鼻内镜配合眉弓切口造窗修补额窦外伤性脑脊液鼻漏

我科于2001年6月～2002年10月收治5例额窦外伤性脑膜脑膨出、脑脊液鼻漏病人，全麻下经鼻内镜观察处理额隐窝、鼻外切口经额窦径路颅外修补，1期修复成功，同时保留了额窦的形态和功能，报道如下。     

经鼻内镜额窦脑脊液鼻漏修补术初探

目的探索额窦脑脊液鼻漏修补术的进路、修补方法和手术技巧。方法对9例额窦后壁和4例额隐窝后外侧壁脑脊液鼻漏患者进行手术修补，其中首次手术行鼻内镜下修补术12例，联合进路1例；术后观察手术疗效及并发症情况。结果13例患者中12例一次修补成功，1例二次修补成功。出现并发症2例，其中1例为术后颅内感染，行鼻外引流、额窦填塞术治愈；另1例为阻塞性额窦囊肿，行鼻内镜下额窦开放术治愈。结论经鼻内镜可以成功修补可视的额窦后壁脑脊液鼻漏，但要注意额窦口及漏口大小，防止术后额窦阻塞，诱发阻塞性额窦囊肿、额窦炎和颅内感染；对于额窦内不可视的脑脊液鼻漏和额窦口扩大困难的病例，建议行联合进路修补术。     

经鼻内镜修补脑脊液鼻漏

脑脊液鼻漏(CSFR)是鼻颅底外科的常见病症,传统的修补方法有经颅内修补和经颅外修补2种进路.颅外进路又分为鼻外入路和鼻内入路,鼻内入路可以经显微镜或鼻内镜修复.     

经鼻内镜脑脊液鼻漏修补术及相关因素探讨

目的探讨经鼻内镜行脑脊液鼻漏修补术的疗效和经验。方法回顾性分析我科1998～2008年经鼻内镜对19例脑脊液鼻漏修补的临床资料,分析脑脊液鼻漏的病因、手术时机及术中注意事项。根据漏口的大小选择不同的材料进行修补。结果 19例患者均在鼻内镜下修补成功,其中1次修补成功1 5例,2例经再次修补成功,2例经第3次修补成功。随访2个月至3年,未见复发,无明显嗅觉减退及鼻腔干燥等并发症,患者鼻腔功能较术前无明显变化。结论鼻内镜下脑脊液鼻漏修补术是治疗脑脊液鼻漏的首选术式。修补方式、方法和修补材料的正确选择是修补成功的关键。但对某些病例,联合鼻外径路可弥补内镜下操作困难和不足,有助于提高1次修补成功率。     

经鼻内镜修补脑脊液鼻漏的进展

Wigand（1981）首次报道用黏膜瓣和纤维蛋白胶经鼻内镜成功修补筛窦手术过程中发生的脑脊液（CSF）鼻漏,此后,Stankiewicz（1989）、Papay（1989）、Mattax和Kennedy（1990）相继开展了这项技术并将其逐步完善。国内许庚等于1994年首次报道5例经鼻内镜行CSF鼻漏修补术。笔者对经鼻内镜行CSF鼻漏修补术的术前诊断、手术方法及成功率等相关内容作一综述。     

经鼻内窥镜修补脑脊液鼻漏

目的：探讨经鼻内窥镜修补脑脊液鼻漏的效果。方法：１５例脑脊液鼻漏，其中外伤１０例，鼻内窥镜术后２例，脑膜瘤术后２例，垂体瘤术后１例，病史超过１个月的１０例，经鼻内窥镜鼻内进路行瘘孔修补术。结果：全部病例均经１次手术修补成功，随访３个月￣６年无复发。结论：在鼻内窥镜直视下扩开瘘孔，并用肌肉填塞形成嵌顿是手术成功率高的重要因素。     

经鼻内窥镜修补脑脊液鼻漏

本介绍了脑脊液鼻漏的病史、体征，常用检查法及用鼻内窥镜修补脑脊液鼻漏的方法。     

经鼻内镜修补脑脊液鼻漏

我院自1996～2006年间收治9例脑脊液鼻漏患者,经鼻内镜手术治疗后,均一次性成功。报告如下。 1资料与方法 1.1一般资料 9例患者中,男6例,女3例;年龄31～65岁,其中医源性3例，均为鼻内镜鼻窦手术所致；自发性4例，外伤性2例。除1例医源性术中即发现脑脊液鼻漏外，其余8例病史1～14月。1例有脑膜炎病史。术前行鼻窦冠状位和轴位CT薄层扫描，鼻内镜检查定位瘘孔。瘘孔位于筛窦顶6例，蝶窦外侧壁2例，嗅区1例。     

