远外侧入路显微手术治疗枕大孔区延髓及颈髓腹侧肿瘤

目的 探讨远外侧入路显微手术切除枕大孔区延髓及颈髓腹侧肿瘤的临床疗效.方法 18例延髓及颈髓腹侧肿瘤均采用远外侧入路,咬除病变侧C1后弓、枕鳞及枕大孔后外缘,保护椎动脉,显露延髓及颈髓的侧方,在手术显微镜下行显微手术治疗.结果 18例中全部切除肿瘤13例(72.2%),次全切除4例(22.2%),未能切除1例(5.6%),术后症状消失11例,症状改善6例,无改善1例.结论 经远外侧入路治疗枕大孔区延髓及颈髓腹侧肿瘤临床效果良好.     

远外侧入路治疗颅颈交界腹侧病变的探讨

目的 探讨远外侧人路在处治中下斜坡、颈延交界区腹侧及颈静脉孔区病变的应用。方法对23例患者采用远外侧入路显微外科手术,其中枕髁后入路12例,经部分枕髁入路5例,经C1-2关节面侧方联合经部分枕髁入路3例,经颈静脉结节入路2例,经完整枕髁入路1例。结果20例肿瘤全部切除15例,近全部切除5例,3例椎一基底动脉瘤均顺利夹闭,3例行枕颈融合,无手术死亡率,结果满意。所有患者术后均未出现寰枕关节不稳定的症状,手术并发症主要是后组颅神经损伤、椎动脉损伤、脑脊液漏以及脑干、小脑或脊髓缺血。结论远外侧入路是脑干和上段颈髓腹侧、腹外侧病变的理想入路,但手术操作较复杂,具有一定的潜在风险,应根据病变性质、位置和延伸范围来选择入路,进而最低限度切除颅底骨质。     

枕下远外侧经髁入路显微手术切除延髓腹外侧区肿瘤

枕下远外侧经髁入路显微手术切除延髓腹外侧区肿瘤杨卫忠，石松生，张国良，刘才兴，倪天瑞，梁日生，陈建屏延髓腹外侧区的部位深在，且重要结构众多，以致致该区域病变的手术治疗一直是神经外科的难题。９０年代以来，我们采用枕下远外侧经髁入路显微手术治疗延髓腹外侧...     

后外侧枕下入路手术治疗枕大孔前方和下斜坡病变

作者报告一种治疗下脑干和上颈髓腹侧病变的手术入路。它包括枕下瓣状切口形成一侧皮瓣，暴露和切除枕下骨质、颈、半椎板以及酌情切除枕骨髁和颈１外侧块。将椎动脉暴露于术野。采用此手术入路，无手术死亡和与手术入路有关的并发症发生。     

枕骨大孔区脑膜瘤的显微外科治疗

目的探讨枕骨大孔区脑膜瘤的治疗方法以提高治疗效果。方法总结自1995午6月～2004年2月通过显微外科手术治疗18例枕骨大孔区脑膜瘤的经验。采用3种手术入路切除肿瘤：枕颈后正中或侧方入路10例。远外侧或经髁入路7例，枕下乙状窦后入路1例。结果肿瘤全切除14例，次全切除3例，部分切除1例，无手术死亡。结论合理选择手术入路能提高肿瘤全切除率及颅神经的保护，远外侧经髁入路是有效的手术入路。     

远外侧入路显微切除斜坡和枕大孔区腹侧肿瘤

目的 探讨斜坡、枕大孔区腹侧病变的手术方法和远外侧入路手术适应证。 方法 选择斜坡和枕大孔区腹侧病变２２例,其中脊索瘤１０例,脑膜瘤４例,舌下神经鞘瘤４例,椎－基底动脉汇合处动脉瘤２例,软骨肉瘤和纤维肉瘤各１例。３例肿瘤下极达颈２水平。依据需要磨除枕骨髁１／３或全部及其它骨块。２例侵入咽后壁的脊索瘤先经远外侧入路切除颅内部分肿瘤,再二期经口咽入路切除咽后壁部分。 结果 显微手术全切除１８例,次全切     

