右美托咪定两种麻醉方式在下肢骨折手术中的麻醉效果及安全性比较

目的：探讨右美托咪定在腰丛-坐骨神经阻滞在下肢骨折手术中的麻醉效果及安全性。方法：选取2021年1月—2022年5月我院收治的600例下肢骨折患者作为研究对象，采用随机数字表法分为两组，其中麻醉(1)组（300例）实施右美托咪定腰硬联合麻醉，麻醉(2)组（300例）实施右美托咪定腰丛-坐骨神经阻滞麻醉。比较两组临床麻醉效果优良率、Ramsay镇静评分、术后24h收缩压、舒张压、心率及不良反应发生率。结果：麻醉(2)组临床麻醉效果优良率为99.33%，高于麻醉(1)组的96.00%(P<0.05)；麻醉(2)组Ramsay镇静评分高于麻醉(1)组（P<0.05）；麻醉(2)组术后24 h收缩压、舒张压高于麻醉(1)组，心率低于麻醉(1)组（P<0.05）；麻醉(2)组不良反应发生率低于麻醉(1)组（P<0.05）。结论：下肢骨折手术中实施右美托咪定腰丛-坐骨神经阻滞麻醉，可获得更佳的麻醉、镇静效果，稳定血流动力学水平，降低不良反应发生率。     

腰—硬联合麻醉加入微量右美托咪定用于择期剖宫产手术的麻醉效果分析

目的探讨腰-硬联合麻醉加入微量右美托咪定用于择期剖宫产手术的临床效果。方法选取2014年6月至2015年11月于我院拟行择期剖宫产手术产妇104例,随机分为2组,每组52例。观察组患者接受腰-硬联合麻醉时硬膜外注入10 mL 0.25%布比卡因、1 mL 0.5μg/kg右美托咪定和50μg芬太尼的混合物,对照组以1 mL 0.9%NaCl代替右美托咪定。比较两组产妇补充芬太尼的剂量差异,记录产妇术后24 h的不良反应,如低血压、心动过缓、恶心、呕吐及瘙痒等。结果观察组产妇术中、术后使用芬太尼的构成比低于对照组(7.7%vs.25.0%,11.5%vs.38.5%),平均用量少于对照组[(12.5±3.1)μg vs.(6.3±10.7)μg],差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。两组患者的主要不良反应有低血压、心动过缓及恶心、呕吐,且两组不良反应发生率比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论腰-硬联合麻醉加入微量右美托咪定可明显提高剖宫产的术中操作条件及术后镇痛效果。     

腰丛联合坐骨神经阻滞在下肢手术中的应用分析

目的 探讨腰丛联合坐骨神经阻滞在下肢手术中的应用效果.方法 选取择期行下肢手术的老年患者108例,按患者入院时间顺序分为观察组和对照组,观察组行腰丛联合坐骨神经阻滞麻醉,对照组行硬膜外麻醉.观察两组麻醉前0 min、5 min、10 min、15 min、30 min、60 min时的收缩压(SBP)、舒张压(DBP)、心率(HR)、血氧饱和度(SpO2),神经阻滞麻醉的起效时间、维持时间,记录术后头痛、恶心呕吐、尿潴留等相关不良反应等指标,比较两种麻醉方法在下肢手术中的临床效果.结果 观察组收缩压在给药10 min、15 min、30 min后高于对照组[分别为(128.65±14.36)mm Hg与(120.75±17.23)mm Hg、(128.44±12.64) mm Hg与(117.65 +20.10)mm Hg、(126.58±10.76) mm Hg与(115.83±17.34)mm Hg],两组差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);观察组麻醉持续时间明显长于对照组(P＜0.01);观察组不良反应发生例数少于对照组(P＜0.05).其余指标差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论 腰丛联合坐骨神经阻滞麻醉在下肢手术中麻醉效果更确切,血流动力学更稳定且并发症少,值得在临床上推广应用.     

右美托咪啶联合地佐辛在腰丛-坐骨神经阻滞中的应用效果

目的研究分析在腰丛神经下肢麻醉过程中使用右美托咪定以及地佐辛联合麻醉的效果。方法选取在赤壁市人民医院接受手术治疗行腰丛-坐骨神经阻滞麻醉的患者,选取时间段为2017年2月至2017年12月,病例数为60例。通过随机数字表格法分组,平均分成对照组和观察组各30例。对照组中患者接受地佐辛麻醉,观察组中患者接受右美托咪定以及地佐辛联合麻醉,分析两组麻醉效果差异。结果观察组中患者的麻醉起效时间、痛觉消失时间以及持续镇痛时间均显著优于对照(P<0.05)。在麻醉前半小时、手术开始后1h以及手术后6h观察组的SpO_2、HR均显著比对照组更稳定(P<0.05),术后观察组VAS分数显著低于对照组(P<0.05)。结论临床上在实施腰丛-坐骨神经阻滞麻醉时,运用右美托咪定以及地佐辛联合的方式效果良好,患者能够获得显著的镇痛、镇静效果。     

