Obstructive renal cysts

Renal cysts usually are asymptomatic, produce no harm to the kidney and require no treatment once diagnosed. However, an occasional expanding cyst causes progressive obstruction to caliceal or pelvic outflow. Herein is reported observations on 4 patients in whom cysts produced significant obstruction to the pelvic or major caliceal outflow. In 3 cases treatment was by decompression, with resolution of the obstruction. Two requirements must be met for a cyst to obstruct: 1) it must lie at or near the hilus and 2) it must have turgor sufficient to overcome the pressure of the intrapelvic urine. In contrast to most renal cysts those producing significant obstruction require operation.     

Value of antegrade ureteral dilation for late ureter obstruction in renal transplants

We report on eight kidney-allografted patients treated for delayed ureteral obstruction between January 1986 and January 1987. In all cases, standard endourological dilation was performed using a balloon catheter, and this was followed by insertion of a pigtail stent. All eight cases showed improvement 1 month after dilation (decrease in creatinine and caliceal dilation). At 6 months, renal function had deteriorated in six patients but remained good in two. One of the six patients was redilated with apparently good results. The remaining five were operated on using their own ureter. We conclude that while internal drainage helps in distinguishing between obstruction and other causes of creatinine increase, antegrade dilation is the treatment of choice for delayed ureteral obstruction.     

Percutaneous pyeloplasty (endopyelotomy) for congenital ureteropelvic junction obstruction.

Endopyelotomy was performed in 30 patients with congenital primary ureteropelvic junction obstruction; 4 patients had high insertion of the ureter and 8 patients had caliceal stones. Clinical and radiologic success was achieved in 25 patients. There were five failures, all of whom subsequently had successful open pyeloplasty. The theoretical and experimental foundations of the procedure and fine points of the operative technique are presented. Endopyelotomy appears to be valuable for primary ureteropelvic junction obstruction just as it is for secondary obstruction.     

肾盏憩室及其并发症的外科处理

目的 探讨肾盏憩室合并结石、感染的诊治特点及方法.方法肾盏憩室患者29例.男11例,女18例.平均年龄26(18～61)岁.其中单纯性肾盏憩室3例,合并感染14例(其中3例外院以肾囊肿行去顶减压术后漏尿转入),合并结石12例.行开放手术治疗10例,憩室去顶,并缝合憩室开口;行腹腔镜下手术8例,憩室处理同开放手术,2例合并结石者同时行取石术;行经皮肾镜取石术(PCNL)11例,取出结石并扩张憩室盏颈,留置肾造瘘管,其中1例中转开放.结果开放及腹腔镜下手术均取得成功,腹腔镜术后1例漏尿予患侧放置双J管1个月后治愈;1例行PCNL术失败中转开放.取石术后1周复查KUB平片无结石残留.29例平均随访14(6～24)个月,患者症状明显改善,无再发感染及结石.结论肾盏憩室常合并结石及感染,采用腹腔镜及PCNL等手术治疗安全可行,疗效确切.术前确诊、术前准备及术中证实是确保手术成功的重要环节.

Abstract：

Objective To analyze the diagnosis and treatment for complications of renal caliceal diverticulum with calculi or infection. Methods A retrospective investigation was performed on 29 cases with renal caliceal diverticulum. The 29 cases included 11 males and 18 females aged 18 to 61 years. Among the study group, 3 cases were simple renal caliceal diverticulum, 12 cases were diagnosed as diverticular calculi and 14 cases presented recurrent urinary tract infections including 3 cases with urinary fistula after unroofing and decompression as renal simple cyst from another hospital. Ten cases underwent an open operation that unroofed and decompressed the cyst, and sutured the diverticular neck. Eight cases underwent laparoscopic operation similar to the open operation, including lithotomy in caliceal diverticulum in 2 cases. Eleven cases diagnosed with caliceal diverticular calculi were taken one-stage percutaneous nephrolithotomy including dilating the diverticular neck, remaining the nephrostomy catheter and Double-J ureteral stents, and 1 case was transferred to open operation.Results The open and laparoscopic operations were performed successfully. One case was cured by Double-J ureteral stenting after postoperative urinary leakage. One case was transferred to open operation for the failure of percutaneous puncturation. X-ray examination revealed that there were no remaining stones after the operation. All the patients were followed up for 6 to 24 months without calculi and infection recurrence. Conclusions Stones and infection are common that complications of renal caliceal diverticulum. Percutaneous nephrolithotomy, laparoscopy and other operations were effective and feasible treatment options for cases with complications of renal caliceal diverticulum. Exact diagnosis was very important for treatment of renal caliceal diverticulum before operation.     

