大剂量抑肽酶在体外循环心内直视手术中的止血作用（综述）

大剂量抑肽酶在体外循环心内直视手术中的止血作用（综述）浙江医科大学附属第二医院心胸外科何忠良，张昌铭审校体外循环（ＣＰＢ）心内直视手术后出血是危及生命的严重并发症，约占３％左右［１］。多为凝血功能异常、肝素反跳、止血不彻底等原因引起。在术后再次开胸止...     

抑肽酶在体外循环心内直视手术中的应用概况

出血是体外循环心内直视手术后的严重并发症之一 ,特别是紫绀型先天性心脏病或转流时间长、再次手术的病人 ,手术创面往往广泛渗血 ,难以用外科方法进行处理。大量出血一方面增加急性心包填塞的危险性 ,影响术后心、肺功能的恢复 ,甚至危及病人的生命 ;另一方面 ,大量输血增加输血性传染病的机会。近年来研究表明 ( 1、2、3 )体外循环术中应用抑肽酶可减少术后出血量约 3 5 %～ 6 3 %,减少库血输入量约 46 %～ 5 4 %。显示出抑肽酶在体外循环手术中止血作用 ,现就抑肽酶在体外循环心内直视手术中的应用概况综述如下。1　抑肽酶的作用机制　…     

体外循环心内直视手术血液保护的体会

目的：探讨体外循环心内直视手术血液保护的方法。方法：对52例行体外循环心内直视手术的患者采取合理选择体外循环用品,围手术期使用抑肽酶和止血环酸,手术中尽量减少失血,严格控制术后输血等血液保护措施的结果进行总结。结果：本组患者围手术期平均用血量414ml,其中9例未输血,占17．3％。术后平均出血量312ml。结论：采取体外循环中及术后的多项综合性血液保护措施,可有效减少体外循环心内手术的用血量。     

体外循环中氨甲苯酸及抑肽酶抗纤溶作用的对比研究

目的：比较氨甲苯酸及抑肽在体外循环心内直视手术中的抗纤溶作用。方法：选择45例风心病,随机均分成氨甲苯酸组,抑肽酶组及对照组。对别观察各组体外循环术中,术后t-PA,PAI的变化。同时观察各组术后24h纵隔,心包引流量。结果：氨甲苯酸组与抑肽酶组t-PA,PAI活性改变相似,而对照组则不同（P＜0．05）;术后24h纵隔,心包引流量,氨甲苯酸组与抑肽酶组低于对照组（P＜0．05）,氨甲苯酸组与抑肽酶组引流量相接近（P＞0．05）。结论：初步证明在体外循环心内直视手术中氨甲苯酸具有与抑肽相似的抗纤溶止血功效。     

大剂量抑肽酶在体外循环中减少术后出血的作用

观察在体外循环中应用大剂量抑肽酶对术后出血的影响.20例成人体外循环心脏直视手术患者,随机分为2组抑肽酶组和对照组.结果显示,抑肽酶组术后6 h和24 h引流量较对照组显著降低(P<0.05).认为在体外循环中大剂量抑肽酶应用通过对血小板功能的保护和抗纤溶作用从而大大减少了术后患者渗血量.     

体外循环心内直视手术中应用小剂量抑肽酶临床观察

目的：探讨采用小剂量抑肽酶心内直视手术的因效果。方法：选择心脏瓣膜置换手术患者３０例,随机分为研究组（小剂量组）１５例和对照组（大剂量组）１５例。研究组放血结束后静脉滴注抑肽酶１００万ｋＩＵ,体外循环预充液中加入抑肽酶１００万ｋＩＵ,停机后持续静脉输入抑肽酶５０万ｋＩＵ至术毕;对照组于相同时间分别给予抑肽酶２００万ｋＩＵ、２００万ＫＩＵ和１００万ＫＩＵ。结果：小剂量抑肽酶能明显减少术后出血,且术后     

