冠状动脉完全闭塞病变的介入治疗

目的观察急性和慢性冠状动脉闭塞经皮冠状动脉腔内成形术（ＰＴＣＡ）治疗的效果。方法３２例患者共３８支完全闭塞血管进行了ＰＴＣＡ或ＰＴＣＡ＋支架治疗。结果１２例急性心肌梗塞（ＡＭＩ）其中４例直接和８例行补救性ＰＴＣＡ均成功（１２／１２,１００％）;２０例择期ＰＴＣＡ中１４例成功（７０％）。结论血管闭塞时间越长,ＰＴＣＡ成功率越低。本组病例无一例出现严重并发症,表明冠状动脉完全闭塞行ＰＴＣＡ＋支架治疗是安全有效的。     

完全闭塞性冠脉血管成形术中冠脉内支架的应用及其限制因素

目的　评价冠状动脉（冠脉）内支架在完全闭塞性冠脉血管成形术（ＰＴＣＡ）中应用的指征及其限制因素。方法　８２ 例冠脉完全闭塞接受ＰＴＣＡ 患者,根据血管病变性质,决定是否给予置入支架治疗。分析支架应用的指征及其限制因素。术后随访６ 个月,发生心脏事件者行血管造影复查。结果　８２例中,６６ 例相关冠脉再通成功,成功率为８０．５％ 。６６ 例中,Ａ 组２３ 处病变单纯球囊ＰＴＣＡ 后取得“支架样”效果,其中Ｂ１ 组３０ 处病变置入支架,支架置入率４５．５％ ,Ｂ２ 组１３ 处病变存在支架置入的限制因素而未置入支架,占１９．７％ 。临床随访期间,Ａ 组５ 例发生心脏事件,血管造影复查,２ 例再狭窄;Ｂ１ 组仅２例发生心脏事件,造影复查２ 例均再狭窄,需再次ＰＴＣＡ;Ｂ２ 组 ５ 例发生心脏事件,３ 例造影发现再狭窄。闭塞冠脉再通未成功１６ 例中３ 例出现心脏事件,其中１ 例死亡。结论　闭塞冠脉再通成功达支架样效果或置入支架有助于改善临床预后,但部分病变存在支架置入的限制因素,不适宜置入支架     

冠状动脉完全闭塞病变的经皮腔内冠状动脉成形术

我们自１９８７年１２月至１９９３年１０月对５５例５８支冠状动脉完全闭塞病变（ＴＯ）行经皮腔内冠状动脉成形术（ＰＴＣＡ），占同期ＰＴＣＡ总数的１８．２％。患者平均年龄５６．４±７．５岁，心绞痛患者１９例，心肌梗塞患者３６例，其中梗塞后１０小时内行急诊ＰＴＣＡ２例，１个月内和１个月以后行ＰＴＣＡ分别为６例和２８例。ＴＯ平均时间６８．４±４６．６天。完全闭塞和次全闭塞各占６５．５％和３４．５％。结果显示：病例成功率为８９．１％，病变成功率为８７．９％；完全闭塞成功率为８９．５％，次全闭塞成功率为８５．０％。闭塞类型、闭塞时间、闭塞长度等特征对成功率无显著性影响（Ｐ＞０．０５）；血管并发症率为１２．１％（７／５８），处理成功６处，死亡１例。     

经皮腔内冠状动脉成形术的急性血管并发症及处理

我科自１９８７年１２月至１９９４年４月间完成经皮腔内冠状动脉成形术（ＰＴＣＡ）４３０例，共扩张血管７０７支，扩张病变７６４处，成功率分别为９５．１％，９６．９％和９７．１％。其中多支血管行ＰＴＣＡ共２０９例，失败共２１例（４．９％）。发生急性血管并发症４０处（５．２％），其中严重内膜撕裂１７处（２．２％），冠脉痉挛和血栓形成各６处（０．８％），急性闭塞１７处（２．２％），血管穿孔１处（０．１％），     