经皮肾镜碎石术治疗症状性肾盏憩室结石11例报告

目的：探讨经皮肾镜碎石术治疗肾盏憩室结石的安全性及有效性.方法：回顾性分析11例接受经皮肾镜碎石治疗肾盏憩室结石患者的临床资料：采用标准通道经皮肾镜术4例,微通道肾镜术7例.10例行Ⅰ期直接穿刺憩室碎石术,1例因通道出血改为Ⅱ期碎石.6例术中用自制电钩切开肾盏憩室颈口.结果：手术时间平均为（1.83±0.49）h,结石直径平均为（1.73±0.71）cm,2例中盏憩室结石取净,术后未留置D-J管,1例中盏憩室结石术后完全无管化.术后复查KUB平片,9例取净,2例残留,结石直径均小于4 mm,未行碎石,结石清除率为81.8%,尤并发症发生.随访3个月～1年,8例症状缓解,3例减轻.结论：经皮肾镜碎石术治疗症状性肾盏憩室结石安全可行,可做为选择性治疗方法.     

微创外科治疗合并临床症状的肾盏憩室结石

目的 探讨合并临床症状的肾盏憩室结石的微创治疗方法及安全性.方法 合并临床症状的肾盏憩室结石患者21例.男9例,女12例.平均年龄39(22～57)岁.憩室平均直径3.7(2.5～7.0)cm,结石平均直径为2.3(0.8～3.5)cm.患者临床表现为血尿、腰痛、泌尿系感染.均经影像学检查诊断,分别采用逆行输尿管软镜碎石4例、PCNL 7例、腹腔镜下手术取石9例、腹腔镜联合PCNL取石1例.结果 21例手术顺利,无中转开放手术、穿孔、周围脏器损伤等并发症.术后1周出现医源性动静脉瘘合并迟发性出血1例,2 d后自发形成血栓治愈;结石残留但临床症状明显缓解2例.19例无残留结石随访6～12个月结石无复发.结果 有效地选择适应证和建立合理治疗方案的前提下,微创外科治疗合并临床症状的肾盏憩室结石安全有效.     

经皮肾镜取石术治疗肾脏下盏结石疗效观察

目的:探讨新型标准经皮肾镜取石术(PCNL)和微创经皮肾镜取石术(MPCNL)治疗肾脏下盏结石的安全性和疗效。方法:回顾性分析68例肾脏下盏结石的患者临床资料,采用新型肾镜治疗31例,微创经皮肾镜治疗37例;Ⅰ期碎石63例,选择中盏通道28例,下盏通道40例。结果:新型肾镜手术时间(2.18±0.57)h,平均住院时间(11.65±2.18)天;微创肾镜手术时间(1.89±0.56)h,平均住院时间(10.57±2.41)天,二者相比差异无统计学意义。术后复查KUB平片,57例排净结石,结石清除率为83.8%(57/68);残石11例,再次PCNL 5例,带D-J管体外碎石6例,无严重并发症出现。结论:新型标准经皮肾镜取石术和微创经皮肾镜取石术治疗肾脏下盏结石是有效、可行的,是治疗下盏结石的合适选择。     

输尿管软镜钬激光碎石术治疗24例肾盏憩室结石

目的 探讨输尿管软镜钬激光碎石治疗肾盏憩室结石的临床治疗效果.方法 2011年3月至2013年1月收治肾盏憩室结石24例,均行输尿管软镜钬激光碎石治疗,对碎石成功率、手术时间、并发症及复发等情况进行分析.结果 一次性碎石成功19例,碎石成功率为79.1％,20例患者症状消失,平均手术时间（80±21）mm,结石直径平均为（11.5±4.1）mm.分析24例患者的结石成分,其中草酸钙＋碳酸磷灰石结石占50.0％（12例）,草酸钙结石占41.7％（10例）,六水磷酸镁铵结石占8.3％（2例）.所有患者术后均无并发症发生.随访1～6个月,未见结石复发及其他症状出现.结论 输尿管软镜钬激光碎石是治疗肾盏憩室结石安全、有效的方法之一.     