大剂量抑肽酶在体外循环中减少术中出血的作用

观察在体外循环中应用大剂量抑肽酶对术后出血的影响。20例成人体外循环心脏直视手术患者，随机分为2组：抑肽酶组和对照组。结果显示，抑肽酶组术后6h和24h引流量较对照组显著降低（P＜0.05）。认为在体外循环中大剂量抑肽酶应用通过对血小板功能的保护和抗纤溶作用从而大减少了术后患者渗血量。     

两种抑肽酶制剂抑制纤溶活性和保护血小板功能作用的比较

使用大剂量的抑肽酶能显著改善体外循环心内直视手术后的止血功能,减少术后创面的渗血量。本实验通过尿激酶诱导的纤溶活性和抗血小板聚集作用,比较两种抑肽酶制剂(5万和50万单位/瓶)对此的保护作用。结果表明,两种抑肽酶制剂对纤溶活性的抑制作用和对血小板功能的保护作用是有同等的浓度依赖性,提示它们的临床作用也应该一致。     

抑肽酶对体外循环期间红细胞免疫功能的影响

通过试验研究抑肽酶对体外循环(CPB)先天性心脏患者心内直视手术中红细胞免疫功能的影响,以此来说明大、小剂量抑肽酶对RBC免疫活性的不同作用。     

抑肽酶对体外循环期间红细胞免疫功能的影响

通过试验研究抑肽酶对体外循环（CPB）先天性心脏患者心内直视手术中红细胞免疫功能的影响，以此来说明大、小剂量抑肽酶对RBC免疫活性的不同作用。     

Value of D-Dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection

Objective: To evaluatel the value of D-dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection (AAD). Methods: This study consisted of 16 patients with AAD and 27 non-AAD patients. Serum D-dimets were measured by Sta-Liatest D-DI immunoturbidimetric assay. Results: D-dimer level was higher (P ＜ 0.001) in patients with AAD(7.91 ± 5.52 μg/ml) than that in non- AAD group(1.57±1.24 μg/ml). D-dimer was positive (＞0.4 μg/ml) in all patients with AAD and in 10 control group patients (37%). Among patients with acute AAD, D-dimers tended to be higher in Stanford A than in Stanford B (8.67 ± 4.31 μg/ml vs. 3.24±1.27 μg/ml, P ＜0.01). D-dimer values tended to be higher in more extended disease(3.84 ± 1.65 μg/ml, 8.57 ± 3.58 μg/ml and 11.87 ± 5.69 μg/ml in thoracic aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta and iliacal arteries, respectively, P ＜ 0.05 for both 8.57 ± 3.58 and 11.87 ± 5.69 vs. 3.84 ± 1.65 ). Including the control group into the analysis, we found a sensitivity of 100%, a negative predictive value of 100%, and a specificity of 66% and a positive predictive value of 64% for D-dimer in diagnosis of AAD in our patients with suspected AAD. Conclusion: D-dimer was elevated in patients with AAD. A negative D-dimer test result could be useful in excluding AAD.     

Research of combined liver-kidney transplantation model in rats

Objective： To set up a simple and reliable rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation. Methods： SD rats served as both donors and recipients. 4℃ sodium lactate Ringer＇s was infused from portal veins to donated livers,and from abdominal aorta to donated kidneys, respectively. Anastomosis of the portal vein and the inferior vena cava （IVC） inferior to the right kidney between the graft and the recipient was performed by a double cuff method, then the superior hepatic vena cava with suture. A patch of donated renal artery was anastomosed to the recipient abdominal aorta. The urethra and bile duct were reconstructed with a simple inside bracket. Results： Among 65 cases of combined liver-kidney transplantation, the success rate in the late 40 cases was 77.5%. The function of the grafted liver and kidney remained normal. Conclusion： This rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation can be established in common laboratory conditions with high success rate and meet the needs of renal transplantation experiment.     