远外侧枕下入路切除高颈段椎管内外哑铃形肿瘤(附4例报告)

目的 :探讨经远外侧枕下入路切除高颈段椎管内外哑铃形肿瘤的治疗效果及手术技巧。方法 :回顾分析 4例经远外侧枕下入路切除高颈段椎管内外哑铃形肿瘤病人的临床资料及手术治疗结果。结果 :肿瘤全切 3例 ,1例因肿瘤包绕椎动脉而次全切除。所有患者术后恢复良好 ,未出现与手术入路有关的严重并发症。结论 :远外侧枕下入路具有手术路径短、视野宽广、显露硬膜内外病变清楚等优点 ,是治疗高颈段椎管内外哑铃形肿瘤的一种实用手术入路     

经前方入路切除颅颈交界区延髓颈腹侧肿瘤

经前方入路切除颅颈交界区延髓颈腹侧肿瘤史继新，刘承基，樊友武，张祖暄颅颈交界处延颈髓腹侧的肿瘤位置深在，后方被脑干、上颈髓及颅、脊神经阻挡，手术十分困难。通过后方入路不仅难以切除肿瘤，而且可能因过分牵拉延颈髓等神经组织而导致严重神经功能障碍。本院近２...     

枕大孔区脑膜瘤的显微手术治疗

目的报道枕大孔区脑膜瘤的显微神经外科手术的临床结果。方法选择经枕大孔后缘入路包括枕髁远外侧入路、枕下后正中入路和枕下下外侧入路，应用显微外科手术治疗的枕大孔区脑膜瘤7例，并结合文献分析影响枕大孔区脑膜瘤的手术入路的选择和影响预后的因素。结果肿瘤最大直径为0．8～4．8cm，肿瘤瘤体位置位于脑干前方3例，侧方2例，后方2例。经枕髁远外侧入路2例，枕下后正中入路3例，枕下外侧入路2例，肿瘤手术全切除6例（Simpson Ⅰ级4例，Simpson Ⅱ级2例），次全切除1例。术后6例随访6～36个月，神经系统占位症状较术前明显好转，未见肿瘤残留和复发。结论选择合适的经枕大孔后缘的手术入路，应用显微外科手术治疗枕大孔区脑膜瘤可获得较好的临床效果。     

经枕下远外侧入路切除枕骨大孔腹侧区肿瘤

枕骨大孔腹侧区肿瘤位于颅底深部,周围毗邻重要的血管神经结构,手术切除难度较大.1990年Sen和Sekhar[1]应用远外侧入路成功切除延髓腹侧的占位病变,并建议将该入路普及为处理此区域病变的常规入路,国内也相继开展了此入路的临床应用[2].我们自2004年8月至2009年6月应用远外侧入路切除枕骨大孔腹侧区肿瘤24例,临床效果较好,现总结报告如下.     

The extreme lateral transcondylar approach to aneurysms of the vertebrobasilar junction, the vertebral artery, and the posterior inferior cerebellar artery

The unilateral suboccipital craniotomy is the commonly performed approach to aneurysms of the vertebrobasilar junction, the vertebral artery, and the posterior inferior cerebellar artery (PICA). Many of these aneurysms are placed anterior or anterolateral to the brain stem, necessitating brain stem retraction for adequate exposure. Small dorsolateral enlargement of the foramen magnum, partial resection of the occipital condyle, and removal of the jugular tubercle allow access to the neurovascular structures ventral to the medulla without retraction of the neuroaxis. This extreme lateral transcondylar approach was performed in 20 patients with aneurysms of the vertebrobasilar junction, the vertebral artery, and the PICA; intraoperatively, two suspected aneurysms proved to be vascular malformations. Occlusion of the aneurysm and vascular malformation was successfully performed in 16 patients, resection of the vascular malformation was achieved in 1 patient, and the vertebral artery was clipped in 3 patients with fusiform aneurysms without complications related to the extreme lateral transcondylar approach. Unobstructed exposure of the aneurysm, parent artery, and neural structures without retraction of the sensitive lower brain stem are the major advantages of the extreme lateral transcondylar approach.     

