冠状动脉介入治疗慢性完全闭塞的研究进展

<正>慢性完全闭塞病变(chronic total occlusion,CTO)在临床实践中并不少见,但只有很少一部分患者接受冠状动脉介入治疗(percutaneous coronary intervention, PCI)。慢性完全闭塞病变的冠状动脉介入治疗(chronic total occlusion percutaneous coronary intervention, CTO-PCI)是目前冠状动脉介入治疗方面仍具挑战性的领域。近一     

经皮冠状动脉介入治疗慢性完全闭塞病变57例

冠状动脉(冠脉)介入治疗中约有10%~20%属于慢性完全闭塞病变(CTO),由于开通此类血管的手术难度大,技术要求高,成功率低,术后近期再闭塞率和远期再狭窄的发生率均较高,因此成为心脏介入手术中较难处理的问题。我们回顾性分析57例CTO病变患者的临床资料。对象与方法1.对象:我院2002年10月~2005年4月我院行选择性冠脉造影患者共825例,其中CTO病变57例(6.9%),男42例(73.7%),女15例(26.3%),平均年龄57.8岁±8.4岁。临床表现为不稳定型心绞痛32例(56.1%);有心肌梗死者48例(84.2%),心电图检查有定位性病理性Q波者36例(63.2%),包括前壁心肌梗死1…     

冠状动脉慢性完全闭塞病变的介入治疗

目的总结冠状动脉慢性完全闭塞病变经皮冠状动脉介入术的疗效。方法实施经皮冠状动脉介入术治疗冠状动脉慢性完全闭塞病变患者65例，回顾其临床资料、病变特征和经皮冠状动脉介入术的疗效。冠状动脉慢性完全闭塞病变靶血管共65支，平均闭塞时间为（10±5）个月，均按标准方法行球囊扩张及支架置入术。结果75％（49／65）的患者成功完成了冠状动脉内支架植入术，共植入金属支架58枚。随闭塞时间的延长，经皮冠状动脉介入术成功率显著降低（P=0．001），真性完全闭塞、残端形态圆钝形或刀切样改变、闭塞长度超过15mm都是经皮冠状动脉介入术低成功率的相关因素（P〈0．05）。所有病例住院期间均未发生主要不良心脏事件。结论冠状动脉慢性完全闭塞病变实施经皮冠状动脉介入术的技术难度较大，术前选择适当的病例和病变、正确选择和应用器械有利于提高成功率。     

冠状动脉慢性完全闭塞病变的介入治疗

目的 总结冠状动脉慢性完全闭塞病变经皮冠状动脉介入术的疗效.方法 实施经皮冠状动脉介入术治疗冠状动脉慢性完全闭塞病变患者65例,回顾其临床资料、病变特征和经皮冠状动脉介入术的疗效.冠状动脉慢性完全闭塞病变靶血管共65支,平均闭塞时间为(10±5)个月,均按标准方法行球囊扩张及支架置入术.结果 75%(49/65)的患者成功完成了冠状动脉内支架植入术,共植入金属支架58枚.随闭塞时间的延长,经皮冠状动脉介入术成功率显著降低(P=0.001).真性完全闭塞、残端形态圆钝形或刀切样改变、闭塞长度超过15 mm都是经皮冠状动脉介入术低成功率的相关因素(P＜0.05).所有病例住院期间均未发生主要不良心脏事件.结论 冠状动脉慢性完全闭塞病变实施经皮冠状动脉介入术的技术难度较大,术前选择适当的病例和病变、正确选择和应用器械有利于提高成功率.     