Flexible nephroscopy for upper urinary tract pathology

Flexible nephroscopy was introduced in the Urological Department of Saint John Emergency Clinical Hospital in 2002 and rapidly became a routine procedure. During September 2002-October 2006, flexible nephroscopy was performed in 113 patients for: lithiasis (107 cases), uretero-pelvic junction stenosis (3 cases), caliceal diverticulum (1 case), caliceal urothelial tumors (2 cases). In all cases a 24F flexible nephroscope was used. The energy sources consisted in an electrohydraulic lithotripsy device or Ho:YAG/Nd:YAG lasers. The success rate in patients with lithiasis was 94.4%. Antegrade endopyelotomy was successfully performed in all 3 cases. Evaluation at 6, 12 and 18 months revealed a normal pyelocaliceal system in 2 cases and a significant reduction of hydronephrosis in the third one. In the patient with caliceal diverticulum, evaluation at 6 and 12 months described a large communication with the pyelocaliceal system and no lithiasis recurrence. No recurrences occurred in the patients with conservatively treated caliceal urothelial tumors. Minor complications were encountered in 7% of the cases. Flexible nephroscopy decreases the necessity for multiple access trajects, supracostal access trajects or multiple procedures, thus reducing the morbidity associated with percutaneous interventions.     

X线与超声在经皮肾镜治疗复杂性肾结石中的应用比较

目的对比分析C臂X线和超声定位在微创经皮肾镜碎石取石术（PCNL）治疗复杂性肾结石中的优劣性。 方法回顾性分析我科2015年7月至2017年7月156例行MPCNL的复杂性肾结石患者（89例在C臂X线引导下,67例在超声引导下）的临床资料,对患者首次目标盏穿刺成功率,两组手术后血红蛋白下降值、结石Ⅰ期取净率、手术并发症等进行分析比较。 结果Ｘ线组89例患者,首次目标盏穿刺成功69例,手术后血红蛋白下降值为（16.2±7.4）g/L,结石Ⅰ期取净62例,发生手术并发症12例,超声组67例患者,首次目标盏穿刺成功31例,手术前血红蛋白下降值为（19.5±8.2）g/L,结石Ⅰ期取净42例,发生手术并发症10例。两组患者在首次目标盏穿刺成功率、手术后血红蛋白下降值的差异均有统计学意义（P<0.05）;结石Ⅰ期取净率及手术并发症的差异无统计学意义（P<0.05）。 结论在MPCNL治疗复杂性肾结石中,X线引导相对于超声能明显提高首次目标盏穿刺成功率,减少术中出血,是治疗复杂性肾结石的较好方法。医师应根据其医疗设备、手术技能和临床经验的特点,为患者制定最优穿刺定位方案。     

Treatment of lithiasis in the patient with a solitary kidney

Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL) has been the fundamental treatment applied to 88 patients with renal calculi in a solitary kidney. Epidemiological information is given, including lithiasis antecedents and associated pathologies as well as the etiology of the solitary kidney, location and size of stones. The initial treatment was ESWL in 83 patients, ureteroscopy in 2, surgery in 2, and percutaneous nephrolithotomy in 1. Three months after treatment in the ESWL group, 68 patients were completely free of stones and 15 had insignificant caliceal residual fragments. The rest of the patients were treated successfully using the above methods. The secondary complications of ESWL were colic pain (20 cases), fever (13 cases) and obstruction (9 cases).     

Laparoscopic pyeloplasty and flexible nephroscopy: simultaneous treatment of ureteropelvic junction obstruction and nephrolithiasis.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Ureteropelvic junction obstruction and concomitant calculus disease may coexist. Therapeutic controversy exists regarding their ideal management. We report our use of flexible nephroscopy during laparoscopic pyeloplasty for caliceal stone removal. METHODS: From August 1998 through May 2002, 50 laparoscopic pyeloplasties were performed. Seven patients had documented ureteropelvic junction obstruction and ipsilateral nephrolithiasis. Preoperative stone burden and location were assessed. After pyelotomy, a 16 Fr flexible endoscope was passed through the uppermost trocar under direct laparoscopic guidance into the collecting system. Stone extraction was performed with a 2.4 Fr Nitinol basket. Postoperative imaging was assessed. RESULTS: Complete stone-free status confirmed by postoperative imaging was achieved in 6 of 7 patients. The longest individual stone diameter ranged from 4 mm to 13 mm (mean, 10.3 mm), and an average of 2.5 stones per patient was removed (range, 1 to 4 stones). Neither intraoperative fluoroscopy nor lithotripsy was required. No intraoperative or delayed complications were noted during a mean follow-up of 8.5 months (range, 2 to 17 months). CONCLUSIONS: Laparoscopic pyeloplasty and concomitant flexible nephroscopy with basket extraction is a simple, attractive alternative for the simultaneous treatment of ureteropelvic junction obstruction presenting with coexisting nephrolithiasis. It appears more efficacious when the stone number is limited and diameters measure from 5 mm to 20 mm.     