外伤性额窦脑脊液鼻漏的治疗

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鼻内镜下脑脊液鼻漏修补术

目的 探讨鼻内镜下脑脊液鼻漏修补术的手术方法和治疗效果.方法 回顾性分析1996-2010年诊断为脑脊液鼻漏的54例患者的临床资料,所有患者均行鼻内镜下脑脊液鼻漏修补术.其中,外伤性25例,自发性17例,医源性12例.采用颞肌、颞肌筋膜、中鼻甲黏膜、鼻中隔黏膜、下鼻甲黏膜、阔筋膜、大腿肌肉、腹部脂肪、钩突黏膜、鼻窦黏膜等进行修复.结果 54例患者中,49例一次修补成功,1例2次手术修补成功,1例3次手术修补成功,1例在外院再次手术成功,1例修补不成功,未再治疗,1例术后1年半复发,未再治疗.术后并发症:4例术后出现高热,1例术后出现一过性浅昏迷并高热,1例术后出现癫痫,1例患者术后出现气颅,均经保守治疗痊愈.结论 鼻内镜下脑脊液鼻漏修补术是一种安全、有效和微创的手术方式,手术成功率高,应作为首选治疗方法;准确的漏口定位,选择合适的入路和适宜的修补方法是手术成功的关键.     

鼻内镜修补脑脊液鼻漏的临床分析

目的：探讨鼻内镜下修补脑脊液鼻漏的注意事项、修补材料的选择和并发症的处理。方法：对15例脑脊液鼻漏患者，根据术前确定的漏口部位选择不同的手术径路；根据漏口的大小选择不同的材料进行修补。结果：15例患者均在鼻内镜下修补成功，其中3例因脑脊液鼻漏在不同部位再发，行3次以上手术修补，修补次数最多达5次，1次修补成功率为85．6％。结论：脑脊液鼻漏经鼻内镜修补是一种极好的方法，具有方便、成功率高、并发症少、可重复多次修补等优点，值得推广。     

鼻内镜下脑脊液鼻漏修补方法的探讨

目的:探讨鼻内镜下脑脊液(CSF)鼻漏修补术中,由于漏口大小及部位的不同而采用的不同修补方 法对疗效的影响。方法:回顾性分析32例鼻内镜下CSF患者的漏口大小,修补方法及术后疗效。结果:①漏口 大小:1mm×1mm～20mm×20mm;②修补方法:浴缸塞法2例,外贴法10例,内贴法18例,筋膜加骨瓣钮扣 法1例。1次手术成功29例,2次成功1例,3次成功1例,1例修补失败由神经外科径口鼻蝶窦边路显微镜手术 成功。结论:①外贴法较为简便,适合较小的漏口;内贴法对抗颅内压较为理想,适合中等大小的漏口修补;浴缸 塞法对于中小漏口的修补疗效较可靠;“钮扣”法较适合修补较大的漏口。②鼻内镜下修补CSF鼻漏具有创伤 小、操作简单、视野清楚、成功率高、并发症少等优点。     

经鼻内镜脑脊液鼻漏修补术的方式和方法分析

目的：探讨脑脊液鼻漏的最佳治疗方法。方法：45例经鼻内镜行脑脊液鼻漏修补术患者,42例经鼻进路,3例经鼻及鼻外双进路。采用患者自体游离阔筋膜、捣碎的肌肉,剥去骨质带骨膜的中鼻甲或下鼻甲作为修补移植物,修补采用内贴修补法、堵塞修补法、外贴修补法和充填修补法。结果：1次性手术修补成功44例（97．8％）。术后并发脑膜炎3例,额窦区感染皮瓣下积液1例。45例住院治疗7～30d,平均11d。随访5个月～7年,无复发。结论：对于前颅底小瘘口和鞍底、斜坡处瘘口的脑脊液鼻漏,经鼻内镜脑脊液鼻漏修补具有明显优势。修补方式、方法和修补材料的正确选择是修补成功的关键。     

经鼻内窥镜行脑脊液鼻漏修补术的疗效观察

目的 :观察经鼻内窥镜修补脑脊液鼻漏的疗效。方法 :按Messerklinger手术进路 ,切除患侧钩突、筛泡 ,开放全筛窦 ,完整暴露前颅底。借助 0 、30 内窥镜和吸引器找到瘘孔位置 ,将其修补。结果 :10例患者均经 1次修补成功 ,随访 4个月～ 1年无复发 ,未出现任何并发症。结论 :经鼻内窥镜修补脑脊液鼻漏 ,简单易行 ,定位准确 ,创伤小 ,患者恢复快 ,值得推广     

Determining leak locations during transnasal endoscopic repair of cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhea

Objective

For transnasal endoscopic repair procedures to be successful, it is critical to identify leak locations during surgery. We aim to evaluate different methods to more accurately detect leak locations during the endoscopic repair of cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhea.