冠状动脉完全闭塞病变的介入治疗

目的观察急性和慢性冠状动脉闭塞经皮冠状动脉腔内成形术（ＰＴＣＡ）治疗的效果。方法３２例患者共３８支完全闭塞血管进行了ＰＴＣＡ或ＰＴＣＡ＋支架治疗。结果１２例急性心肌梗塞（ＡＭＩ）其中４例直接和８例行补救性ＰＴＣＡ均成功（１２／１２,１００％）;２０例择期ＰＴＣＡ中１４例成功（７０％）。结论血管闭塞时间越长,ＰＴＣＡ成功率越低。本组病例无一例出现严重并发症,表明冠状动脉完全闭塞行ＰＴＣＡ＋支架治疗是安全有效的。     

冠状动脉慢性完全闭塞病变血运重建的治疗

冠状动脉慢性完全闭塞(CTO)病变占所有冠心病患者的15%～25%,在观察到的CTO患者中,只有相对少的一部分完成了血运重建。随着技术和设备的进步,CTO血运重建的成功率得到了很大的提高,同时减少了并发症。最近关于CTO血运重建的临床益处的证据越来越多,特别是在缓解心绞痛方面得到了证实。然而,不同研究之间的结果仍存在异质性,对于CTO是否需要血运重建目前存在较大争议。现就CTO血运重建的理论依据、CTO治疗策略的选择、临床获益情况及全球专家共识等方面进行阐述。     

慢性冠状动脉完全闭塞病变介入治疗并发症风险评估进展

慢性冠状动脉完全闭塞病变的介入治疗(CTO-PCI)尽管临床有益,但手术并发症发生率明显高于非完全闭塞病变,影响患者预后.识别潜在的并发症风险,最大限度地降低并发症的发生,并及时地进行治疗尤为重要.本文回顾了CTO-PCI并发症风险评估的相关研究,并概述了避免并发症的策略,旨在及时准确识别CTO-PCI围手术期并发症相...     

当代冠状动脉慢性完全闭塞病变介入治疗流程图解读及对比

随着技术、理念的精进及新型器械的出现,冠状动脉慢性完全闭塞(CTO)病变接受经皮冠状动脉介入治疗(PCI)的成功率较前有了很大的提高。全球多个国家、地区陆续形成了各自的手术推荐路径,即流程图。各流程图特点鲜明,有着明显的时代及地区印记,体现出了流程图制定者对CTO-PCI的深刻理解,对全球CTO-PCI的普及与规范起到了积极的推动作用。随着未来学术交流环境更加全球化、规范化,CTO-PCI的技术、理念也必将得以进一步提高。     

冠状动脉慢性完全闭塞病变研究最新进展

<正>冠状动脉慢性完全闭塞病变(chronic total occlusion,CTO)是指,闭塞时间>3个月的病变。CTO病变约占全部冠状动脉造影的30%以上,目前接受经皮冠状动脉介入治疗(percutaneous coronary intervention,PCI)者<8%,仅占全部PCI病例的10%～20%,与非闭塞冠状动脉病变相比,[1-2]     

冠状动脉慢性完全闭塞病变介入治疗的临床证据解读

近年随着设备和技术的改进及操作经验的不断积累,冠状动脉慢性完全闭塞病变的经皮冠状动脉介入治疗(PCI)发展迅速,但不成功的血运重建增加了心血管事件风险,影响了预后,使得冠状动脉慢性完全闭塞病变仍然是介入心脏病专家面临的最大挑战之一。现通过回顾既往冠状动脉慢性完全闭塞病变行PCI的相关临床证据,分析冠状动脉慢性完全闭塞病变行PCI的获益和风险,以期为临床医生应用PCI治疗冠状动脉慢性完全闭塞病变提供理论基础。     

Coronary artery aneurysm formation after balloon angioplasty and stent implantation.

This study describes coronary angiographic and intravascular ultrasound evaluation of late coronary artery aneurysms after percutaneous balloon angioplasty and bailout stent implantation. Intravascular ultrasound distinguishes true aneurysms from pseudoaneurysms. The discussion is focused on the etiology and prognosis of this rare complication.     

