Prevention of high fructose-induced metabolic syndrome in male wistar rats by aqueous extract of Tamarindus indica seed

Tamarindus indica is used as a traditional treatment for diabetes. To elucidate whether Tamarindus indica seed aqueous extract (TSE) ameliorates metabolic syndrome in hyperinsulinemic rats, we evaluated serum insulin, dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS), triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TC), very low density lipoprotein (VLDL), low density lipoprotein (LDL), high density lipoprotein (HDL), and glucose levels in fructose-fed rats. Animals were divided into three groups; control (C) receiving tap water, fructose-fed (F) and TSE-treated fructose-fed rats (F-T) both receiving tap water supplemented with 10% (w/v) fructose. Water was prepared every day for a period of 8 weeks for all three groups. F-T rats were fed with TSE via gavage feeding at the dose of 20 mg/0.5 ml distilled water/100 g body weight per day. Fasting serum glucose levels of three groups were comparable. TSE treatment prevented the increase in fasting serum insulin, TG, TC, VLDL, and LDL in the F-T group (P<0.01) when comparing with the F group. Fructose feeding led to a decrease in fasting serum DHEAS, and HDL levels in the F group (P<0.01) compared with the control. TSE treatment prevented the decrease in fasting serum DHEAS, and HDL levels in the F-T group (P<0.01) while these results were not seen in control rats. It is indicated that the hyperinsulinemia in fructose-fed insulin resistant rats are associated with low levels of DHEAS, and HDL; and high levels of TC, VLDL, LDL, and TG. TSE supplementation probably ameliorates metabolic syndrome due to the improved insulin action.     

Hamsters and guinea pigs differ in their plasma lipoprotein cholesterol distribution when fed diets varying in animal protein, soluble fiber, or cholesterol content.

There were two objectives to these studies: 1) to compare the lipoprotein cholesterol distribution in two animal models in response to different dietary treatments and 2) to assess whether the hypercholesterolemia induced by high cholesterol intake could be reversed by consumption of vegetable-protein and/or dietary fiber. Guinea pigs, which carry the majority of plasma cholesterol in LDL, and hamsters, with a higher distribution of cholesterol in HDL, were evaluated in three different studies. In Study 1, animals were fed semi-purified diets for 4 wk with proportions of 60:40, 20:80 or 0:100 (w/w) of casein/ soybean protein. Hamsters and guinea pigs that consumed 100% soybean protein had lower plasma total cholesterol (TC) than those fed diets containing casein (P < 0.01). In Study 2, three doses of dietary pectin (2.7, 5.4, or 10.7 g/100g) added in place of cellulose were tested. Intake of 10.7 g/100 g pectin resulted in the lowest plasma TC concentrations for both species (P < 0.01). Although the TC lowering was similar in studies 1 and 2, the lipoprotein cholesterol distribution differed. Whereas the differences in plasma cholesterol were in LDL in guinea pigs, hamsters exhibited differences in both non-HDL and HDL cholesterol. In study 3, animals were fed 100% soybean protein, 10.7 g/100 g pectin, and three doses of dietary cholesterol: 0.04, 0.08, or 0.16 g/100 g, which is equivalent to 300, 600, or 1,200 mg/d in humans. Guinea pigs and hamsters had the highest plasma LDL and hepatic cholesterol concentrations when they consumed 0.16 g/100 g of cholesterol (P < 0.01). However, intake of 0.08 g/100 g of cholesterol resulted in lower plasma LDL cholesterol concentrations than did consuming high animal protein (60:40 casein/ soy) or low soluble fiber (2.7 g/100 g). Relatively high levels of dietary cholesterol combined with vegetable protein and soluble fiber resulted in desirable lipoprotein profiles in animal models that significantly differ in their lipoprotein cholesterol distribution.     