The pediatric caliceal diverticulum: diagnosis and laparoscopic management

PURPOSE: To describe the laparoscopic management of anterior caliceal diverticula in pediatric patients and to emphasize the importance of intraoperative retrograde pyelography for the diagnosis of symptomatic lesions when preoperative radiologic evaluation is inconclusive. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We performed laparoscopic transperitoneal excision of a large symptomatic caliceal diverticulum in three patients. Ultrasonography was consistent with a cyst, and a CT scan did not show layering on delayed images. Prior to surgical intervention, we localized the diverticulum by cystoscopy and fluoroscopic retrograde ureteropyelography. RESULTS: Complete ablation of the caliceal diverticulum cavity was achieved in all cases without open conversion. The mean operative time was 134 minutes. Blood loss was minimal in all cases. The mean hospital stay was 37 hours. There were no intraoperative or postoperative complications. Because the preoperative studies were consistent with large anterior cysts, we found retrograde ureteropyelography as an adjunct to laparoscopic surgery invaluable to identify the patent diverticular neck. CONCLUSION: Patients with a large, symptomatic Type 2 caliceal diverticulum with thin overlying parenchyma are ideal candidates for laparoscopic intervention. The laparoscopic technique of caliceal diverticulum ablation in the pediatric population is feasible in appropriate patients.     

Long term results of percutaneous treatment of caliceal diverticular calculi

PURPOSE: We reviewed the long term outcome of percutaneous caliceal diverticular stone extraction. The objective was to define factors of treatment failure and recurrence. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Percutaneous caliceal diverticular stone extraction was performed in 24 women and 7 men (age range 21-69 years old). Diverticula were located throughout the kidney including the upper, middle and lower calices. In all cases stones were removed using a direct approach and diverticular neck was incised or dilated. Fulguration of the diverticular walls was performed in 6 cases. Trans-diverticular drainage was maintained from 3 to 5 days (mean 3.4 days) until a nephrostomogram demonstrated no extravasation. Patients were evaluated at 3 months and yearly thereafter. Success criteria were: no symptoms, no stone recurrence, no diverticulum left as assessed by IVP. Evaluation at 1 year minimum is presented. RESULTS: The average operative time and hospital stay were 103 min (range 90-130) and 3 days (range 4-9 days), respectively. No major complications and no mortality were observed. At 1 year stone free rate was 84% and diverticulum obliteration was obtained in 68% of patients. Overall 88% of patients were asymptomatic at average followup 24.6 months (range from 18 to 96 months). In all cases morphological or symptomatic failures were related to the quality of immediate result at surgery which relates to the location of the diverticulum. CONCLUSION: The percutaneous management of diverticular caliceal stones is a well standardized technique, however, surgical alternatives must be discussed any time the percutaneous approach seems difficult because high failure rates are expected in these cases.     

B超引导下微创经皮肾镜碎石术治疗肾盏结石

目的评价B超引导下微创经皮肾镜碎石术(minimally invasive percutaneous nephrolithotomy,MPCNL)治疗肾盏结石的疗效。方法2004年7月~2008年8月,46例肾盏结石(包括16例肾上盏结石,30例肾下盏结石)在B超引导下行MPCNL,结石平均直径2.2cm(1.6~3.1cm),右侧20例,左侧26例。36例有轻度肾积水。8例曾行肾切开取石术。24例曾行1~3次体外震波碎石术(ESWL)。36例应用EMS气压弹道探针,10例插入600μm钬激光光纤,将结石击碎。结果结石清除率为91.3%(42/46),平均手术时间85min(60~150min),平均出血120ml(50~250ml),平均住院时间12d(8~25d)。4例残余结石者辅助1~2次ESWL治疗。2例术后7~14天出现迟发性肾大出血,经选择性或超选择性肾动脉栓塞而止血。30例术后随访6~50个月,平均23个月,未见结石复发。结论B超引导下MPCNL治疗肾盏结石具有简单、安全、创伤小、成功率高等优点。     