慢性冠状动脉闭塞置入支架术与球囊扩张术的比较

目的为了解冠状动脉内支架及经皮冠状动脉腔内成形术（ＰＴＣＡ）治疗完全闭塞性冠状动脉血管的临床及冠状动脉造影效果。方法９５例完全冠状动脉闭塞的病人随机分成为：置入支架组（Ａ组４８例）;单纯ＰＴＣＡ组（Ｂ组４７例）,观察二组病人发生临床事件及６个月后的冠状动脉造影效果。结果６个月后两组病人完成临床及冠状动脉造影随访的共８５例,随访率为８９％,Ａ组４２例,Ｂ组４３例。Ａ组：１例于术后１０天内出现心肌梗塞,无１例死亡,其再狭窄率为２８．５％,血管再闭塞率为１１９％,最终重复血管重建术为１９％。Ｂ组：１例死亡,２例发生急性心肌梗塞,再狭窄率为５８％,血管再闭塞率为２２％,最终重复血管重建术达４５％。两组之间临床疗效差异均有显著性（Ｐ＜０．００１）。结论冠状动脉慢性闭塞的病人ＰＴＣＡ成功后选择性置入支架比单纯ＰＴＣＡ的近期及远期临床疗效预后要好（发生临床事件及重复血管重建术明显下降）。     

经皮冠状动脉腔内成形术并发急性血管闭塞

目的：探讨急性血管闭塞的发生及治疗。方法：回顾总结我院１０３４例经皮冠状动脉腔内成形术（ＰＴＣＡ）的急性血管闭塞及治疗情况。结果：３１例（３．０％）患者发生急性血管闭塞,其中８例系急性心肌梗塞（ＡＭＩ）;１６例为不稳定性心绞痛,７例为稳定性心绞痛。发生急性血管闭塞的时间：２８例（９０．３％）患者在ＰＴＣＡ术中,３例在术后。９例患者因血压降低需用升压药,其中５例需主动脉内球囊反搏（ＩＡＢＰ）支持。４例急性血管闭塞时发生心室颤动,１例出现心室停搏。处理结果：３１例患者中２４例用球囊长时间加压;１８例植入支架;２５例治疗成功,成功率为８０．６％。２例（６．５％）死亡;３例（９．７％）发生心肌梗塞;１例（３．２％）急诊行冠状动脉旁路移植手术。结论：急性血管闭塞的发生与不稳定性心绞痛、多支血管病变、复杂病变有关,采取冠状动脉内支架及长时间加压治疗有助于减少并发症。     

不稳定心绞痛经皮腔内冠状动脉成形术190例分析

１９８７年１２月至１９９４年２月该院共完成不稳定心绞痛的经皮腔内冠状动脉成形术（ＰＴＣＡ）１９０例，其中有单支血管病６９例（３６．３％）、双支血管病６７例（３５．２％）、三支血管病５４例（２８．４％）。ＰＴＣＡ共扩张血管２５０支，扩张病变２７８处。Ａ型病变５２处（１８．７％），Ｂ型病变１７５处（６２．９％）、Ｃ型病变５１处（１８．４％）。在１２１例多支血管病中，２３例（１９．０％）为完全血管再通，９８例（８１．０％）为不完全血管再通。６例采用双球囊对吻技术，５例采用灌注球囊导管，４例进行了冠脉内膜定向切除术（ＤＣＡ），４例放置冠状动脉内膜支架。ＰＴＣＡ的病例成功率为９４．７％（１８０／１９０），血管成功率９５．２％（２３８／２５０），病变成功率９５．５％（２６６／２７８），由ＰＴＣＡ术前平均狭窄８８．７％±８．３％至扩张后残余狭窄１７．９％±９．２％。发生严重并发症１８处（６．５％），其中１５处经处理成功，２例发生急性心肌梗塞，１例死亡，无紧急冠状动脉搭桥者。     

补救性经皮冠状动脉腔内成形术治疗急性心肌梗塞

目的探讨补救性经皮冠状动脉腔内成形术（ＰＴＣＡ）在治疗急性心肌梗塞（ＡＭＩ）中的作用。方法对溶栓治疗失败的３６例患者进行补救性ＰＴＣＡ治疗。患者心功能Ｋｉｌｐ分级：Ⅲ级和Ⅳ级４例，Ⅱ级和Ⅰ级３２例。冠状动脉造影显示梗塞相关动脉：前降支１７例，右冠状动脉１４例，回旋支４例，中间动脉１例。ＰＴＣＡ前ＴＩＭＩⅠ级和Ⅰ～Ⅱ级血流各２例，余３２例均为ＴＩＭＩ０级。３６例均进行ＰＴＣＡ治疗，其中１３例患者置入了支架。结果术中除３例失败外，３１例患者病变血管血流达到ＴＩＭＩⅢ级，２例ＴＩＭＩⅡⅢ级，残余狭窄≤５０％，成功率为９１．７％。院内并发症：１例在ＰＴＣＡ成功后当天因顽固性休克和心室纤颤死亡；１例于第３天死于心脏破裂，住院病死率为５．６％。１４例患者在术后１～２个月内复查冠状动脉造影，２例发生再狭窄。结论ＡＭＩ患者在溶栓治疗失败后，在有条件的医院可施行补救性ＰＴＣＡ治疗，成功率高，对改善患者的近期和远期预后可能有利     