超声引导下腰丛坐骨神经阻滞麻醉在老年下肢骨科手术中的应用效果

目的评估老年下肢骨科手术中借由超声设备配合展开腰丛坐骨神经阻滞麻醉措施的有效性。方法筛选2014年5月至2016年6月因下肢骨折入住本院骨科实施手术的67例老年患者,以随机标准分组,分析组内35例借超声设备展开腰丛坐骨神经阻滞麻醉,基础组内32例选择常规麻醉措施,对两种麻醉质量客观比对。结果分析组麻醉工作有效率100.00%,基础组为78.13%(P<0.05),且两组运动神经系统、感觉神经系统麻醉阻滞程序的起效时间以及维持时间对照有显著性(P<0.05)。结论对于实施手术治疗的骨科患者,借由超声设备实施腰丛坐骨神经阻滞麻醉效果突出。     

右美托咪定两种麻醉方式用于下肢骨折手术麻醉的效果及安全性比较

目的:分析在下肢骨折患者手术麻醉中右美托咪定的两种不同麻醉方式的应用价值。方法:对照组患者术中采取右美托咪定联合常规腰硬联合麻醉,观察组患者行右美托咪定联合腰丛神经阻滞麻醉。结果:观察组患者术中麻醉显效率为98.57%,显著高于对照组患者的91.43%(P0.05);观察组患者麻醉中的不良反应率为3.57%,显著低于对照组的15.71%(P0.05)。结论:下肢骨折手术中采取右美托咪定联合腰丛神经阻滞麻醉具有麻醉效果好和安全性高等优势,值得临床应用与推广。     

子宫肌瘤切除术应用右美托咪定在腰硬联合麻醉中的镇静效果观察

目的研究观察子宫肌瘤切除术应用右美托咪定在腰硬联合麻醉中的镇静效果。方法110例行子宫肌瘤切除术腰硬联合麻醉患者,依循随机数字表法将患者分为实验组与对照组,各55例。对照组给予丙泊酚麻醉,实验组给予右美托咪定麻醉。比较两组麻醉前、术中30 min、术后的心率、平均动脉压,镇静效果,不良反应发生率。结果实验组术中30 min的心率(71.8±6.2)次/min、平均动脉压(88.3±6.7)mm Hg(1 mm Hg=0.133 kPa)均高于对照组的(66.0±5.7)次/min、(80.5±6.1)mm Hg,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。实验组的镇静有效率98.2%高于对照组的81.8%,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。两组不良反应发生率比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论在子宫肌瘤切除术腰硬联合麻醉应用右美托咪定,可提高手术镇静效果,可避免患者的平均动脉压、心率大幅度变化,且用药安全性有保障,值得应用。     

右美托咪定辅助腰丛坐骨神经阻滞对老年股骨干骨折患者的阻滞作用分析

目的：研究老年股骨干骨折患者手术治疗期间采用右美托咪定辅助腰丛坐骨神经阻滞麻醉的临床效果。方法：选择2019年1月—2022年12月在我院接受手术治疗的60例老年股骨干骨折患者,根据手术期间麻醉方法的不同将其分成对照组和研究组。对照组中30例患者手术期间单纯接受全身麻醉;研究组中30例患者手术期间在全身麻醉基础上接受右美托咪定辅助腰丛坐骨神经阻滞。对比两组研究对象麻醉阻滞效果相关评价指标。结果：研究组麻醉效果优于对照组(P<0.05);研究组麻醉不良反应发生率少于对照组(P<0.05);研究组麻醉起效、完全阻滞、术后完全苏醒、住院时间短于对照组(P<0.05);麻醉组麻醉前后生命体征、应激反应相关指标、精神状态、谵妄量表相关评分水平变化幅度小于对照组(P<0.05)。结论：老年股骨干骨折患者手术治疗期间采用右美托咪定辅助腰丛坐骨神经阻滞麻醉,可以减小对心率、血压等生命体征的影响,减轻应激反应,防止术后出现麻醉不良反应,缩短术后苏醒和住院时间,使麻醉效果得到提高。     