荞杞方便粥对高脂血症大鼠的调节血脂作用

在高脂饲料中加入３０％的荞杞方便粥饲喂Ｗｉｓｔａｒ雄性大鼠３周的结果提示：荞杞方便粥具有减轻脂质代谢紊乱大鼠血清总胆固醇（ＴＣ）和低密度脂蛋白胆固醇（ＬＤＬＣ）含量、ＬＤＬＣ／ＨＤＬＣ比值及致动脉粥样硬化指数（ＡＩ）升高的作用,对血清甘油三酯（ＴＧ）和高密度脂蛋白胆固醇（ＨＤＬＣ）无明显影响,对大鼠摄食及生长无不良影响。     

Grape polyphenols decrease plasma triglycerides and cholesterol accumulation in the aorta of ovariectomized guinea pigs

Female ovariectomized guinea pigs, a model for menopausal women, were fed either a control diet or a diet containing 10 g/100 g of a lyophilized grape preparation for 12 wk. The macronutrient composition of the grape preparation was: simple carbohydrates, 90 g/100 g; protein, 4 g/100 g; and dietary fiber, 6 g/100 g. Control and grape diets had the same composition except for the percentage of macronutrients provided by the grape preparation. Polyphenols were present in the grape preparation at 0.58 g/100 g and included flavans, anthocyanins, quercetin, myricetin, kaempferol and resveratrol. Dietary cholesterol was 0.33 g/100 g to raise plasma cholesterol concentrations and ensure the development of atherosclerosis. Plasma LDL cholesterol concentrations did not differ between groups, whereas plasma triglycerides and VLDL cholesterol were 39 and 50% lower, respectively in guinea pigs fed the grape diet compared with controls (P < 0.05). Significant modifications in LDL particles included 58 and 30% lower triglycerides and phospholipids, respectively (P < 0.0001). Hepatic acyl CoA:cholesteryl acyltransferase activity was 27% lower (P < 0.05) in the grape diet-fed group compared with controls. In addition, concentrations of cholesterol in the aorta were 33% lower (P < 0.05) in guinea pigs fed the grape diet. These results suggest that grape intake in ovariectomized guinea pigs alters hepatic cholesterol metabolism, which may affect VLDL secretion rates and result in less accumulation of cholesterol in the aorta.     

Ruminant-produced trans-fatty acids raise plasma total and small HDL particle concentrations in male Hartley guinea pigs

Although trans-fatty acid (tFA) intake has been positively associated with coronary heart disease (CHD), the relative effect of consuming industrially produced (IP)- compared with ruminant-produced (RP)-tFA on CHD risk factors is unclear. This study was designed to examine the effects of feeding partially hydrogenated vegetable oil (PHVO), IP-tFA source, and butter oil (BO), RP-tFA source, on the development of atherosclerosis and risk factors associated with CHD. Forty-eight male Hartley guinea pigs were fed a hypercholesterolemic diet containing (9% by weight) PHVO, BO, coconut oil (CO; positive control), or soybean oil (SO; negative control) for 8 or 12 wk (n = 6/group). Morphological analysis revealed that none of the groups developed atherosclerosis. Plasma and hepatic lipids did not differ between the tFA groups, but total and small HDL particles were significantly higher in the BO group than in the PHVO group and mean HDL particle size was significantly smaller in the BO group than in the PHVO group. Compared with the other treatment groups, the SO treatment resulted in significantly lower total cholesterol (TC) and LDL cholesterol in plasma, whereas hepatic TC was significantly higher in the SO group than in the other treatment groups. Plasma and hepatic cholesterol concentrations did not differ between the tFA and CO treatments. These results demonstrate that when fed at a high dose, IP- and RP-tFA had the same effect on established CHD risk factors in male Hartley guinea pigs. The effects of RP-tFA on HDL particle sizes and concentrations warrant further investigation.     