The Extreme Lateral Transcondylar Approach to Aneurysms of the Vertebrobasilar Junction, the Vertebral Artery, and the Posterior Inferior Cerebellar Artery

The unilateral suboccipital craniotomy is the commonly performed approach to aneurysms of the vertebrobasilar junction, the vertebral artery, and the posterior inferior cerebellar artery (PICA). Many of these aneurysms are placed anterior or anterolateral to the brain stem, necessitating brain stem retraction for adequate exposure. Small dorsolateral enlargement of the foramen magnum, partial resection of the occipital condyle, and removal of the jugular tubercle allow access to the neurovascular structures ventral to the medulla without retraction of the neuroaxis. This extreme lateral transcondylar approach was performed in 20 patients with aneurysms of the vertebrobasilar junction, the vertebral artery, and the PICA; intraoperatively, two suspected aneurysms proved to be vascular malformations. Occlusion of the aneurysm and vascular malformation was successfully performed in 16 patients, resection of the vascular malformation was achieved in 1 patient, and the vertebral artery was clipped in 3 patients with fusiform aneurysms without complications related to the extreme lateral transcondylar approach. Unobstructed exposure of the aneurysm, parent artery, and neural structures without retraction of the sensitive lower brain stem are the major advantages of the extreme lateral transcondylar approach.     

Transuncodiscal approach to dumbbell tumors of the cervical spinal canal

A combined anterior and lateral approach to the anterior cervical spinal canal with fusion was performed on five patients with cervical dumbbell-shaped tumors. The procedure consists of anterior discectomy and ipsilateral uncectomy, and removal of the posterolateral corners and posterior transverse ridges of the upper and lower vertebral bodies at the level of the tumor. In the case of a large tumor in the spinal canal, additional removal of a limited segment from the lateral part of the vertebral body was performed. The bone defect was filled with a T-shaped iliac bone graft. Two vertebral bodies were fused in each case. The highest level of the operation was C-2 and the lowest was T-1. The authors believe that any cervical dumbbell-shaped tumor below the C-2 level can be removed via an anterolateral approach as long as no more than three levels of the spine are involved.     

Surgical experience with skull base approaches for foramen magnum meningioma

The surgical treatment of patients with foramen magnum meningioma remains challenging. This study evaluated the outcome of this tumor according to the evolution of surgical approaches during the last 29 years. A retrospective analysis of medical records, operative notes, and neuroimages of 492 meningioma cases from 1972 to 2001 identified seven cases of foramen magnum meningioma (1.4%). All patients showed various neurological symptoms corresponding with foramen magnum syndrome. The tumor locations were anterior in five cases and posterior in two. Surgical removal was performed through a transoral approach in one patient, the suboccipital approach in three, and the transcondylar approach in two. Total removal was achieved in all patients, except for one who refused any surgical treatment. The major complications were tetraparesis and lower cranial nerve paresis for tumors in anterior locations, and minor complications for posterior locations. One patient died of atelectasis and pneumonia after a long hospitalization. The transcondylar approach is recommended for anterior locations, and the standard suboccipital approach for posterior locations.     

Successful clipping of a distal posterior inferior cerebellar artery aneurysm located on the anterior surface of the medulla oblongata--case report

A 55-year-old male presented with a ruptured distal posterior inferior cerebellar artery (PICA) aneurysm manifesting as subarachnoid hemorrhage. Angiography demonstrated a saccular aneurysm arising from the lateral medullary segment of the left PICA and located on the medial side of the left vertebral artery (VA) and the anterior surface of the medulla oblongata. A transcondylar fossa approach was used to ensure a sufficient operating field and to obtain adequate visualization of the aneurysm, the parent artery, and the perforating arteries to the medulla oblongata. The aneurysm dome protruded medially at the hairpin curve, and was located on the medial side of the left VA and on the anterior surface of the medulla oblongata. There was no vessel branches in the vicinity of the aneurysm. The aneurysm was successfully clipped with minimum retraction of the cerebellar hemisphere and medulla oblongata. Distal PICA aneurysms can be located at various sites in the posterior fossa. The exact location of the aneurysm must be established to select the best surgical approach.     