Laparoscopic management of caliceal diverticular calculi

PURPOSE: We describe laparoscopic techniques for the definitive management of symptomatic caliceal diverticular stone disease. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Five patients underwent retroperitoneoscopic management of a symptomatic, stone bearing caliceal diverticulum. Techniques for intraoperative localization of the stone bearing diverticulum included retrograde injection of indigo carmine, fluoroscopy and/or laparoscopic ultrasound. In 2 cases the patent neck of the diverticulum was sutured via laparoscopy. RESULTS: Complete stone clearance and obliteration of the diverticular cavity was achieved in all cases without any open conversion. Mean operative time was 133.8 minutes. Mean estimated blood loss was less than 50 cc in 4 cases and 150 cc in 1. Mean hospital stay was 36 hours. There were no laparoscopic or postoperative complications. CONCLUSIONS: The laparoscopic approach to symptomatic caliceal diverticula represents an effective and minimally invasive modality for complete clearance of the stone burden and definitive management of the anatomical abnormality. However, patient selection is paramount. We reserve the laparoscopic approach for symptomatic caliceal diverticula with thin overlying renal parenchyma, or for anterior lesions inaccessible to or unsuccessfully managed by endourological techniques. A decision tree algorithm for managing symptomatic caliceal diverticular calculi is proposed.     

Percutaneous management of caliceal diverticular calculi: technique and outcome

OBJECTIVE: Symptomatic renal calculi found within caliceal diverticula are difficult to treat. We present a single-surgeon cohort of 21 consecutive patients undergoing percutaneous treatment of stones within caliceal diverticula over a 12-year period. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Each patient was managed by a one-stage percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL). The majority of diverticula were situated at the upper pole. Access was gained via a direct target puncture, a Y puncture from a parallel calix, or through the diverticular stalk in the neighboring calix. The approach was commonly supracostal. A single-stage dilator was used to establish the track. Stones were removed intact or fragmented with ultrasonic lithotripsy, and the diverticular necks were treated with endoscopic division or dilation and splinted with a 22F nephrostomy tube for several days. RESULTS: Total stone clearance was obtained by PCNL alone in 95% of cases. The only case with incomplete clearance was cleared successfully with shockwave lithotripsy (SWL). Twenty patients were assessed with an intravenous urogram at 3 months and then annual plain films and clinical assessment. Further imaging was performed in selected cases. The diverticula were obliterated or had improved drainage in 85% of assessable cases. Three patients developed recurrent stones and were treated with SWL, laparoscopic diverticulectomy, on partial nephrectomy. One further patient required partial nephrectomy for poor drainage and ongoing pain. Of the 21 patients, 17 have remained stone, symptom, and infection free with clinical and radiologic follow-up ranging from 6 months to 12 years. CONCLUSIONS: This series demonstrates that percutaneous surgery can clear calculi from caliceal diverticula and, in most cases, correct or remove the underlying anatomic abnormality.     

肾盏憩室的诊治及预后

目的：提高对肾盏憩室的诊断、鉴别与治疗水平。方法：回顾性分析1998～2008年17例予部分切除术的肾盏憩室（13例经开放手术、4例经后腹腔镜手术）的病历资料及回访结果。结果：16例术前诊断为肾盏憩室,1例术前诊断为肾囊肿,术中证实为肾盏憩室。所有病例均获痊愈,其中6例出现漏尿。根据憩室的大小及伴随症状将行部分切除的憩室分成三类。结论：肾盏憩室部分切除术后,发生漏尿与憩室的大小有关。采用开放手术和后腹腔镜治疗肾盏憩室,均能获得满意结果。     

Combination of laparoscopy and nephroscopy for treatment of stones in pelvic ectopic kidneys

PURPOSE: To present the combination of laparoscopy and nephroscopy for the treatment of stones in pelvic ectopic kidneys. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The series included seven male and four female patients (mean age 43 +/- 9 years). Laparoscopy-assisted percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) was performed for caliceal stones in five patients after failure of shockwave lithotripsy, while laparoscopic pyelolithotomy was performed for large or branched renal pelvic stones in six patients. RESULTS: The mean operative time was 164 +/- 30 minutes. There were neither complications nor conversions to open surgery. The stone-free rate was 91% (10 patients). One patient had a residual caliceal fragment that was treated with shockwave lithotripsy. The mean hospital stay was 3.5 +/- 0.7 days. CONCLUSION: The combination of laparoscopy and nephroscopy is feasible, safe, and effective for the treatment of stones in pelvic kidneys.