Dietary influences on cardiovascular disease risk in anabolic steroid-using and nonusing bodybuilders

Recent studies have described an association between high-risk lipoprotein profiles and anabolic steroid abuse by athletes. However, none have included a comprehensive evaluation of diet as a confounding variable. The risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and its associations with drug abuse, dietary patterns, and training regimens were evaluated in 18 steroid-using (SU) and 17 non-steroid-using (NSU; no history of drug use or greater than or equal to 1 year drug-free) male bodybuilders. CVD risk was also evaluated in 10 control males. Fasting serum total cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL) and HDL subfractions 2 and 3, low-density (LDL) and very-low-density (VLDL) lipoprotein cholesterol, apoproteins (APO) A-1 and B, and triglycerides (TG) were analyzed at baseline (greater than or equal to 6 months drug-free) and the peak of steroid self-administration in SU. NSU were tested at similar times. Baseline CVD risk factor ratios (TC/HDL) were elevated (greater than 4.97) in 44% of SU and 24% of NSU. When baseline LDL and HDL values were compared to National Cholesterol Education Program CVD risk guidelines, these percentages stayed the same. At the peak of steroid administration significant changes were observed in LDL (22% increase), HDL (63% decrease), HDL-2 (86% decrease), HDL-3 (54% decrease), and TC/HDL (85% increase). No similar measures were observed among NSU or controls. Diets of all bodybuilders were similar, and included a daily intake of 5739 (+/- 2500) kcal, 324 (+/- 163) g protein, 637 (+/- 259) g carbohydrate, 214 (+/- 109) g fat, 5 (+/- 8) g alcohol, 1413 (+/- 1151) mg cholesterol, and a P/S ratio of 0.6 (+/- 0.3). Significant relationships between dietary fats and serum lipids were observed in the NSU. Polyunsaturated fatty acids were correlated with TG and VLDL (r = 0.69; p = 0.01), and TC/HDL (r = 0.06; p = 0.04). Total fats were correlated with TG (r = 0.57; p = 0.05), HDL-3 (r = -0.62; p = 0.04), and VLDL (r = 0.57; p = 0.05), and saturated fats with HDL-3 (r = -0.59; p = 0.055). Diet was moderately associated with lipoproteins in SU, but steroids had a much greater influence on CVD risk. Despite disease promoting diets NSU had relatively average CVD risk that may be attributed to protective effects of rigorous training.     

Effects of a dietary oxidized fat on cholesterol in plasma and lipoproteins and the susceptibility of low-density lipoproteins to lipid peroxidation in guinea pigs fed diets with different concentrations of vitamins E and C

To investigate the effect of a dietary oxidized fat on the concentrations of cholesterol in liver, plasma, and lipoproteins and the susceptibility of low-density lipoproteins (LDL) to lipid peroxidation, and to explore the effects of vitamins E and C, male guinea pigs were divided into five groups. Four groups were fed diets with an oxidized fat supplemented with 35 or 175 mg alpha-tocopherol equivalents/kg and 300 or 1000 mg of vitamin C/kg for 29 days. One group, used as a control, was fed the same basal diet with fresh fat with 35 mg alpha-tocopherol equivalents/kg and 300 mg of vitamin C/kg. Guinea pigs fed the oxidized-fat diets, irrespective of dietary vitamin E and C concentrations, had significantly lower concentrations of total cholesterol in the liver and a lower concentration of cholesterol in LDL than the control animals fed the fresh fat. According to the lag time before onset of lipid peroxidation, LDL of guinea pigs fed the oxidized-fat diet with 35 mg alpha-tocopherol equivalents and 300 mg vitamin C/kg were significantly more susceptible to copper-induced lipid peroxidation than those of guinea pigs fed the fresh fat diet. Within the groups fed the oxidized fat diets, increasing the dietary vitamin E concentration from 35 to 175 mg/kg significantly (p < 0.05) and increasing the dietary vitamin C concentration from 300 to 1000 mg/kg in tendency (p < 0.10) reduced the susceptibility of LDL to oxidation. LDL of guinea pigs fed the oxidized fat diets with 175 mg alpha-tocopherol equivalents/kg were even more resistant to oxidation than LDL of guinea pigs fed the fresh diet. In conclusion, the study shows that dietary oxidized fat influences the cholesterol metabolism and the susceptibility of LDL to lipid peroxidation; the latter can be modified by dietary vitamins E and C.     