BLOOD PRESSURE CHANGE WITH AGE IN SALT-SENSITIVE TEENAGERS

Objective To observe blood pressure change with age in salt-sensitive teenagers whose salt sensitivity were determined by repeated testing.Methods Salt sensitivity was determined through intravenous infusion of normal saline combined with volume-depletion by oral diuretic furosemide in 55 teenagers. After five years, salt sensitivity was re-examined and subject blood pressure was followed up. Blood pressure changes in salt-sensitive teenagers were compared to that of non-salt sensitive teenagers over five years.Results After 5 years, the repetition rate of salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading is 92.7%. In teenagers with salt sensitivity on the baseline, both the systolic blood pressure increments and increment rates were much higher than non-salt sensitive teenagers (12.7±12.1 mmHg vs. 2.8±5.2 mmHg, P＜ 0.01; 12.2%± 12.0% vs. 2.5% ±4.4%, P＜ 0.001,respectively). There was a similar trend for diastolic blood pressure (8.4 ± 6.4 mmHg vs. 3.7 ± 6.4 mmHg, P = 0.052; 13.2% ±10.6 % vs. 6.8%± 10.1%, P = 0.053, respectively).Conclusions Salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading showed good reproducibility. Blood pressure increments with age were much higher in salt-sensitive teenagers than non-salt sensitive teenagers, especially in terms of systolic blood pressure.     

安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术后生活质量影响的研究

目的：评价使用安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术（PPCI）术后生活质量的影响.方法：将160例接受PPCI的急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者随机分为安心颗粒组（术前顿服安心颗粒8.8g,术后安心颗粒4.4 g/次,每日2次）和对照组（仅接受基础药物治疗）.所有患者均服用阿司匹林、氯吡格雷和阿托伐他汀.分别在入院时、出院前1d、出院后180 d时,应用心肌梗死多维度量表（MIDAS）、中文版SF-36评价量表对患者生活质量评分.并观察术后30 d以内的出血并发症、血小板减少症发生情况.结果：入院时和出院前1d,两组患者的心肌梗死MIDAS、SF-36量表评分比较无差异（P＞0.05）;出院后180 d时,与对照组比较,安心颗粒组MIDAS、SF-36评分明显减低（P＜0.05）;组内与入院时比较,两组出院前1d、出院后180 d时,MIDAS、SF-36评分均降低（P＜0.05）.两组患者在随访期间均无大量出血、少量出血、重度和极重度血小板减少症发生,安心颗粒组有4例、对照组有7例发生不明显出血（P＞0.05）.两组发生轻度血小板减少症的患者数比较无差异（P＞0.05）.结论：PPCI使用安心颗粒,能改善急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者的生活质量,且不增加出血风险.     

The comparative studies of the influences of Urapidil and Nicardipine on sino-atrial node function, atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics

Objective:To investigate the influences of urapidil and nicardipine on rabbit sinus function,atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics.Methods:Thirty-two Angora's rabbits were selected and randomly divided into four groups.U1 group:urapidil 0.25 mg/kg;U2 group:urapidil 0.5 mg/kg;N1 group:nicardipine 10 μg/kg;N2 group:nicardipine 20 μg/kg.All these medicine were administrated within 30 seconds.Measurements were taken before and after the administration of urapidil or nicardipine for the following data:mean blood pressure(MAP),heart rate(HR),sino-atrial conduction time(SACT),maximal sinoatrial recovery time(SNRTmax)corrected sinus node recovery time(CSNRT),index of sinus node recovery time(SNRTI),Wenckebach A-V conduction frequency (WB),and P-R interval.Results:Significant MAP and HR changes were identified in all of the four groups before and after administration of both urapidil and nicardipine.No significant changes could be found in the rest of the parameters.Intergroup analysis showed that SACT and CSNRT of N1 and N2 groups were shorter than those of the U2 group(P＜0.01);the MAP decreased(P＜0.01)and the HR increased drastically(P＜0.01).Conclusions:Neither urapidil(0.25 mg/kg,0.5 mg/kg)nor nicardipine(10μg/kg,20μg/kg)has any significant influence on rabbit sinus function or rabbit atrio-ventricular node function.Nicardipine could be a better choice than urapidil for parafunctional sinus node patients.     

