射频消融肝脏膈面致膈肌损伤的研究

目的 观察射频消融(RFA)膈下肝脏导致膈肌损伤的病理改变及其转归.方法 10只新西兰白兔的膈下肝脏行开腹RFA,制作膈肌损伤模型.RFA后1周和4周行腹部增强CT检查.第2次增强CT后处死兔,行大体标本和病理学观察.结果 RFA后即刻观察,见膈肌损伤区呈暗灰色,边缘呈灰白色,与正常膈肌分界清晰;膈肌损伤区面积为(0.89±0.19)cm2;无膈肌穿孔发生.RFA后1周和4周增强CT,无胸水、腹水、膈肌穿孔等征象.RFA后4周大体标本检查,膈肌损伤区域瘢痕形成,边缘明显肥厚;损伤膈肌与肝消融灶表面紧密粘连;瘢痕区面积为(0.73±0.17)cm2,无膈肌穿孔.病理学检查,膈肌损伤区肌纤维完全消失,纤维组织代偿性增厚;膈肌损伤区边缘肌纤维数目减少,排列紊乱;肌间隙纤维组织轻度增生,淋巴细胞浸润.结论 膈下肝脏RFA可致膈肌全层损伤,但这种损伤可通过瘢痕修复,不会发生膈肌穿孔等严重并发症.

Abstract：

Objective To assess the pathological changes and outcome of diaphragmatic injury after radiofrequency ablation (RFA) for the liver abutting the diaphragm in order to provide a theoretical support of percutanous RFA for hepatocellular carcinoma abutting the diaphragm. Methods The animal models of diaphragmatic injury were made by open surgery RFA for the liver abutting the diaphragm in 10 New Zealand rabbits. Helical enhanced computed tomography (CT) was performed one week and 4 weeks after RFA. The 10 rabbits were killed immediately after the second enhanced CT, and all diaphragmatic lesions underwent gross and histologic examinations. Results Immediately after RFA, the diaphragmatic lesions were gray with an outer pale rim, and no diaphragmatic perforation occurred. The boundaries between lesions and normal area were clear. The area of diaphragmatic lesions was (0.89±0.19) cm2. No major complications, such as diaphragmatic perforation, pleural effusion and ascites, were detected on the postablation CT scan (one week or 4 weeks after the procedure). At gross inspection 4 weeks after RFA, the diaphragmatic lesions became scar-like tissue with hypertrophy of margin. Adhesion formed between the diaphragmatic lesions and the surface of hepatic RFA lesions. The area of scar was (0.73±0.17) cm2. No diaphragmatic perforation was found. On microscopic examination 4 weeks after RFA, the muscle in diaphragmatic lesions disappeared and became fibrous. Diminution, disorder and degeneration of the muscle were found in the outer rim of diaphragmatic lesions, which were replaced by fiber and lymphocyte. Conclusion It is possible to cause full-thickness diaphragmatic injury when adjacent liver is treated with RFA, but it can be repaired by scarring and there is no diaphragmatic perforation.     

Long-term Follow-up Outcome of Patients Undergoing Radiofrequency Ablation for Unresectable Hepatocellular Carcinoma

The long-term outcome of radiofrequency thermal ablation (RFA) for unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) has not been reported. This study was performed to evaluate the long-term survival of patients with unresectable HCC after RFA and to identify possible factors that might affect survival. In this prospective study, 65 patients with unresectable HCC who underwent RFA were followed. A total of 84 RFA operations were performed percutaneously (n = 49), laparoscopically (n = 20), or by open surgery (n = 15), to ablate 191 tumors. Twenty-two patients died within 16 months; otherwise, the follow-up period was at least 16 months, up to 71 months, with median 20.0 months and mean (± standard deviation) 24.8 ± 18.4 months for all patients. Local tumor recurrence developed in 12 of 191 tumors (6.3%) in 11 of 84 operations (13.1%), or 11 of 65 patients (16.9%). New liver and/or extrahepatic recurrence developed in 48 operations (57.1%). The overall median, mean, and 5-year survivals were 40.0 months, 33.7 ± 2.9 months, and 39.9%. The disease-free survivals were 16.0 month, 32.9 ± 3.0 months, and 27.9%. Factors that had a significant effect on survival outcome after RFA were TNM cancer stage and the operative approach method employed for RFA. Age, gender, race, etiology, alpha-fetoprotein, previous or subsequent treatment, and liver function (Child-Pugh class) did not affect survival. For patients with unresectable HCC, RFA is an effective and repeatable local treatment that can afford long-term survival, although often with disease recurrence.     