Lipid and insulin concentrations in obese postmenopausal women: separate effects of energy restriction and weight loss.

The separate effects of energy restriction and weight loss on serum lipids were studied in 24 postmenopausal moderately obese women before and after weight loss of greater than 10 kg to normal weight. Fasting serum triglycerides (TGs), total cholesterol (TC), high-density-lipoprotein (HDL) and low-density-lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, and insulin were measured at the end of four 10-d in-hospital phases, two before and two after weight loss: phase I, stable weight; phase II, 3350 kJ/d(800 kcal/d), followed by outpatient weight loss; phase III, 3350 kJ/d (800 kcal/d); and phase IV, stable weight. Diet composition and exercise were constant the entire study. Energy-restriction effect was determined by comparing average values in stable-weight phases (I and IV) with low-energy phases (II and III); weight-loss effect was determined by comparing values in obese phases (I and II) with reduced-weight phases (III and IV). Energy restriction lowered TG, TC, LDL cholesterol, the LDL-HDL cholesterol ratio, and insulin and raised HDL cholesterol (all P less than 0.05). Weight loss lowered TG, TC, LDL cholesterol, and insulin (all P less than 0.01) but did not change HDL cholesterol or the LDL-HDL cholesterol ratio. The results suggest that reduction to a weight-steady nonobese state significantly lowers TG, TC, and LDL cholesterol but does not improve HDL cholesterol or the LDL-HDL cholesterol ratio.     

Corn fiber oil lowers plasma cholesterol by altering hepatic cholesterol metabolism and up-regulating LDL receptors in guinea pigs

To evaluate some of the mechanisms involved in the hypocholesterolemic effects of corn fiber oil (CFO), male Hartley guinea pigs were fed diets containing increasing doses of CFO [0 (control), 5, 10 or 15 g/100 g]. Total fat was adjusted to 15 g/100 g in all diets with regular corn oil. Diets contained 0.25 g/100 g cholesterol. A positive control group (LC) with low dietary cholesterol (0.04 g/100 g) was also included. Plasma LDL cholesterol concentrations were 32, 55 and 57% (P < 0.0005) lower with increasing doses of CFO. Compared with controls, intake of CFO resulted in 27-32% lower hepatic microsomal cholesterol (P < 0.0001), the regulatory pool of LDL receptor (LDL-R) expression. CFO intake resulted in favorable plasma and hepatic cholesterol concentrations, similar to those in guinea pigs fed the LC diet. Hepatic cholesterol 7alpha-hydroxylase (CYP7) activity was approximately 88% higher in guinea pigs fed the two higher dosages of CFO (P < 0.05). In parallel, CYP7 mRNA abundance was approximately 88% higher in guinea pigs fed all three CFO diets. CFO treatment also induced hepatic LDLR mRNA by 66-150% with significant differences at the highest CFO dose. These results suggest that CFO, as a result of decreased bile acid absorption, increased mRNA abundance and activity of CYP7. Because hepatic cholesterol is the substrate for CYP7, a lowering of cholesterol concentrations in the total and microsomal pools was observed. As a response to the depleted microsomal free cholesterol pool, the LDL receptor was up-regulated, drawing more cholesterol from plasma, thus leading to the observed decrease in plasma LDL cholesterol concentrations.     

Postprandial lipoprotein composition in pigs fed diets differing in type and amount of dietary fat.