支架置入术后冠状动脉瘤样扩张的临床研究

目的分析冠脉支架置人术后冠状动脉瘤样扩张的临床特点。方法支架置人术后半年至2年复查冠脉造影的患者,筛选支架处动脉瘤样扩张患者,分析易患因素,并对患者进行随访。结果1209例患者于支架术后复查冠脉造影,有11例发现发生了支架相关冠状动脉瘤样扩张。其中8例为男性（8／1209）,9例为药物支架（9／1209）,发生在前降支者6例（6／1209）,右冠脉者5例（5／1209）。对发生动脉瘤患者进行随访,在平均18个月（9～25个月）的随访中,发生1例因心绞痛住院,1例冠状动脉瘤样扩张患者在16个月后再次复查造影,动脉瘤样扩张消失。结论支架置入术后冠状动脉瘤样扩张总体发生率低,远期预后良好。     

Cutting balloon angioplasty is superior to balloon angioplasty or stent implantation for small coronary artery disease

The aim of this study is to demonstrate initial results and long-term outcomes of patients after receiving cutting balloon angioplasty (CBA), balloon angioplasty (BA), or stenting for small vessel diseases. We studied a total of 327 lesions of small coronary disease treated either by CBA (n=87), BA (n=130), or stenting (n=110) in two affiliated institutes. A small coronary artery was defined as a reference vessel <2.5 mm using quantitative coronary angiography (QCA). Angiographic restenosis was encountered in 31% of the CBA, 46.5% of the BA, and 43.9% of the stent (p=0.048). Major adverse cardiac events (death, myocardial infarction, and target lesion revascularization) at follow-up were significantly lower in the CBA compared to other groups (CBA, 20.3%; BA, 37.3%; stent, 33.3%; p=0.036). The CBA procedure provided superior angiographic and clinical outcomes to the stenting or BA. The CBA may be a cost-effective and reasonable approach for the treatment of lesions in small coronary diseases.     

Coronary stent implantation is superior to balloon angioplasty for chronic coronary occlusions: six-year clinical follow-up of the GISSOC trial

OBJECTIVES: We investigated whether the benefits of stent implantation over balloon percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA) for treatment of chronic total coronary occlusions (CTO) are maintained in the long term. BACKGROUND: Several randomized trials have shown that in CTO, stent implantation confers clinical and angiographic mid-term outcomes superior to those observed after PTCA. However, limited information on the long-term results of either technique is available. METHODS: Six-year clinical follow-up of patients enrolled in the Gruppo Italiano di Studio sullo Stent nelle Occlusioni Coronariche (GISSOC) trial was performed by direct visit or telephone interview. Major adverse cardiac events (MACE), defined as cardiac death, myocardial infarction, target lesion revascularization (TLR), and anginal status, were recorded. RESULTS: Freedom from MACE at six years was 76.1% in the stent group, compared with 60.4% in the PTCA group (p = 0.0555). This difference was due mainly to TLR-free survival rates (85.1% vs. 65.5% for the stent and PTCA groups, respectively; p = 0.0165). Eleven patients underwent TLR after the nine-month follow-up visit (stent group: n = 5; PTCA group: n = 6); however, in most cases, restenosis of the study occlusion was evident at nine-month angiography. CONCLUSIONS: This study represents the longest reported clinical follow-up of patients after percutaneous recanalization of CTO and demonstrates that the superiority of stent implantation over balloon PTCA is maintained in the long term. Stent and PTCA results appear to remain stable after nine-month angiographic follow-up. Stent implantation in CTO that can be recanalized percutaneously is therefore a valuable long-term therapeutic option.     

Transluminal extraction atherectomy and adjunctive balloon angioplasty for restenosis after palmaz-schatz coronary stent implantation

Two patients who developed restenosis after implantation of Palmaz-Schatz coronary stents were successfully treated by transluminal extraction atherectomy and there has been no recurrence on follow-up angiograms. The optimum strategy for managing restenosis after coronary stenting remains unclear, but transluminal extraction atherectomy appears to be a safe and effective option. © 1993 Wiiey-Liss, Inc.     