射频消融治疗肝细胞癌的生存率及预后因素分析

目的探讨射频消融(RFA)治疗肝细胞癌(HCC)的总生存率、无局部复发生存率和无瘤生存率及其预后因素。方法192例HCC患者行超声引导下RFA治疗。男151例,女41例。平均年龄59.2岁(24～87岁)。肿瘤平均大小(3.9±1.3)cm(1.2～8.0cm)。肝功能ChildPugh分级A、B、C级分别为106、77和9例。根据UICCTNM分期,Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ期肝癌分别为57、85、44和6例。单因素分析采用KaplanMeier及Logrank时序检验,多因素采用COX比例风险模型。结果192例HCC患者治疗后1、2、3、4年总生存率为84.9%、69.1%、60.4%和52.8%;无局部复发生存率为75.1%、53.8%、43.9%和40.8%;无瘤生存率为64.3%、43.2%、37.1%和25.0%。多因素分析获得的预后因素为:(1)总生存期:ChildPugh分级,规范化方案治疗和UICCTNM分期。(2)无局部复发生存期:ChildPugh分级,UICCTNM分期。(3)无瘤生存期:UICCTNM分期,ChildPugh分级,卫星灶。其中,ChildPugh分级和UICCTNM分期在3种生存率的预后分析中均为独立预后因素。结论根据RFA治疗结果分析,HCC肿瘤进展程度(UICCTNM分期和有无卫星灶)、患者肝功能以及治疗方法(是否应用规范化方案)是影响疗效的重要因素,此结果有助于在RFA治疗前、中和后3个环节中采取相应措施,以改善生存期。     

The morphology of diaphragmatic defects in hepatic hydrothorax: thoracoscopic finding

BACKGROUND: Until now, the pathophysiology of hepatic hydrothorax has been moot. We discuss (on the basis of gross videothoracoscopy findings in 11 cases and the literature) the pathogenesis and clinical presentation of this complex condition. METHODS: We prospectively studied 11 patients (age, 31-73 years; 6 men and 5 women) with refractory hepatic hydrothorax (Child-Pugh class B-C) who underwent thoracoscopic repair of diaphragmatic defects. The diaphragmatic defects were examined intraoperatively. RESULTS: The diaphragmatic defects stemming from hepatic hydrothorax were classified into 4 morphologic types: type I, no obvious defect (1 patient); type II, blebs lying on the diaphragm (4 patients); type III, broken defects (fenestrations) in the diaphragm (8 patients); and type IV, multiple gaps in the diaphragm (1 patient). The type of diaphragmatic defect did not correlate with the volume occupied by the pleural effusion in the preoperative chest radiograms. CONCLUSIONS: The finding of this study allowed hepatic hydrothorax pathophysiology to be directly visualized, and further studies concerning the treatment of hepatic hydrothorax might be based on these mechanisms.     