To determine the effects of diet on postprandial lipoprotein composition, growing pigs were fed diets containing 20 or 40% of energy as soybean oil, tallow or a 50:50 blend of soybean oil and tallow. At the end of wk 6, a blood sample was drawn from pigs fasted for 12 h. Pigs were then fed, and blood samples were drawn 1 and 4 h later. In LDL, concentrations of free and total cholesterol were greater in pigs fed 40% of energy as fat than in pigs fed 20% of energy as fat (P less than 0.02). Pigs fasted for 12 h had lesser concentrations of triacylglycerol and greater concentrations of phospholipid in LDL and HDL than did pigs fasted for 1 and 4 h (P less than 0.05). In HDL, total cholesterol and phospholipid concentrations were greater in pigs fed 40% of energy as fat than in pigs fed 20% of energy as fat (P less than 0.01). A greater concentration of triacylglycerol was found in VLDL of pigs fed 40% of energy as fat than in pigs fed 20% of energy as fat (P less than 0.01). Amount of dietary fat had a greater effect than did type of dietary fat on composition of lipoproteins from postprandial pigs.     

Gender and hormonal status affect the hypolipidemic mechanisms of dietary soluble fiber in guinea pigs

The objective of this study was to assess the effects of gender on the secondary mechanisms by which dietary soluble fiber lowers plasma LDL cholesterol. For that purpose, male, female and ovariectomized (to mimic menopause) guinea pigs (8-10 per group) were allocated to two dietary treatments. Diets were identical in composition except for the fiber source: the control diet contained 10 g/100 of cellulose and 2.5 g/100 g of guar gum, while the soluble fiber (SF) diet contained 5 g/100 of psyllium, 5 g/100 of pectin and 2.5 g/100 g of guar gum. SF intake resulted in 44% lower plasma LDL cholesterol, 64% lower apo B and 22% lower plasma triacylglycerol (TAG) concentrations (P < 0.01) compared to guinea pigs fed the control diet. However, ovariectomized guinea pigs had higher plasma cholesterol, apo B and TAG concentrations (P < 0.01) compared to males and females, even those fed SF. Plasma HDL-cholesterol was higher in females than in males (P < 0.05). LDL size, as measured by LDL composition and fast protein liquid chromatography, was larger in females than males. Guinea pigs fed SF had smaller LDL than controls. LDL susceptibility to oxidation was 80% lower in male and females fed the SF diet (P < 0.001) than in controls, while there was no effect of diet in ovariectomized guinea pigs. Hepatic free cholesterol and TAG were lower, and activities of 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase and cholesterol 7alpha-hydroxylase were higher in guinea pigs fed SF (P < 0.05) than in controls. These results indicate that gender plays an important role in the metabolic responses to dietary soluble fiber and that estrogen deprivation leads to a detrimental lipoprotein profile.     

Carbohydrate restriction alters hepatic cholesterol metabolism in guinea pigs fed a hypercholesterolemic diet

The current study was undertaken to evaluate the effect of carbohydrate restriction on hepatic cholesterol metabolism in guinea pigs fed a hypercholesterolemic diet. Hartley male guinea pigs (n = 10 per group) were fed 1 of 3 diets: a diet with a percent energy distribution of 42:23:35 carbohydrate:protein:fat and 0.04% cholesterol (control), a diet with the same macronutrient distribution but with 0.25% cholesterol (HChol), or a carbohydrate-restricted (CR) diet with a percent energy distribution of 11:30:59 carbohydrate:protein:fat and 0.25% cholesterol for 12 wk. There was more accumulation of hepatic cholesterol and triglycerides as well as lower 3-hydroxy-3-methyl glutaryl-CoA reductase messenger RNA abundance in guinea pigs fed the high-cholesterol diets (HChol and CR) (P < 0.01). Guinea pigs fed the CR diet had lower concentrations of hepatic total cholesterol and cholesteryl ester than those fed the HChol diet (P < 0.05). There was no diet effect on hepatic LDL receptor expression. Hepatic acyl CoA cholesteryl acyltransferase (ACAT) activity was lowest in guinea pigs fed the low-cholesterol diet (9.7 +/- 4.8 pmol.min(-1).mg(-1)), intermediate in those fed the CR diet (37.3 +/- 12.4 pmol.min(-1).mg protein(-1)), and highest in guinea pigs fed the HChol diet (55.9 +/- 11.2 pmol.min(-1).mg(-1)). ACAT activity was significantly correlated with hepatic cholesterol (r = 0.715; P < 0.01) and LDL cholesterol (r = 0.59; P < 0.01) for all dietary groups, suggesting a major role of this enzyme in hepatic cholesterol homeostasis and in lipoprotein concentrations. These results indicate that dietary cholesterol increases hepatic lipid accumulation and affects hepatic cholesterol homeostasis. Carbohydrate restriction in the presence of high cholesterol is associated with lower hepatic ACAT activity and an attenuation of hepatic cholesterol accumulation.     