经皮冠状动脉腔内成形术和冠状动脉支架术在复杂冠脉病？…

目的：评价经皮腔冠状动脉腔内成形术（ＰＴＣＡ）及冠脉内支架术治疗复杂冠状动脉病变的疗效。方法：以美国ＡＣＣ／ＡＨＡ专家组提出的冠状动脉病变Ｂ、Ｃ二型特征为复杂病变诊断标准，对３７例复杂冠脉血管病变患施行ＰＴＣＡ，其中３４例患冠脉内置入支架。结果：手术成功率为９７．４％（３６／３７），无死亡病例。达到完全血运重建２１例，部分血运重建１５例，ＰＴＣＡ未成功１例。术后症状明显减轻或缓解。结论：ＰＴ     

经皮腔内冠状动脉成形术治疗老年复杂冠状动脉病变疗效观察

对５２例６０～８０岁冠心病病人的７９处复杂冠状动脉病变行ＰＴＣＡ，成功率９２．４％，其中９例急诊ＰＴＣＡ全部成功。术后随访１～２５个月，无心肌梗塞及心性死亡发生，心绞痛缓解率９０．４％，５例再狭窄者３例经再ＰＴＣＡ治愈。对老年复杂冠状动脉病变ＰＴＣＡ治疗的效果、并发症防治及操作经验进行了讨论。     

Coronary Stenting of Aorto-Ostial Saphenous Vein Graft Lesions

Treatment of aorta-ostial saphenous vein graft lesions by conventional balloon angioplasty or other techniques (laser angioplasty, atherectomy) is limited by high restenosis rates. This study is designed to evaluate acute results and long-term follow-up of high risk patients undergoing stent implantation at aorto-ostial locations of vein graft orifices. Between July 1993 and July 1999 coronary stents were placed in 30 ostial lesions in 30 patients. Procedural success was achieved in the absence of any major complications in 27 patients (90%). Clinical follow-up was obtained in all 27 patients after 17.7 months. Clinical restenosis occurred in 10 patients (38.5%). A total of 18 patients (69.2%) underwent repeat angiography. Angiographic restenosis was present in 10 patients. Treatment of saphenous vein graft lesions can be accomplished safely and effectively using intracoronary stent implantation. Results are superior to those described for conventional balloon angioplasty or other adjunctive techniques.     

Stent or angioplasty after recanalization of chronic coronary occlusions? (The SARECCO Trial).

This study tests whether stent implantation without anticoagulation after catheter recanalization of coronary occlusions can improve outcome compared with balloon angioplasty alone. One hundred ten patients were randomly assigned to angioplasty alone (no stent group) or stent implantation (stent group) after successful recanalization and balloon angioplasty. The type of stent and angioplasty technique utilized were decided by the operator. The acute procedural success in both groups was 100%. The acute minimal lumen diameter (MLD) was 1.85 +/- 0.44 mm in the no stent group versus 2.54 +/- 0.53 mm in the stent group (p <0.01). The diameter stenosis was 21 +/- 13% versus 3 +/- 14% (p <0.01). This was achieved not only by the stent implantation itself but primarily by a larger maximum balloon diameter in the stent group after stent implantation (3.32 +/- 0.55 mm vs 2.86 +/- 0.4 mm, p <0.05). After 4 months, the MLD was 1.15 +/- 0.73 mm in the no stent group versus 1.81 +/- 0.9 mm in the stent group (p <0.01). The diameter stenosis was 56 +/- 29% versus 34 +/- 28% (p <0.01). After 2 years, event-free survival was 26% in the no stent group and 52% in the stent group (p <0.05). Thus, acute and long-term procedural and angiographic success of stent implantation without anticoagulation after recanalization of total coronary occlusions is superior to that of balloon angioplasty alone. This beneficial effect is mainly the result of the larger balloon diameters, which may be used after stent implantation.     

急性心肌梗塞经桡动脉腔内冠状动脉成形术

目的 近年来随着心导管器械的小型化,经桡动脉冠状动脉造影术及经皮腔内冠状动脉成形术(PTCA)已逐渐成为一种有益的替代途径.本文观察了其在急性心肌梗塞患者中的应用价值.方法和结果 对我院6例急性心肌梗塞患者行直接PT-CA,全部采用经桡动脉途径.其中男性4人,女性2人,平均年龄(62±5.8)岁.对6例梗塞相关血管行直接PTCA均获成功,其中4例各植入支架一枚.所有患者术后即拔导管鞘,局部弹性绷带固定、压迫4～6小时,无出血、假性动脉瘤、动静脉瘘等并发症发生.一例患者桡动脉搏动较术前减弱,无手缺血症状.结论 本研究初步显示,经桡动脉直接PTCA可安全有效应用于急性心肌梗塞患者.采用经桡动脉途径具有快速简便、穿刺中位出血并发症少、患者可尽早离床等优点.     