Materials and methods

We performed a retrospective chart review of 39 cases undergoing endoscopic repair of cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhea. The leak locations were determined using preoperative nasal endoscopy, radioisotope scanning, the intraoperative image-guided system, and intraspinal normal saline injection.

Results

The cerebrospinal fluid leak location was in the sphenoidal sinus in 9 cases, the ethmoid sinus in 17 cases, and in the frontal sinus in 1 case. The leak locations could not be determined in the remaining 12 cases using this method alone. For these 12 cases, after the ethmoid sinus was opened and the lateral wall of sphenoidal sinus was exposed with the aid of the intraoperative image-guided system, outflow of cerebrospinal fluid was present on the lateral wall of sphenoidal sinus (in 1 case) and on the ethmoid roof (in 3 cases). Furthermore, using intraspinal saline injection (20-30 ml), leak locations were detected in the sphenoidal sinus (2 cases) and in ethmoid sinus (6 cases) of the remaining cases.

Conclusion

For cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhea patients whose leak locations are difficult to determine, surgeons can increase their operative success rates by performing radioisotope scanning and intraspinal saline injections and by using image-guided surgical systems. These safe and effective methods can be used to successfully detect leak locations during transnasal endoscopic repair of cerebrospinal fluid leaks.     

Exploration of endonasal endoscopic repair of pediatric cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhea

Objectives

To summarize the clinical manifestations of pediatric cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhea (CSFR), discuss the localization of CSFR, and the surgical approaches, the graft material selection and the prognoses of endoscopic repair of CSFR.

Methods

The case data, surgical techniques and graft materials of endonasal endoscopic approach of 43 patients with CSFR who have been treated at the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University in the last 13 years were retrospectively analyzed. Among them, leaks in 34 cases were from the roof of the ethmoid sinuses. Other sites included frontal sinus (1), sphenoid sinus (6), and the conjunction of ethmoid and frontal sinuses (2). 37 patients were with unilateral CSF leaks, 6 were with bilateral CSF leaks. The dimensions of the defects ranged between 8 and 22 mm. For 25 cases, the procedure was as follows: first, the wound surrounding the perimeter of the defect was freshened and the leaks were plugged by myoplasm and overlaid with iliac fascia, and followed by the use of fibrin glue and nasal packing; for 5 cases, the procedure was as follows: at first, the wound was curetted and the leaks were intracranially plugged by autologous cartilage and muscle, overlaid with iliac fascia, followed by the use of fibrin glue and nasal packing; for 6 cases, the leaks were overlaid with iliac fascia only, and then fibrin and packing were used. For the rest of 7 cases, the frontal and sphenoid sinuses were filled with muscle.

Results

Of the total 43 cases, 31 had successful closure of the leaks by endonasal endoscopic repair on first attempt; 8 had successful closure of the leaks on second attempt, 3 was cured on third attempt; while, leaks in 2 patients failed to close after three attempts. Therefore, they underwent combined intracranial and transnasal endoscopic repair, one patient was cured and another one died postoperatively because of recurrent intracranial infection. At 12 month to 24 month follow-up 42 children remained leak free.

Conclusion

Endoscopic repair of CSF leaks is the optimum approach to the treatment of pediatric CSFR, featuring minor trauma, high successful rate, fewer complications and advantage of being able to carry out a revision surgery or more if needed. For children who have a large CSF leak in size and have failed to be treated successfully via endonasal endoscopic repair, combined intracranial and endoscopic repair could be performed to close the leak.     

脑脊液鼻漏经鼻内镜及其与额部联合进路的治疗

目的 总结脑脊液鼻漏的漏口诊断与经鼻内镜及其额部联合进路治疗的临床经验.方法 对58例确诊脑脊液鼻漏患者临床资料作回顾性分析,58例患者均行CT检查寻找漏口.56例患者接受了手术治疗,其中鼻内镜修补45例,对漏口位于额窦后壁及额眶部位的11例进行了经鼻内镜和额部联合进路修补;2例未行手术.56例手术患者中,普通CT扫描31例,其中25例术中证实正确显示漏口;另外25例行螺旋CT薄层扫描并三维重建方法 ,其中23例正确显示;8例术前CT未能显示漏口者均经术中探查明确部位进行治疗.结果 随访6个月至5年,中位随访时间3年.53例1次治愈,一次成功率94.6%,1例2次修补成功,1例先后行5次手术治愈;1例因术后颅内并发症死亡;2例因故未行手术出院失访.结论 螺旋CT薄层扫描图像的三维重建可使脑脊液鼻漏漏口的定位更准确;对发生于额部的脑脊液鼻漏,经鼻内镜和额部联合进路可弥补内镜下操作困难和不足,有助于提高修补的成功率.