Simvastatin further enhances the hypocholesterolemic effect of soy protein in rabbits.

The effects of three dietary proteins (casein, cod, soy) and low dose simvastatin, an inhibitor of hydroxymethyl-glutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase, on serum lipids were investigated.

New Zealand rabbits were fed purified diet (20% protein, 11% fat and 0.06% cholesterol) for 28 days. Animals received either 1.4 mg simvastatin or placebo orally during the last 14 days. A randomized 3 × 2 factorial design was used for the administration of diet and drug treatments.

Mean food intake and body weight of the animals in all groups were similar. In placebo groups, soy protein decreased (p = 0.06) total cholesterolemia with significantly (p = 0.009) lower high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, and significantly (p = 0.004) higher very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) triglycerides (TG), compared to animal proteins. Addition of low dose simvastatin to soy protein induced a further decrease of serum total cholesterol, decreased VLDL and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, and LDL (apolipoprotein B), as well as improved VLDL-TG and HDL cholesterol levels. No similar reduction was seen when simvastatin was combined with casein or cod protein.

These results show that low dose simvastatin may enhance the hypocholesterolemic effect of soy protein compared to animal proteins in the rabbit.     

Interrelations between lipoprotein and the elimination of exogenous triglycerides from the circulation in intensive care patients

The interrelations between the fractional turnover rate (k2) of exogenous triglycerides from the circulation and the serum lipoproteins have been studied in 34 intensive care patients who were classified into two groups depending on the severity of the clinical condition. Group I included 13 patients in relatively good clinical condition after elective surgery and Group II consisted of 21 critically ill patients. The k2 values were increased in Group I while Group II patients had K2 values similar to healthy male controls. Low concentrations of total serum TG, VLDL-TG and total serum cholesterol were found in Group I and LDL-TG was raised more than threefold and HDL cholesterol decreased by over 50 percent in Group II. In both groups the cholesterol/TG ratio in VLDL was higher than that of the controls. The negative correlations between K2, total serum TG and VLDL-TG in controls were also found in Group I. In contrast to the control group a positive correlation between K2 and the cholesterol/TG ratio in VLDL was found in Group I, whereas the only correlations found in Group II were between K2 and the concentration of both total serum cholesterol and LDL cholesterol. There was no correlation with HDL lipids in any of the groups. Qualitative changes in the lipoprotein composition and altered characteristics in the tissues which remove Intralipid particles from the circulation may be responsible for many of the changes observed.     

Higher atherogenic risk in schoolchildren is associated with MTMR9 rs2293855 gene polymorphism and genetic score

