺穿刺活检确诊12例,手术切除标本确诊2例。结论无基础疾病患者肺真菌病以曲霉病和肺念珠菌病为主,临床表现和影像改变无特异性,容易误诊为肺结核或肺炎,需及时行肺穿刺活检或支气管镜检查明确诊断。     

肺曲霉病20例临床分析

对20例肺曲霉病患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析,结果显示该病病程可较长,临床表现无特征性,65%(13/20)以咯血为主要表现,对侵入性肺曲霉病应行内科抗真菌治疗,肺曲霉球病则应行手术治疗.     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局临床分析

目的 探讨手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局.方法 选择2008年1月至2010年12月于我院住院分娩的持续性枕横位、枕后位产妇198例,根据行手转胎头术后结果分为成功组126例、失败组72例.比较两组分娩结局,对比分析失败原因.结果 失败组胎儿体质量≥3500 g的发生率[76.4％(55/72)]明显高于成功组[31.7％(40/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=30.177,P=0.001)、失败组宫缩乏力发生率[58.3％(42/72)]高于成功组[38.1％ (48/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=7.569,P=0.006)、失败组骨盆临界或轻度狭窄发生率[38.9％ (28/72)]高于成功组[23.8％(30/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2 =5.030,P=0.002)、失败组手转胎头时机不当(宫口开大＜6 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘上及宫口开大8～10 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘下≥2 cm)发生率[61.1％(44/72)]高于成功组[38.9％(49/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=9.084,P=0.003).失败组母儿并发症(产后出血、产褥病率、胎儿窘迫、新生儿窒息)发生率高于成功组(x2 =9.586,P=0.002、x2=9.334,P=0.002、x2=5.910,P=0.015、x2=5.240,P=0.022)、失败组剖宫产发生率[72.2％(52/72)]明显高于成功组[34.1 ％(43/126),x2=26.641,P=0.001)].结论 手转胎头术能使难产变顺产,降低剖宫产率,减少母儿并发症,但须积极预防、处理导致手转胎头术失败的原因,对矫正失败后继续矫正及试产应慎重.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.     

Evidence-Based Pain Management and Palliative Care in Issue Four for 2009 of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly. Issue 4 for 2009 contains 4027 complete reviews, 1906 protocols for reviews in production, and 11447 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 600,000 randomized controlled trials, and 12,200 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 7500 citations. This edition of the Library contains 90 new reviews, of which 19 have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Wie zuverlässig sind Angaben zu nichtentzündlichen ausgedehnten Schmerzen?

ZusammenfassungFragestellung Es wurde geprüft, wie sich der Differenziertheitsgrad zweier Schmerzmessmethoden auf Angaben zur Ausgedehntheit klinischer Schmerzen auswirkt. Zugleich wurde der Referenzzeitraum variiert, über den die Patienten berichten sollten.Methode Erfasst wurde der Einfluss zu Lasten der Befragungsdifferenziertheit durch den Vergleich zweier Körperschema-Bildvorlagen. Drei Referenzzeiträume (Schmerz aktuell, letzte Woche, letztes halbes Jahr) wurden vorgegeben.Ergebnisse Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen gaben bei differenzierter Befragung um so mehr Schmerzen an, je weiter die Schmerzen zurück lagen und je größer der Berichtszeitraum war. Patienten mit gelenknahen Schmerzen gaben bei hoch differenzierter Befragung weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen in der Vergangenheit an als bei globaler Einschätzung. Patienten mit Rückenschmerzen berichteten bei differenzierter Befragung zum aktuellen Schmerz über weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen als bei globaler Befragung.Schlussfolgerung Die Angaben zur Schmerzausdehnung variieren vor allem bei Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen in Abhängigkeit von der Differenziertheit der Befragung. In diesen Fällen ist die Wahrscheinlichkeit erhöht, dass sich die Beschwerdesymptomatik zumindest teilweise erst in der Reaktion auf die situativen Befragungsbedingungen konstituiert und daher nicht auf andere Befragungsbedingungen generalisiert werden kann.