冠心病多支病变支架植入与冠脉旁路移植术疗效的比较

目的：比较老年冠心病多支冠状动脉病变患者的雷帕霉素洗脱支架植入与冠状动脉旁路移植术近期与中期的疗效。方法：回顾性人选2001年12月至2005年12月，行择期血运重建的多支冠状动脉病变患者，分为冠状动脉旁路移植术组（CABG组，n=310），雷帕霉．素洗脱支架植入组（SES组，n=257）。随访包括死亡、心肌梗塞（MI）、卒中和再次血运重建的主要不良心脑血管事件（MACCE）。采用Kaplan-Meier方法估计无事件生存率。采用Logistic多元回归方法调整分析治疗对终点事件的相对影响。结果：随访率96．4％。中位随访时间24个月。随访30d，CABG组MACCE的发生率高于SES组（5．8％：1.5％，P〈0．05），CABG组的死亡率高于SES组（4．7％：1．4％，P〈0．05）。至随访结束，CABG组累积死亡率仍高于SES组（6．6％：2．9％，P〈0．05），但再次血运重建率低于SES组（1.6％：8．6％，P〈0．05），MACCE两组间无差异。结论：多支冠状动脉病变患者冠状动脉旁路移植术的死亡率高于雷帕霉素洗脱支架植入，中期血运重建率低于雷帕霉素洗脱支架植入。     

左主干支架术后血清总胆固醇及低密度脂蛋白胆固醇与原发病变的相关性

目的探讨经皮冠状动脉介入术(PCI)后左主干病变患者1个月随访期间血清总胆固醇(TC)、低密度脂蛋白(LDL)水平与原发病变的相关性。方法选择2010年1月至2013年11月于北京安贞医院心内科住院经PCI患者901例,记录一般情况及病史,根据冠状动脉(冠脉)造影将患者分为左主干病变组(LMD)和非左主干病变组(NLMD),随访两组出院后1个月体格检查及血清生化常规等指标。用独立样本t检验分析LMD组与NLMD组病史资料,生命体征及化验检查参数的差异,Pearson相关分析及多元逐步回归分析术后1个月血清LDL与原发左主干病变程度的相关性。结果LMD组年龄较NLMD组小。两组术后1个月随访血压,心率、TC、LDL较术前显著降低(P<0.05)。LMD组术前三酰甘油(TG)、TC、LDL及高密度脂蛋白(HDL)及体格检查数据、其他化验指标较NLMD组无明显差异(P>0.05)。术后第1个月复查血清TC、LDL水平明显高于NLMD(P<0.05)。术后1月患者血清TC、LDL与LM病变程度呈正相关(r值分别为0.712、0.670,P<0.05)。多元逐步回归分析显示,术后1月血清LDL与原LM病变程度呈正相关(r值0.291,P<0.05)。结论PCI后1个月左主干病变患者血清LDL较非左主干病变患者高,术后LDL水平与左主干变程度呈正相关。     

Initial and long-term outcome of 354 patients after coronary balloon angioplasty of total coronary artery occlusions.

BACKGROUND. Coronary balloon angioplasty of chronic total occlusions is associated with relatively low success rates and a high incidence of restenosis. Whether there is long-term benefit in performing angioplasty of these lesions is unknown. The purpose of the present report was to analyze the long-term outcome of a large series of patients undergoing this procedure. METHODS AND RESULTS. A computerized database analysis of 354 consecutive patients (from 1979 to 1990) who underwent coronary angioplasty of a chronic total coronary occlusion was performed (mean age, 62.3 years). Initial technical success was achieved in 69%; in 66%, success was achieved without procedural death or need for coronary artery surgery. During hospitalization, six patients suffered myocardial infarction, nine required emergency bypass surgery, and nine patients died. During a mean follow-up period of 2.7 years, no difference was found in survival or freedom from myocardial infarction among 234 successfully dilated patients compared with 120 patients with a failed attempt. However, the use of coronary artery bypass surgery was significantly less after successful dilation (p less than 0.0001 versus failed attempt). No significant difference in the cumulative incidence of severe angina was observed between these two patient populations, with the majority remaining asymptomatic. Restenosis occurred in 59% of 69 patients who returned for follow-up angiography. CONCLUSIONS. Successful recanalization is achieved in the majority of patients undergoing angioplasty of chronic total occlusions and reduces the need for coronary artery bypass surgery. However, no major impact on either survival or incidence of myocardial infarction was noted after successful recanalization when patients with surgery were included.     