Surgery After Downstaging of Unresectable Hepatic Tumors With Intra-Arterial Chemotherapy

Background: This retrospective study was performed to assess the outcome among patients who underwent hepatic resection or tumor ablation after hepatic artery infusion (HAI) therapy downstaged previously unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) or liver metastases from colorectal cancer (CRC).Methods: Between 1983 and 1998, 25 patients with HCC and 383 patients with hepatic CRC metastases were treated with HAI therapy for unresectable liver disease. We retrospectively reviewed the records of 26 (6%) of these patients who underwent subsequent surgical exploration for tumor resection or ablation.Results: At a median of 9 months (range 7–12 months) after HAI treatment, four patients (16%) with HCC underwent exploratory surgery; two underwent resection with negative margins, and the other two were given radiofrequency ablation (RFA) because of underlying cirrhosis. At a median postoperative follow-up of 16 months (range 6–48 months), all four patients were alive with no evidence of disease. At a median of 14.5 months (range 8–24 months) after HAI therapy, 22 patients with hepatic CRC metastases underwent exploratory surgery; 10 underwent resection, 6 underwent resection and RFA or cryotherapy, and 2 underwent RFA only. At a median follow-up of 17 months, 15 (83%) of the 18 patients with CRC who had received surgical treatment had developed recurrent disease; the other 3 died of other causes (1 of postoperative complications) within 7 months of the surgery. One patient in whom disease recurred underwent a second resection and was disease-free at 1 year follow-up.Conclusions: Hepatic resection or ablation after tumor downstaging with HAI therapy is a viable option for patients with unresectable HCC. However, given the high rate of recurrence of metastases from CRC, hepatic resection or ablation after downstaging with HAI should be used with caution.Presented at the 53rd Annual Meeting of the Society of Surgical Oncology, New Orleans, Louisiana, March 16–19, 2000.     

经皮射频消融治疗邻近膈顶较大肝癌

目的探讨经皮射频消融(RFA)治疗邻近膈顶的较大肝癌的价值。方法回顾性分析接受超声引导下经皮RFA治疗的176例邻近膈顶较大病灶原发性肝癌患者(近膈组)及157例非邻近膈顶的较大病灶原发性肝癌患者(对照组)的资料。分析比较2组间患者年龄、性别、消融情况、早期灭活率、复发率、肿瘤新生率、并发症发生率及生存率的差异。结果近膈组RFA治疗中膈下注射生理盐水的比例高于对照组(P=0.016),局部复发率高于对照组(P=0.028)。2组患者年龄、性别、病灶最大径、RFA治疗所用消融仪及电极针、肿瘤早期灭活率、肿瘤新生率、并发症发生率差异均无统计学意义(P均0.05),RFA治疗后1、2、3、4、5年的生存率差异无统计学意义(P=0.203)。结论邻近膈顶的较大肝癌更易复发,超声引导下经皮RFA治疗应采取膈下注射生理盐水等个体化治疗方案及策略。     

Dual-scope guided (simultaneous thoraco-laparoscopic) transthoracic transdiaphragmatic intraoperative radiofrequency ablation for hepatocellular carcinoma located beneath the diaphragm

Background Among treatment modalities for unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), radiofrequency ablation (RFA) is getting popular due to low morbidity and its effectiveness. However, when the tumor is located just under the diaphragm, a percutaneous approach for RFA is often impossible because of the difficulty in visualizing the tumor with conventional ultrasonographic examination. Method Simultaneous thoraco-laparoscopic transthoracic transdiaphragmatic intraoperative RFA was performed on a 55 year-old male with HCC just beneath the diaphragm as well as laparoscopic RFA for dysplastic nodule near the gallbladder. Most of all, the patient wanted to undergo liver transplantation for the HCC and underlying liver cirrhosis. Therefore we chose to provide this procedure as a bridge to the liver transplantation. A total of four trocars (12 mm, 10 mm, 5 mm trocars for laparoscopy, and one 5 mm trocar for thoracoscopy), a 10 mm flexible laparoscope, a 5 mm thoracoscpe, and a laparoscopic ultrasound were used for this surgical procedure. After finishing laparoscopic RFA for dysplastic nodule near the gallbladder, the patient was placed into the left lateral decubitus for dual-scope guided transthoracic transdiaphragmatic intraoperative RFA. Complete separation of the diaphragm from the hepatic dome and good visualization of the subdiaphragmatic vessels provided a safe procedure without any injury to the diaphragm and other vessels. Results The operative time was 240 minutes and the blood loss was zero. The postoperative course was uneventful. The diet was started on the operative day. A chest tube and an abdominal drain was removed on first day after surgery. The patient discharged on the second day after surgery. The patient has been followed up for three months after the dual-scope guided intraoperative RFA without any evidence of tumor recurrence. He is now actively being evaluated for liver transplantation. Conclusion Dual-scope guided (simultaneous thoraco-laparoscopic) transthoracic transdiaphragmatic intraoperative RFA is an easy, safe, and effective minimal invasive modality for treatment of the selective patient with HCC, with liver cirrhosis, which is located immediately under the diaphragm. Further experiences and a long term follow up is mandatory. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi: ) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.     