Childhood dyslipidaemia is associated with the occurrence of cardiovascular diseases in adulthood, so evaluating whether an individual has a genetic predisposition to this pathology is of great importance for early action of prevention and treatment. This study aimed to evaluate the association between the FTO (rs9939609), MC4R (rs17782313) and MTMR9 (rs2293855) polymorphisms, the obesity-related genetic risk score and atherogenic risk in Brazilian children. This is a cross-sectional study conducted in 544 children aged 4–9 years in the city of Viçosa, Minas Gerais state, Brazil. The single nucleotide polymorphisms rs9939609, rs17782313 and rs2293855, were identified by the system TaqMan SNP genotyping and the obesity-related genetic risk score was determined. The lipid profile (serum total cholesterol [TC], high density lipoprotein [HDL] cholesterol, low density lipoprotein [LDL] cholesterol, triglycerides) was analysed and the atherogenic indices (Castelli I and II indices), atherogenic coefficient (AC), lipoprotein combined index (LCI) and plasma atherogenic index (PAI) were calculated. A semi-structured questionnaire was applied, obtaining data on the sociodemographic, economic and lifestyle characteristics of the children. Weight and height measurements were performed in all children, and body composition was evaluated by Dual-Energy X-ray Absorptiometry (DXA). 55.5% of the sample had dyslipidaemia, while 28.5% of the sample had at least one polymorphism and 2.2% had three polymorphisms. Children with the AG/AA genotypes in the rs2293855 polymorphism had lower HDL cholesterol levels and higher TC/HDL cholesterol, LDL/HDL cholesterol ratios and AC. Those with one or more polymorphisms (rs9939609, rs17782313 and rs2293855) in the genetic risk score had lower HDL cholesterol levels and higher TC/HDL cholesterol ratios, AC, LCI and PAI. In conclusion, the risk allele of the rs2293855 polymorphism and a higher obesity-related genetic risk score were positively associated with higher atherogenic risk in Brazilian children.     

两种共轭亚油酸对肥胖大鼠血清脂蛋白组成影响的比较研究

目的比较研究两种主要共轭亚油酸(conjugated linoleic acid,CLA)异构体对肥胖大鼠血脂不同粒径脂蛋白水平的影响。方法以OLETF(Otsuka Long-Evans Tokushima fatty rats)肥胖大鼠为实验动物,对照组喂食AIN76合成饲料,CLA组在饲料中分别添加1%(以质量计)的9c,11t-CLA(9ct组)和1%(以质量计)的10t,12c-CLA(10tc组),喂食2w。以试剂盒方法测定血清甘油三酯(triglyceride,TG)、总胆固醇(total cholesterol,TC)和高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(high density lipoprotein cholesterol,HDL-c)浓度。采用HPLC方法按脂蛋白粒径大小,对血清脂蛋白进行细化分析,测定不同粒径中TC和TG浓度。结果 10t,12c-CLA使血清各脂蛋白中TG浓度均显著下降,总TG浓度降低了22.5%,血清小粒径LDL和大粒径HDL中TC浓度显著增加,总TC浓度增加了26.1%。而9c,11t-CLA使血清总TG增加了22.6%,对总TC浓度无显著影响。结论 10t,12c-CLA具有降低血清TG,升高血清HDL-c的效果,但其对动脉粥样硬化的影响仍有待深入研究。     

降脂滴丸对大鼠实验性高血脂症的预防作用

目的 研究降脂滴丸对大鼠实验性高血脂症的预防作用。 方法 健康SD雄性大鼠60只随机分为6组:正常对照组、模型对照组、阳性对照组(洛伐他汀组)、降脂滴丸低、中、高剂量组。正常对照组给予基础饲料;模型对照组给予高脂饲料;阳性对照组给予高脂饲料,并灌胃给予洛伐他汀0.002 g/kg,1次/d;降脂滴丸低、中、高剂量组给予高脂饲料,并分别灌胃给予降脂滴丸(0.13、0.25、0.50 g/kg),1次/d,均自由饮水,每周称大鼠体重一次。各组按规定给药40 d后,禁食12 h,眼眶静脉取血,分离血清,测定血清TC、TG、HDL、LDL、APOA1和APOB。 结果 给药前,各组的TC、TG、LDL和HDL差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。给药后与正常对照组比,模型组的TC、TG和LDL均显著升高(P<0.01),HDL显著低于正常对照组(P<0.05),说明高脂模型复制成功。与模型对照组相比,降脂滴丸中、高(0.25、0.50 g/kg)剂量组能明显降低动物体重(P<0.05),降脂滴丸0.50 g/kg剂量组对TC和TG均有不同的降低作用(P<0.05),还有升高APOA1的作用(P<0.05);中、高(0.25、0.50 g/kg)剂量组均有不同程度的降低APOB的作用(P<0.05、P<0.01)。 结论 降脂滴丸具有一定的降血脂的作用。     