Angiographic Results and Late Clinical Outcomes Utilizing a Stent Synergy (Pre-Stent Atheroablation) Approach in Complex Lesion Subsets

To investigate the strategy of òdebulkingó in complex lesions before stent implantation (stent synergy) to improve procedural safety and achieve optimal acute and long-term results, we reviewed our experience in 389 patients with 504 lesions undergoing a combined stent procedure (45% rotational atherectomy, 24% laser angioplasty, 20% directional atherectomy, and 11% transluminal extraction atherectomy before stent implantation). Procedural success was achieved in 94.5%, with 4% major ischemic complications (1.1% death, 1.9% Q-wave myocardial infarction, and 2.3% emergency coronary artery bypass surgery). Overall, subacute stent thrombosis occurred in 1.5% of patients. Target-lesion revascularization during follow-up was required in 9.8% of the patients. We conclude that a strategy of selective pre-stent atheroablation in complex lesion subsets results in excellent procedural outcomes with acceptable complications and favorable long-term results.     

Treatment of coronary bifurcation lesions by stent implantation only in parent vessel and angioplasty in sidebranch: immediate and long-term outcome

The aim of this study was to evaluate the immediate and long-term outcome of intracoronary stent implantation for the treatment of bifurcation lesions. We treated 30 patients with bifurcation stenosis with the Bx Velocity stent implanted only in the parent vessel and with balloon angioplasty of the sidebranch. Angiographic success was 86.7% (n = 26 patients) in both branches and 100% in the main branch. Clinical success was achieved in 29 patients (96.7%). One patient (3.3%) suffered from a small non-Q wave myocardial infarction. All 30 patients underwent control coronary angiography at 6 months unless performed earlier due to symptoms. After the 6-month follow-up, a total of 27 patients (90%) were asymptomatic; angiographic restenosis (> 50%) was found in four cases (13.3%). There was no sidebranch restenosis. During the follow-up, one patient (3.3%) had unstable angina and angiography revealed severe diffuse restenosis within the whole stent; this patient was referred for coronary artery bypass surgery. Two patients had mild angina (Canadian Cardiovascular Society Class II) and 1 patient had silent ischemia during exercise stress test. These patients underwent repeat coronary angioplasty. The rate of major adverse cardiac events was 16.6% and target vessel revascularization rate was 13.3%. We concluded that stent implantation only in the parent vessel with angioplasty of the sidebranch in bifurcation lesions is safe and has a high clinical success rate and low rate of target lesion revascularization.     

Catheter therapy in patients with stable angina pectoris. Results of 662 coronary angioplasties

Coronary angioplasty supplemented by implantation of a stent has become a standard therapeutic method in patients with stable angina pectoris. The authors analyzed the spectrum of patients indicated for this treatment, its successfulness and complications of catheterizations. In the course of a two-year period the authors implemented 662 catheterizations in 602 patients with stable angina. 58% patients indicated for coronary angioplasty on account of stable angina had a history of myocardial Q infarction, 93% had angina grade II or III according to CCS. Affection of one artery was diagnosed in 56% patients, complete revascularization was achieved in 59% of the operations. The clinical rate of success of catheterization was 97% in stenoses of the coronary arteries and 61% in coronary occlusions. In 57% of the treated lesions a coronary stent was implanted. Serious clinical complications developed in 1% of the interventions, none of the patients died. Catheterization treatment of stable angina is very successful and safe.     

Adjunctive stent implantation following directional coronary atherectomy in patients with coronary artery disease

Objectives. This prospective case-control study evaluated the acute and long-term results of stent implantation preceded by debulking of the plaque by means of directional coronary atherectomy.

Background. In comparison with balloon angioplasty, intracoronary stenting produces a larger luminal diameter, maintains artery patency and reduces the incidence of restenosis. Optimal stent deployment is a pivotal factor for achieving the best results, but the bulk of the atherosclerotic plaque opposes stent expansion and may limit the success of the procedure. Debulking of the plaque may provide a better milieu for optimal stent deployment.