Impact of radiofrequency ablation on the management of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma in a specialized centre

BACKGROUND: Radiofrequency ablation (RFA) has been used increasingly in the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The aim of this study was to investigate changes in the treatment pattern of primary HCC following the implementation of RFA in a specialized surgical centre. METHODS: This was a retrospective analysis of all 894 patients admitted for treatment of primary HCC over 36 months. RESULTS: There was no difference in the age, sex ratio, liver function according to Child-Pugh grade, serum alpha-fetoprotein concentration, hepatitis B surface antigen status and tumour size among patients before and after the introduction of RFA therapy. Fifty-one patients (10.6 per cent) with primary HCC received RFA treatment after its implementation. There was a 6.8 per cent reduction in the number of patients who had supportive treatment (P = 0.041) and a 3.2 per cent reduction in surgical treatment. The hospital mortality rates for RFA and surgery were 2.0 and 4.9 per cent respectively. The overall survival rates at 6, 12 and 18 months for patients treated with RFA were 92.2, 73.4 and 61.2 per cent respectively. The corresponding survival rates for the 213 patients who had surgery were 88.0, 77.0 and 71.5 per cent. These values were no different from those in patients who had RFA (P = 0.718). Patients treated with RFA or surgery survived longer than those who had other treatments. CONCLUSION: RFA had a significant impact on the management of primary HCC, increasing the number of patients suitable for liver-directed therapy and leading to survival benefit. RFA may become the treatment of choice for patients with irresectable HCC.     

Radiofrequency Ablation Versus Surgical Resection for the Treatment of Hepatocellular Carcinoma in Cirrhosis

Background and Aims Percutaneous radiofrequency ablation (RFA) demonstrated good results for the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in cirrhotic patients; it is still not clear whether the overall survival and disease-free survival after RFA are comparable with surgical resection. The aims of this study are to compare the overall survival and disease-free survival in two groups of cirrhotic patients with HCC submitted to surgery or RFA. Methods Two hundred cirrhotic patients with HCCs smaller than 6 cm were included in this retrospective study: 109 underwent RFA and 91 underwent surgical resection at a single Division of Surgery of University of Verona. Results Median follow-up time was 27 months. Overall survival was significantly longer in the resection group in comparison with the RFA group with a median survival of 57 and 28 months, respectively (P = 0.01). In Child–Pugh class B patients and in patients with multiple HCC, survival was not significantly different between the two groups. In patients with HCC smaller than 3 cm, the overall survival and disease-free survival for RFA and resection were not significantly different in univariate and multivariate analysis. Whereas in patients with HCC greater than 3 cm, surgery showed improvement in outcome in both univariate and multivariate analysis. Conclusions Surgical resection significantly improves the overall survival and disease-free survival in comparison with RFA. In a selected group of patients (Child–Pugh class B, multiple HCC, or in HCC ≤3 cm), the results between the two treatments did not show significant differences.     