Expression of OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the patients of hip fracture due to osteoporosis

Objective：To investigate the gene expression of osteoprotegerin（OPG） and osteoclast differentiation factor（ODF） in the bone tissue of patients with hip fracture due to osteoporosis. Methods：OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the bone tissue in 50 cases of osteoporosis sufferers（over 50 years old） with hip fracture（Observer Group） and 30 cases of hip facture sufferers with no osteoporosis（Control group） were analyzed with the Semi-Quantitative RT-PCR method. Results：The mRNA expressed of ODF, OPG were both high in the patients with hip fracture. In the control group, the expression of OPG mRNA was observed, while the expression of ODF mRNA was very slight. Conclusion：Aged patients contained all signals including OPG, ODF that are essential for inducing osteoclastogenesis and promoting bone resorption.     

Dynamic Changes in Serum Estradiol and Progesterone levels in Patients of Premenstrual Syndrome with Adverse Flow of Liver-qi

Objective:To probe into the influence of changes of ovarian hormones on the pathogenesis of the specific sub-type premenstrual syndrome(PMS)and reveal partial microcosmic mechanisms of adverse flow of liver-qi.Methods:Estradiol(E2)and progesterone(P)levels in serum were determined at different phases of menstrual cycle by radioimmunoassay.Results:In the group of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.the secretive peak value Of E2 and P at the follicular phase significantly decreased,and the secretive peak value at the luteal phase did not come into being.Conclusions:Low E2 and P secretive peak at the follicular phase and absence of secretive peak at the luteal phase is one of the microcosmic mechanisms of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.One of the pathophysiologic mechanisms of specific sub-type PMS is probably the continuous low level of E2and P.     

Real-time Three-dimensional Echocardiography in Assessment of Left Ventricular and Right Ventricular Volumes

Real-time three-dimensional echocardiography (RT3DE)is a new ultrasound technique that enables dynamic threedimensional visualization and quantification of the heart in real time. Investigation of feasibility and methodology of RT3DE in determining left ventricular (LV) and right ventricular (RV) volumes, RT3DE was performed in 35 normal adults using Philips SONOS 7500 system with a 2-4 MHz matrix array transducer. The 60°×60° "pyramid" volume database was obtained and analyzed on a TomTec echo workstation. Both LV and RV volumes were calculated with four 3DE methods (i.e. apical 2, 4, 8, and 16-plane) through manually tracing ventricular endocardial borders in end diastole and end systole. Stroke volumes were then calculated. LV volume was also measured by 2DE Simpson's rule using GE VIVID 7 ultrasound machine.     

SCREENING FOR A 21-CHROMOSOME ABNORMALITY IN PREIMPLANTED EMBRYOS OF ELDERLY WOMEN

Increasing maternal age is the only etiological factor unequivocally linked to Down's syndrome in humans. The occurrence rate of newborns with Down's syndrome is about 1/220 in women over 35 years old. However, the occurrence rate in embryos fertilized in vitro, of the elder woman is unclear. Using FISH we screened the number of chromosome 21 in preimplanted embryos of 5 elderly women (average age, 38.4 years) to study the feasibility and necessity of screening trisomy 21 in embryos in patients over 35 years old at the in vitro fertilization (IVF) center.     

Scientific principles and rigorous processes should be followed in developing clinical guidelines for therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine

A clinical guideline for the therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine may be defined as a written document which states a series of recommendations on therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine for a special disease or condition. The guideline may provide assistance to medical professionals in making clinical decisions aimed at improving the clinical outcome of patients and reducing the costs of medical care（~＇4~. Recommendations issued by a guideline should be based on the best available evidence in both Western and Chinese medicine. For fulfilling this purpose, the development of clinical guidelines for therapeutic interventions in the field of integrative medicine should follow scientific principles and undergo a rigorous processes.