Methods. Directional coronary atherectomy followed by a single Palmaz-Schatz stent implantation was attempted in 100 patients. The successes, complications and angiographic results of the combined procedure were evaluated both acutely and during follow-up. Matched patients undergoing successful Palmaz-Schatz stent implantation alone during the same period served as controls.

Results. Atherectomy followed by stent implantation was performed in 94 patients with 98 lesions; periprocedural complications were observed in four cases. The stenosis diameter decreased from 76 ± 9% at baseline to 30 ± 13% after atherectomy (p < 0.0001), and 5 ± 9% after stent implantation (p < 0.0001); it increased to 27 ± 15% at 6-month angiography (p < 0.0001). During the 14 ± 10 months of follow-up, none of the patients died or experienced myocardial infarction, but three patients underwent target lesion revascularization. The patients undergoing stent implantation alone achieved smaller acute gains, tended to have a higher late lumen loss, had a higher restenosis rate (30.5% vs. 6.8%, p < 0.0001) and showed a greater incidence of clinical events during follow-up (p < 0.0001).

Conclusions. Debulking atherosclerotic lesions by means of directional coronary atherectomy before stent implantation is a safe procedure with a high success rate and a low incidence of restenosis at follow-up.     

A comparison of the clinical and angiographic evolution of diabetic and nondiabetic patients treated by conventional angioplasty versus stent implantation in native coronary arteries

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: Diabetic patients have a high restenosis risk after balloon coronary angioplasty. Stent implantation in these patients appears to be a potential beneficial therapeutic option. The aim of this study was to compare the clinical and angiographic outcome of diabetic patients vs non-diabetic patients, treated with conventional angioplasty vs stent implantation in lesions located in native coronary arteries. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A total of 302 patients (58 diabetics and 244 non-diabetics) underwent a coronary angioplasty of one vessel in native coronary arteries with initial success and after at least six months clinical and angiographic follow-up were included in the study. Of the total number of patients, 100 were treated with conventional balloon angioplasty and 202 with stent implantation. Major adverse clinical events and angiographic restenosis rate were evaluated at follow-up. RESULTS: Mean age of patients was 65 years and 74% were male. Angiographic restenosis rate was similar in diabetic vs non-diabetic patients with stent implantation (24% vs 23% respectively). Nevertheless, diabetic patients treated with balloon angioplasty compared to diabetic patients treated with stenting, evolved with a higher restenosis rate (64% vs 24%; p < 0.05), and at the end of follow-up diabetics had need a higher rate of target vessel revascularization (40% vs 24%; p < 0.05), a lower major event free survival (56% vs 70%; p < 0.05) and worse symptomatic status (72% vs 36%; p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Diabetic patients treated with conventional one vessel coronary balloon angioplasty evolved with a high restenosis rate and a bad mid-term clinical outcome. Stent implantation was able reduce to the restenosis rate and improve the mid-term clinical outcome, in a comparable population of diabetic patients.     

Clinical and angiographic outcome of NIR stent implantation in small vessels with unfavorable lesion morphology

BACKGROUND: Coronary artery stents are used for the treatment of acute or threatened vessel occlusion complicating coronary angioplasty or for the prevention of restenosis after angioplasty. Improvements in stent design made the stenting of complex and small vessels feasible. We prospectively evaluated the safety, efficacy and long-term patency of NIR stent (Boston Scientific, Maple Grove, Minnesota) implantation in small vessels with complex lesion morphology. METHODS: The study population consisted of patients with complex (type OCO) lesions under 3 mm vessel diameter who were undergoing coronary angioplasty for symptomatic coronary artery disease followed by high-pressure NIR stent implantation and antiplatelet therapy only. Follow-up angiography was performed six months after the initial procedure. RESULTS: Of 143 patients fulfilling the angiographic criteria and undergoing stent implantation between October 1995 and November 1997, 67 patients (46.9%) received NIR stents. In 58 patients (86.6%), angiographic 6-month follow-up was available. In one patient (1.7%), stent implantation was unsuccessful. Procedural success of the NIR stent implantation was 98.2%. Implantation of other stents failed in 12 cases. NIR stent implantation was successful in all of them. No patient required urgent bypass surgery. No patient died. Restenosis occurred 5.8 +/- 1.3 months after the initial procedure in 21 patients (36.2%). CONCLUSIONS: Coronary high-pressure stenting of small (< 3 mm) type OCO (AHA/ACC) lesions in patients with symptomatic coronary heart disease is a feasible treatment option with a high procedural success rate and low complication rate. The new flexible NIR stent showed an acceptable restenosis rate. The implantation was successful even in vessels in which previous attempts of Palmaz-Schatz stent placement had failed.