Surgical resection versus percutaneous radiofrequency ablation in the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma on cirrhotic liver

OBJECTIVE: We sought to compare the experience of 2 different surgical units in the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) on cirrhosis with resection or percutaneous radiofrequency ablation (RFA), respectively. SUMMARY BACKGROUND DATA: When allowed by the hepatic functional reserve, surgery is the therapy for HCC on cirrhosis; alternative treatments are proposed because of the high tumor recurrence rate after resection. RFA is being widely adopted to treat HCC. METHODS: Over a 4-year period, 79 cirrhotics with HCC underwent resection in 1 surgical unit (group A) and another 79 had RFA at a different unit (group B). Patient selection, operative mortality, hospital stay, and 1- and 3-year overall and disease-free survival were analyzed. RESULTS: Group A (surgery): mean follow-up was 28.9 +/- 17.9 months; operative mortality was 3.8%, mean hospital stay 9 days; 1- and 3-year survival were, respectively, 83 and 65%. One- and 3-year disease-free survival were 79 and 50%. Group B (RFA): mean follow-up was 15.6 +/- 11.7 months. Mean hospital stay was 1 day (range 1-8). One- and 3-year survival were 78 and 33%; 1- and 3-year disease-free survival were 60 and 20%. Overall and disease-free survival were significantly higher in group A (P = 0.002 and 0.001). The advantage of surgery was more evident for Child-Pugh class A patients and for single tumors of more than 3 cm in diameter. Results were similar in 2 groups for Child-Pugh class B patients CONCLUSIONS: RFA has still to be confirmed as an alternative to surgery for potentially-resectable HCCs.     

Diaphragmatic rupture during labor

Diaphragmatic rupture during labor is uncommon and generally occurs in patients with a history of congenital diaphragmatic hernia or traumatic abdominal or chest injury. We present a case of a 41-year-old woman who presented with abdominal pain, vomiting and hypoventilation four days after a full-term home delivery. Chest radiography suggested the presence of a ruptured diaphragm, and laparotomy revealed a congenital left Bochdalek defect with herniation of the stomach, transverse colon and spleen into the left pleural cavity. Diaphragmatic hernia rupture during labor is a serious but rare complication that requires emergency surgery to prevent visceral perforation and cardio-respiratory failure.     

Diaphragmatic herniation after oesophagectomy: a report of two cases

Diaphragmatic herniation is the protrusion of abdominal structures into the chest through a defect in the diaphragm. It is a rare complication following oesophagectomy. Preoperative diagnosis is important in order to establish both the nature and extent of the diaphragmatic defect. The treatment of choice is surgery. In a series of 574 intrathoracic oesophagogastroplasties performed at our Institution from 1990 to 2004, the prevalence of diaphragmatic herniation was 0.35%. We report two cases of major diaphragmatic herniation after oesophagectomy for cancer performed using a laparotomic-thoracotomic (case 1) and a laparoscopicthoracotomic approach (case 2). The case 1 patient was asymptomatic: hernia repair involved hiatoplasty and mesh positioning. The case 2 patient presented with vomiting and abdominal pain: she underwent emergency laparoscopic surgery and direct closure of the diaphragmatic tear. At 12 months' follow-up, both patients were symptom-free. A barium swallow confirmed that the previously herniated abdominal viscera had returned to the abdomen. Diaphragmatic herniation following oesophagectomy is a rare complication which may be asymptomatic or present as bowel obstruction. Several aetiopathogenetic factors may be responsible for diaphragmatic hernias: enlargement of the diaphragmatic hiatus, a combination of negative pressure in the chest and positive pressure in the abdomen, and small number of adhesions in the case of patients operated on with minimally invasive surgery. Surgical repair is the treatment of choice and is mandatory as emergency treatment in the case of symptomatic hernias.     

弯曲形水冷微波消融针在腹腔镜下膈顶部肝细胞癌消融中的应用

目的探讨弯曲形水冷微波消融针在膈顶部肝细胞癌治疗的操作优势、安全性、有效性和效果评价。 方法选取2015年1月至2021年12月上海孟超肿瘤医院与中国医学科学院北京协和医学院肿瘤医院收治的膈顶部肝细胞癌患者作为研究对象,探讨弯曲形水冷微波消融针在腹腔镜下膈顶部肝细胞癌微波消融的操作优势、安全性和有效性。 结果弯曲形水冷微波消融针在膈顶部肝细胞癌的治疗与直形针相比,操作优势显著,避免了胸腔入路引起的气胸、胸腔感染、膈肌损伤、支气管胆管漏等并发症,安全有效。 结论弯曲形水冷微波消融针在膈顶部肝细胞癌的治疗中操作优势明显,安全、有效,值得在膈顶部肝细胞癌的操作中大力推广。     