Dural cyst at the foramen magnum

A 69-year-old male presented with a rare dural cyst manifesting as numbness and pain in the limbs. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed a mass anterior to the medulla oblongata appearing as low intensity on T(1)-weighted and high intensity on T(2)-weighted imaging, with no enhancement. A cystic lesion ventral to the medulla oblongata was removed via the lateral suboccipital transcondylar approach. Histological examination showed the wall of the cyst consisted of fibrous connective tissue with a dense zone and a loose zone, similar to the structure found in the dura mater. The lesion was diagnosed as dural cyst. Dural cysts can be defined as cyst with the wall consisting of dura mater-like fibrous tissue, and attached to the dura mater. The origin of the present dural cyst was considered to be congenital.     

Intradural jugular tubercle reduction to enhance exposure via the transcondylar approach: technical note

OBJECTIVE: The jugular tubercle can present an obstruction to adequate visualization of posteroinferior cerebellar artery (PICA) or vertebrobasilar junction aneurysms approached via a far lateral transcondylar approach. Reduction of the tubercle via an intradural approach was performed to enhance exposure. The technical details of this maneuver are discussed and demonstrated. METHODS: Two patients with PICA aneurysms were treated via the far lateral transcondylar approach. Intradural reduction of the jugular tubercle was performed to enhance exposure in each case. RESULTS: Exposure of the parent artery and aneurysm was enhanced in each case by intradural reduction of the jugular tubercle, providing several millimeters of added space. Both PICA aneurysms were successfully clipped with no intraoperative complications. CONCLUSION: Several millimeters of additional exposure can be obtained when treating a PICA or vertebrobasilar junction aneurysm via the far lateral transcondylar approach by removing the jugular tubercle via an intradural approach.     

Surgical approaches for vertebro-basilar trunk aneurysms located in the midline

Summary Fourteen cases of midline vertebro-basilar trunk aneurysms were operated on by four routes of surgical approach: middle fossa anterior transpetrosal approach (ATP), presigmoid transpetrosal approach (PTP), conventional lateral suboccipital approach (LSO) or suboccipital transcondylar approach (STC). There was no mortality, but the morbitity was different depending on the surgical approach. In basilar trunk aneurysms located higher than the internal auditory canal, excellent results were obtainable by ATP, especially in the case of posteriorly projecting aneurysms. For midline vertebral aneurysms located lower than the internal auditory canal, STC resulted in less surgical complications than LSO. Extradural resection of the jugular tubercle was necessary for aneurysms located on the distal vertebral artery at or close to the vertebro-basilar junction. For vertebro-basilar junction aneurysms located at the level of the internal auditory canal, hearing was preserved by STC, but not by ATP or PTP. However, choice of the surgical approach may depend on the direction of the aneurysm and the technical accessibility of the skull base. All these skull base approaches reduced surgical complications of retraction damage to the cranial nerves and the brain stem. This holds true for all aneurysms arising from the midline vertebro-basilar trunk.     

Hematomyelia caused by ruptured intramedullary spinal artery aneurysm associated with extramedullary spinal arteriovenous fistula--case report

A 53-year-old woman presented with a ruptured intramedullary aneurysmal dilatation fed by the anterior spinal artery associated with an arteriovenous malformation located in the ventral cervical spinal cord. She developed tetraparesis and respiratory dysfunction. The neurological deterioration was caused by hematomyelia due to the ruptured aneurysmal dilatation and progression of edema in the upper cervical spinal cord due to venous hypertension associated with additional hematoma in the medulla oblongata. Endovascular embolization of both C-1 and C-2 radicular arteries was performed with Guglielmi detachable coils, but components fed by small branches such as the radiculo-pial artery were not obliterated. Surgery was performed for extirpation of the arteriovenous malformation and cervical intramedullary hematoma, and excision of the aneurysmal dilatation through a transcondylar approach combined with vertebral artery transposition. Postoperatively, she overcame several complications such as pneumonia and endocarditis, and had only moderate weakness of the right upper and lower limbs. This case indicates that surgical intervention for high cervical intramedullary lesion may be very effective.