Coronary hemodynamics of stent implantation after suboptimal and optimal balloon angioplasty

OBJECTIVES: This study was performed to evaluate hemodynamic alterations of stent implantation after Doppler flow-guided balloon angioplasty (BA). BACKGROUND: There is controversy regarding the effect of stent implantation on coronary hemodynamics after suboptimal and optimal BA. METHODS: A total of 523 of 620 patients underwent Doppler-guided BA in the setting of a multicenter study and were analyzed before and after additional stent implantation. Balloon angioplasty was considered optimal when the diameter stenosis (DS) was < or = 35% and coronary flow reserve (CFR) was >2.5 and suboptimal if these two criteria were not met. Coronary flow reserve was also measured in an angiographically normal artery to determine relative CFR. Patients were followed for 12 months to document major adverse cardiac events (MACE). RESULTS: The main difference between patients with suboptimal BA (n = 195 [51%]) and optimal BA (n = 184 [49%]) was a more pronounced increase in baseline blood flow velocity (15 +/- 8 to 22 +/- 11 vs. 14 +/- 8 to 16 +/- 10 cm/s, p < 0.01). Coronary flow reserve improved after stent implantation in both patient groups, owing to a reduction in residual lumen obstruction, as determined by angiographic (%DS) and Doppler flow criteria (hyperemic blood flow velocity, relative CFR), and was associated with a decrease in MACE (16% vs. 7% in optimal BA group, p = 0.08; and 27% vs. 11% in suboptimal BA group, p = 0.007). CONCLUSIONS: Stent implantation enhances CFR after suboptimal and optimal Doppler-guided BA, owing to a reduction in residual lumen obstruction-determined by angiographical and Doppler flow criteria-as the underlying mechanism for an improved clinical outcome.     

完全闭塞性冠脉血管成形术中冠脉内支架的应用及其限制因素

目的　评价冠状动脉（冠脉）内支架在完全闭塞性冠脉血管成形术（ＰＴＣＡ）中应用的指征及其限制因素。方法　８２ 例冠脉完全闭塞接受ＰＴＣＡ 患者,根据血管病变性质,决定是否给予置入支架治疗。分析支架应用的指征及其限制因素。术后随访６ 个月,发生心脏事件者行血管造影复查。结果　８２例中,６６ 例相关冠脉再通成功,成功率为８０．５％ 。６６ 例中,Ａ 组２３ 处病变单纯球囊ＰＴＣＡ 后取得“支架样”效果,其中Ｂ１ 组３０ 处病变置入支架,支架置入率４５．５％ ,Ｂ２ 组１３ 处病变存在支架置入的限制因素而未置入支架,占１９．７％ 。临床随访期间,Ａ 组５ 例发生心脏事件,血管造影复查,２ 例再狭窄;Ｂ１ 组仅２例发生心脏事件,造影复查２ 例均再狭窄,需再次ＰＴＣＡ;Ｂ２ 组 ５ 例发生心脏事件,３ 例造影发现再狭窄。闭塞冠脉再通未成功１６ 例中３ 例出现心脏事件,其中１ 例死亡。结论　闭塞冠脉再通成功达支架样效果或置入支架有助于改善临床预后,但部分病变存在支架置入的限制因素,不适宜置入支架