Hanging maneuver in right hepatectomy for recurrent metastases with diaphragmatic infiltration after radiofrequency ablation: a new indication

The liver hanging maneuver is a safe technique to prevent bleeding during transection when a right hepatectomy by an anterior approach, without previous mobilization of the liver, is required. This article proposes a new indication for this technique. The liver hanging maneuver may be useful during right hepatectomy for local recurrence of liver metastases previously treated by radiofrequency ablation (RFA). In these cases, necrosis or fibrosis induced by RFA and local recurrence may cause strong adhesions between liver parenchyma and the diaphragm, thus increasing the risk of bleeding during liver mobilization. Between January 2003 and March 2006, seven patients with recurrent colorectal liver metastases of the right hemiliver, after previous treatment by RFA, underwent right hepatectomy. Liver resection was feasible with the proposed technique in all patients. In four cases, a limited diaphragmatic resection was associated. There was no mortality. Postoperative morbidity was 42.8 per cent. An anterior approach with the liver hanging maneuver for recurrent liver metastases after RFA should be recommended when the metastases are located posteriorly, are not detachable from the diaphragm, and the preliminary mobilization of the right liver may be difficult.     

Predictors of survival after laparoscopic radiofrequency thermal ablation of hepatocellular cancer

Background Most patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) are not candidates for hepatic resection or liver transplantation. Radiofrequency ablation (RFA) provides local control for unresectable HCC with minimal morbidity. The aim of this prospective study is to determine factors predicting survival in patients with HCC undergoing RFA.Methods Sixty-six consecutive patients with HCC who were not candidates for a curative liver resection and were free of extrahepatic disease underwent laparoscopic RFA. The relationship between demographic, clinical, laboratory, and surgical parameters and survival was assessed using univariate Kaplan-Meier survival and multivariate Cox proportional hazards model.Results The median Kaplan-Meier survival for all patients was 25.3 months after RFA. Although alfa fetal protein (AFP), bilirubin, ascites, and Child class were statistically significant predictors of survival by univariate analysis, only the Child class and AFP were independent predictors by multivariate analysis.Conclusions This study determines which patients do best after RFA and shows that RFA can provide significant survival for patients with unresectable HCC while also forming a bridge to liver transplantation. RFA has become the first line of treatment in the management of these patients.Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Society of American Gastrointestinal Endoscopic Surgeons (SAGES), Denver, Colorado, USA, March 31–April 3, 2004     

Rupture of the diaphragm and pericardium with cardiac herniation after blunt chest trauma

A 61-year-old man was transferred to our institution because of blunt chest trauma after accidentally falling. A chest roentgenogram (CXR) and computed tomography (CT) revealed bilateral hemopneumothorax and fractures of multiple left ribs, the pelvis, and the left femur. On the second day in hospital, the patient suddenly complained of dyspnea. Emergency CXR and CT revealed elevation of the left diaphragm, suggestive of a traumatic diaphragmatic hernia; emergency surgery was performed. We confirmed rupture of the diaphragm and pericardium with cardiac herniation: the pleural pericardium and diaphragm were torn individually, and the heart and abdominal organs had herniated into the pleural cavity. They were repaired, and there were no cardiopulmonary complications during or after the operation. Pericardiodiaphragmatic rupture with cardiac herniation after multiple blunt traumas is rare. We describe the successful treatment of a diaphragmatic and pericardial rupture with cardiac herniation, with special reference to pericardial injuries.     