超声引导下腰丛坐骨神经阻滞麻醉在老年下肢骨科手术中的应用分析

目的探讨超声引导下腰丛坐骨神经阻滞麻醉在老年下肢骨折手术的效果。方法随机将2017年3月至2018年3月在本院行下肢骨折手术的108例患者分为观察组(n=54例)和对照组(n=54例),观察组患者行超声引导下腰丛坐骨神经阻滞麻醉,对照组患者施以腰丛联合坐骨神经阻滞麻醉,对比分析两组患者的感觉神经及运动神经阻滞效果。结果观察组患者的感觉神经及运动神经阻滞起效时间均短于对照组,且感觉神经及运动神经阻滞维持时间均明显长于对照组,均有P <0.05。结论在老年下肢骨折手术中施以超导引导下腰丛坐骨神经阻滞麻醉,麻醉效果显著。     

超声联合神经刺激仪定位腰丛-坐骨神经阻滞用于危重患者下肢手术的麻醉效果分析

目的:探讨超声、神经刺激仪定位腰丛-坐骨神经阻滞应用于危重患者下肢手术麻醉效果。方法:对照组仅单纯给予神经刺激仪定位腰丛-坐骨神经阻滞,研究组加用超声。结果:研究组麻醉阻滞完成时间与对照组对比,P>0.05;研究组麻醉起效时间显著少于对照组、对照组镇痛维持时间显著少于研究组(P<0.05);研究组不良反应发生率显著低于对照组(P<0.05)。结论:对危重患者下肢手术时实施超声、神经刺激仪定位腰丛-坐骨神经阻滞有效性、安全性均较优。     

Quantitative in vivo and in vitro sex differences in artemisinin metabolism in rat

1. The pharmacokinetics of the antimalarial compound artemisinin were compared in the male and female Sprague-Dawley rat after single dose i.v. (20 mg.kg) or i.p. (50 mg.kg) administration of an emulsion formulation. 2. Plasma clearance of artemisinin was 12.0 (95% confidence interval: 10.4, 13.0) l.h. kg in the male rat and 10.6 (95% CI: 7.5, 15.0) l.h. kg in the female rat suggesting high hepatic extraction in combination with erythrocyte uptake or clearance. Artemisinin half-life was 0.5 h after both routes of administration in both sexes. Values for plasma clearance and half-lives did not statistically differ between the sexes. 3. After i.p. administration artemisinin AUCs were 2-fold higher in the female compared with male rat (p 0.001). Artemisinin disappearance was 3.9-fold greater in microsomes from male compared with female livers and it was inhibited in male microsomes by goat or rabbit serum containing antibodies against CYP2C11 and CYP3A2 but not CYP2B1 or CYP2E1. 4. The unbound fraction of artemisinin in plasma was lower (p 0.001) in plasma obtained from the male (8.8 2.0%) compared with the female rat (11.7 2.2%). 5. The possibility of a marked sex difference, dependent on the route of administration, has to be taken into account in the design and interpretation of toxicological studies of artemisinin in this species.     

Quantitative in vivo and in vitro sex differences in artemisinin metabolism in rat

1. The pharmacokinetics of the antimalarial compound artemisinin were compared in the male and female Sprague-Dawley rat after single dose i.v. (20 mg x kg(-1)) or i.p. (50 mg x kg(-1)) administration of an emulsion formulation. 2. Plasma clearance of artemisinin was 12.0 (95% confidence interval: 10.4, 13.0) 1 x h(-1) x kg(-1) in the male rat and 10.6 (95% CI: 7.5, 15.0) 1 x h(-1) x kg(-1) in the female rat suggesting high hepatic extraction in combination with erythrocyte uptake or clearance. Artemisinin half-life was approximately 0.5 h after both routes of administration in both sexes. Values for plasma clearance and half-lives did not statistically differ between the sexes. 3. After i.p. administration artemisinin AUCs were 2-fold higher in the female compared with male rat (p < 0.001). Artemisinin disappearance was 3.9-fold greater in microsomes from male compared with female livers and it was inhibited in male microsomes by goat or rabbit serum containing antibodies against CYP2C11 and CYP3A2 but not CYP2B1 or CYP2E1. 4. The unbound fraction of artemisinin in plasma was lower (p < 0.001) in plasma obtained from the male (8.8 +/- 2.0%) compared with the female rat (11.7 +/- 2.2%). 5. The possibility of a marked sex difference, dependent on the route of administration, has to be taken into account in the design and interpretation of toxicological studies of artemisinin in this species.     

Interindividual variability in metabolic activation in humans in vivo

In assessing interindividual variability in metabolic activation, the toxic metabolite is often too unstable for conventional analysis. Possible alternatives include a stable product of the reactive metabolite e.g. cysteinyl derivatives of N-acetyl-4-benzoquinoneimine, the toxic metabolite of paracetamol, adducts with DNA or protein, and indirect measurement of the activity of the enzyme(s) producing the active metabolite. An example of the last approach is the use of furafylline, a highly specific inhibitor of human CYP1A2, to determine the extent of the metabolic activation of the cooked food mutagens PhIP and MeIQx. The extent of inhibition, determined from levels of unchanged amine in urine, is an indirect measure of the activity of the activation pathway. Further refinement of this approach, allied to improved measures of the biological process of interest should prove of value in evaluating interindividual variability and its role in the risk assessment process.     