The effects of high-intensity resistance exercise on the blood lipid profile and liver function in hypercholesterolemic hamsters

It is well established that atherogenic dyslipidemia, characterized by high levels of triglycerides (TG), total cholesterol (TC), and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol and low levels of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, constitutes important risk factors for cardiovascular disease. Regular exercise has been associated with a reduced risk for metabolic diseases. However, studies supporting the concept that resistance exercise is a modifier of blood lipid parameters are often contradictory. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of high-intensity resistance exercise on the serum levels of TG, TC, HDL and non-HDL cholesterol, glucose, and the liver function enzymes alanine aminotransferase (ALT, EC 2.6.1.2) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST, EC 2.6.1.1) in golden Syrian hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus (Waterhouse, 1839)) fed a hypercholesterolemic diet. Sedentary groups (S) and exercise groups (E) were fed a standard diet (SS and ES) or a cholesterol-enriched diet (standard plus 1% cholesterol, SC and EC). Resistance exercise was performed by jumps in the water, carrying a load strapped to the chest, representing 10 maximum repetitions (10 RM, 30 s rest, five days per week for five weeks). Mean blood sample comparisons were made by ANOVA + Tukey or ANOVA + Kruskal-Wallis tests (p < 0.05) to compare parametric and nonparametric samples, respectively. There were no differences in blood lipids between the standard diet groups (SS and ES) (p > 0.05). However, the EC group increased the glucose, non-HDL, and TC levels in comparison with the ES group. Moreover, the EC group increased the TG levels versus the SC group (p < 0.05). In addition, the ALT levels were increased only by diet treatment. These findings indicated that high-intensity resistance exercise contributed to dyslipidemia in hamsters fed a hypercholesterolemic diet, whereas liver function enzymes did not differ in regards to the exercise protocol.     

体重与高密度脂蛋白胆固醇及其和冠心病危险性的联系

<正> 1954年前后提出冠心病危险因素的概念以来,肥胖或体重过重就被认为是冠心病的危险因素之一,至于为什么肥胖或体重过重能导致冠心病,文献上见解纷云。1975年Miller等测血清总胆固醇(TC)不升高的急性心肌梗塞患者的高密度脂蛋白(HDL),发现HDL值显著降低,并经实验证实,人体可交换的胆固醇(ch)代谢池大小与HDL值呈有意义的负     

大学生血尿酸增高与糖脂代谢的相关性

  目的  探究大学生血尿酸增高流行病学特征及其与糖脂代谢相关性,为高校学生保健相关干预与教育提供参考。  方法  采用分层整群随机抽样法于2020年9月—2021年11月选取台州市2所高校989名大学生进行调查。分别采用尿素酶免疫法、酶联免疫吸附法检测受检者血尿酸(SUA)、高密度脂蛋白(HDL)、低密度脂蛋白(LDL)、空腹血糖(FPG)、餐后2 h血糖(2 hPG)、总胆固醇(TC)、三酰甘油(TG)水平。  结果  大学生血尿酸增高组腰围、体质量指数、收缩压、舒张压均高于正常组(t值分别为21.72,5.74,5.45,12.23,P值均 < 0.05);血尿酸增高组SUA、FPG、TG、2 hPG、LDL、TC均高于正常组,HDL低于正常组(t值分别为29.40,23.97,10.24,7.62,34.91,8.27,-8.15,P值均 < 0.05)。Pearson相关分析发现,SUA水平与FPG、TG、2 hPG、LDL、TC水平均呈正相关,与HDL呈负相关(r值分别为0.63,0.72,0.69,0.16,0.81,-0.52,P值均 < 0.01)。将糖脂代谢指标纳入二分类多因素Logistic回归模型,结果显示,FPG、TG、LDL、TC与血尿酸增高发生均呈正相关,HDL与血尿酸增高发生呈负相关(P值均 < 0.05)。  结论  男性、饮酒、抽烟、血压上升易发生血尿酸增高,血尿酸增高的发生与糖脂代谢有相关性。