Strangulated traumatic hernia of the diaphragm. A report of two cases

The herniation of abdominal viscera in the thorax can immediately follow diaphragmatic rupture or be delayed even years after the injury. The herniated viscera can strangulate; this consequence may lead to a dangerous misdiagnosis which could be lethal for the patient. Radiological procedures, serial chest X-ray studies, CT and MRI scans are mandatory to confirm diagnosis. The insertion of a naso-gastric tube is a very helpful method in ruling out hypertensive pneumothorax in the presence of an air-fluid level in the thorax. We report 2 cases of strangulated traumatic hernia of the diaphragm occurring just a few hours (case 1) and 18 months (case 2) after the trauma. During thoracotomy, a rupture of the left diaphragmatic cupola was demonstrated with herniation of the stomach in case 1, the stomach, spleen and transverse colon in case 2. No postoperative mortality or morbidity were detected.     

TACE联合射频消融治疗累及第二肝门区肝细胞癌的效果

目的观察TACE联合射频消融(RFA)治疗累及第二肝门区肝细胞癌(HCC)的效果。方法收集41例HCC患者,共44个肿瘤累及第二肝门区,于TACE后行RFA治疗。采用Kaplan-Meier法绘制生存曲线,统计患者中位总生存期(OS)及中位无进展生存期(PFS)。结果第二肝门区HCC完全消融率为81.82%(36/44)。消融后17例出现疼痛、10例一过性肝功能损伤、9例发热、2例气胸、1例胸腔积液、1例出血,均经对症处理后痊愈;无死亡病例。41例患者术后中位OS为28个月,中位PFS为10个月。结论 TACE联合RFA可有效治疗累及第二肝门区的HCC,且并发症少,患者预后较好。     

肝细胞癌并发梗阻性黄疸的介入治疗

目的评价介入治疗对于肝细胞癌（HCC）并发梗阻性黄疸的疗效。方法对12例HCC伴发梗阻性黄疸接受介入治疗的患者，首先行PTBD，左侧人路3例，右侧2例，双侧人路7例。在PTC显示胆管形态恢复正常后，8例留置内支架（覆膜支架12枚，裸支架2枚）．另4例单纯留置胆道引流管姑息治疗。结果PTBD成功率100％，4例并发胆管内出血。10例行胆管引流术1周后，血清总胆红素下降50％以上，肝功能好转．另2例在引流2周时血清总胆红素下降50％以上。生存时间自首次PTBD时间起3～13个月．平均生存时间6．2个月，6个月生存率41．67％，1年生存率16．67％。留置内支架的病例平均生存时间为6．52个月，仅行引流术而未植入内支架的病例平均生存时间为6．05个月，二者无显著统计学差异（P〉0．05）。7例患者接受经肝动脉化疗栓塞术治疗未发生并发症。结论有效的胆道引流是治疗HCC合并梗阻性黄疸的关键。胆管引流术和胆道内支架留置术都是有效的治疗方法，能够延长生存时间，创造进一步治疗机会。     

射频消融治疗初发小肝癌的疗效及预后因素分析

目的 分析射频消融治疗初发小于5 cm 肝细胞癌的疗效和预后因素,探索射频消融治疗小肝癌的适应证及进一步提高疗效的方法 .方法 采用回顾性队列研究方法 ,分析2001年10月至2006年12月期间,124例在中山医院肝癌研究所行射频消融治疗初发小于5 cm肝细胞癌135个病灶,随访期至2008年3月.结果 中位随访期22个月,中位、平均总体生存期为46个月、(42.7± 2.7)个月;1、2、3、4、5年的总体生存率为86.8%、66.5%、56.5%、45.6%、36.5%.与总体生存相关的独立危险因素有:白蛋白(P=0.007,r=2.227)和凝血酶原时间(P=0.035,r=2.010).白蛋白≤35 g/L且凝血酶原时间＞13 s(45例)和白蛋白＞35 g/L且凝血酶原时间≤13 s(42例)两组病人5年生存率和中位生存时间分别为25%、21个月和67%、63个月.结论 白蛋白和凝血酶原时间正常的初发小肝癌病人接受射频消融治疗能获得较高的5年生存率.