Theophylline kinetics in peripheral tissues in vivo in humans

Several biochemical and cellular effects have been described for methylxanthines under in vitro conditions. However, it is unknown, whether threshold concentrations required to exert these effects are attained in target tissues in vivo. We therefore employed the microdialysis technique for measuring theophylline concentrations in peripheral tissues under in vivo conditions.Following in vitro and in vivo calibration, microdialysis probes were inserted into the medial vastus muscle and into the periumbilical subcutaneous adipose layer of healthy volunteers. Following single oral dose administration of 300 mg or i.v. infusion of 240 mg theophylline, in vivo time courses of theophylline concentrations were monitored in tissues and plasma. Major pharmacokinetic parameters (c_max, t_max, AUC) were calculated for plasma and tissue time courses. The mean AUC_tissue /AUC_plasma-ratio was 0.56 (p.o.) and 0.55 (i.v.) for muscle and 0.55 (p.o.) and 0.72 (i.v.) for subcutaneous adipose tissue.We conclude that microdialysis provides important information on the distribution and the tissue pharmacokinetics of theophylline.Abbreviations FPIA Fluorescence polarisation immuno assay - AUC Area under the curve - t_max Time to peak concentration - c_max Peak concentration     

休克时血中氧自由基的变化

本实验测定10名休克患者血浆和红细胞的丙二醛(MDA)、血浆总抗的氧化活性(AOA)的含量。结果表明:休克病人红细胞膜和血浆 MDA 含量(4.298±0.722;5.348±0.834)与对照组(3.235±0.682;4.356±1.081)比较明显增高(P<0.05);血浆 AOA(39.65±7.858)与对照组(48.21±10.81)比较明显降低(P<0.01)。提示:休克时,患者机体内自由基反应增强是引起组织细胞损伤的原因之一。     

Changes in angiopoietin expression in glomeruli involved in glomerulosclerosis in rats with daunorubicin-induced nephrosis

AIM: To study the potential pathological role of endogenous angiopoietins in daunorubicin-induced progressive glomerulosclerosis in rats. METHODS: Seventy male Wistar rats were allocated randomly into a daunorubicin group (DRB; n=40) or a control group (n=30). The rats in the DRB group were injected with DRB (15 mg/kg), in their tails. Subsequently, at intervals of 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, and 12 weeks, 5 male Wistar rats in each group were chosen randomly for 24 h urinary protein quantitative measurements (24 h UPQM), and determination of plasma tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha), angiopoietin-1 (Ang1), and angiopoietin-2 (Ang2) levels. Kidney sections were examined by electron microscopy, Periodic Acid Schiff (PAS) staining, immunohistochemical staining and in situ hybridization histochemistry. RESULTS: As glomerulosclerosis progressed in the DRB group, expression of Ang1 mRNA and protein in glomeruli decreased and expression of TNF-alpha protein, Ang2 mRNA and protein in glomeruli increased. Expression of Ang1 mRNA and protein in glomeruli were negatively correlated with 24 h UPQM, Fn protein expression, and mean area of extracellular matrix (MAECM). In comparison, expression of Ang2 mRNA and protein in glomeruli were positively correlated with 24 h UPQM, Fn protein expression and MAECM; furthermore, there was a positive correlation between plasma Ang2 and 24 h UPQM. Plasma TNF-alpha and expression of TNF-alpha in glomeruli were positively correlated with expression of Ang2 mRNA and protein in glomeruli. There was a negative correlation between Ang1 protein expression and Ang2 protein expression in glomeruli. CONCLUSION: During DRB-induced glomerulosclerosis, podocyte injury led to a shift in the balance of Ang1 and Ang2 in glomeruli. Increased TNF-alpha in plasma and glomeruli may upregulate Ang2 expression in glomeruli. Elevated Ang2 in both plasma and glomeruli may mediate protein permeability through the glomerular filtration barrier. Moreover, local expression of Ang2 may facilitate the progress of glomerulosclerosis by upregulating a component expression of extracellular matrix.     

Trichinellosis in immigrants in Switzerland

We describe a case of trichinellosis diagnosed at the Division of Infectious Diseases, Hospital of Lugano, in January 2009. This case was associated with a cluster of cases and was traced to the consumption of contaminated meat after a wild boar hunt in Bosnia.