外科重症监护病房非心脏术后患者急性肺损伤/急性呼吸窘迫综合征特点及影响预后的多因素分析

目的回顾分析外科重症监护病房（SICU）非心脏术后住院患者的临床资料,以观察非心脏手术后患者急性肺损伤/急性呼吸窘迫综合征（ALI/ARDS）的发病情况及预后影响因素。方法2006年9月至2007年8月连续收入解放军总医院外科重症监护病房的105名非心脏手术术后患者纳入本研究。其中男62名,女43名;年龄（51.0±18.1）岁。沿用中华医学会重症医学分会（2006年）提出的ALI/ARDS诊断标准,所有观察病例按照入住SICU期间的最低氧合指数水平分为3组：氧合指数正常组,ALI组,ARDS组。分别比较各病例组年龄,体重,体重指数,ICU停留时间,以及患者住ICU期间以及转出ICU后30d内患者总死亡率,术中出血量与输液量。并应用Logistic回归分析以上各因素对ALI/ARDS患者总死亡率的影响。结果3组患者间年龄、体重和体重指数比较有显著性统计差异,发生ARDS组患者体重最重,体重指数最高。ARDS组在ICU停留时间明显高于其他2组。3组患者总死亡率无显著统计差异。各组患者中,术中出血量和液体入量无显著差异。Logistic回归分析显示,在发生ALI/ARDS的SICU患者中,年龄是影响患者预后的独立因素。高龄ALI/ARDS患者更容易发生死亡。结论老年、体重较重的患者更容易在术后发生ALI/ARDS,应加强此类高危患者的围术期管理,从而降低外科术后ALI/ARDS发病率,减少发病患者的死亡率。     

小潮气量通气对ALI/ARDS高风险患者疗效及预后的影响分析

目的研究机械通气治疗的急性肺损伤/急性呼吸窘迫综合症(ALI/ARDS)高风险患者,应用小潮气量通气对患者疗效和预后的影响。方法采用随机数字表法将本院重症监护病房(ICU)收治的56例ALI/ARDS高风险患者分为研究组和对照组各28例,研究组采用小潮气量(VT6~8ml/kg)通气治疗,对照组采用常规潮气量(VT10~12ml/kg)通气治疗,比较两组患者治疗后不同时间的血气指标、血清炎症变化及预后差异。结果通气48h、通气96h后两组患者的Pa O2、Pa CO2、氧饱和度、p H值、氧合指数、中心静脉压均较通气即刻显著好转(P0.05)。通气48h、通气96h后两组患者的血清IL-6、TNF-ɑ、CRP水平均较通气即刻显著的降低(P0.05),研究组在通气48h、通气96h后血清IL-6、TNF-ɑ、CRP水平均显著的低于对照组(P0.05)。研究组的ALI/ARDS发病率(14.29%)、ICU治疗时间(9.5±2.6)d、机械通气治疗时间(7.4±1.3)d、住院时间(13.7±3.2)d、死亡率(10.71%),均显著的低于对照组患者(P0.05)。结论 ALI/ARDS高风险患者应用小潮气量机械通气治疗,较常规潮气量通气治疗具有更好的临床效果,预后效果更好。     

脓毒症与非脓毒症所致ARDS患者的临床特征比较分析

目的 对脓毒症和非脓毒症导致的急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者进行一般情况、实验室指标、疾病严重程度、临床行为、疾病预后等临床分析.方法 回顾性收集2000年1月至2012年6月解放军总医院收治的符合2011年柏林ARDS定义会议提出的ARDS诊断标准、资料完整的161例患者的相关数据,并根据ARDS发病原因将入选的患者分为脓毒症组和非脓毒症组,比较两组患者的临床特征差异.结果 符合诊断标准的180例ARDS患者中,19例因经济等原因放弃治疗,最终161例患者纳入分析,脓毒症组120例(74.5％),其中肺部感染所致占82.5％.脓毒症组在ARDS确诊24 h内血肌酐和总胆红素水平明显低于非脓毒症组(P值分别为0.007、0.006),两组患者氧合指数、APACHEⅡ评分、SOFA评分和肺损伤评分以及器官衰竭情况差异无统计学意义.非脓毒症组有创机械通气时间明显大于脓毒症组(中位数,10 d vs 6 d,P=0.008),但两组医院病死率、存活者机械通气时间等差异均无统计学意义.轻、中、重度ARDS患者分层分析表明医院病死率、28 d病死率、氧合指数、肺损伤评分和SOFA评分等三组具有明显差异,中度ARDS其脓毒症组体质量指数、氧合指数、有创机械通气时间低于非脓毒症组,APACHEⅡ评分高于非脓毒症组,而重度ARDS其脓毒症组APACHEⅡ评分低于非脓毒症组,且轻、中、重度ARDS其脓毒症组与非脓毒症组病死率差异均无统计学意义.结论 脓毒症是ARDS的主要病因,脓毒症组具有较低的有创机械通气时间,其病死率、疾病严重程度与非脓毒症组无明显差异.轻、中、重度ARDS病死率、疾病严重程度具有显著差异.     

Changes in lung composition and regional perfusion and tissue distribution in patients with ARDS

Background and objective: ARDS is characterized by bilateral pulmonary infiltrates and refractory hypoxemia attributed to V/Q mismatch. We used dynamic CT to characterize changes in lung composition, regional perfusion and tissue distribution in patients with ARDS in comparison with healthy subjects. Methods: The Fick principle was applied to serial attenuation measurements constructed from sequential CT images acquired during the passage of a bolus of iodinated contrast medium in healthy subjects (n = 3) and patients with ARDS (n = 11). Perfusion was calculated by the Mullani‐Gould method and mapped throughout both lungs. Gradients of perfusion and tissue density against vertical height were constructed. Results: In comparison with normal individuals, the tissue component of lungs from patients with ARDS was significantly increased (P < 0.05). Blood fraction was unchanged. There was a discernable gradient in tissue density from non dependent to dependent regions in the patients with ARDS that was significantly different from controls. The proportion of perfusion applied to consolidated areas (i.e. shunt) correlated significantly (P < 0.05) with the severity of hypoxaemia. Conclusions: In patients with ARDS there are changes in both lung composition and the distribution of tissue and perfusion that may account in part for the physiological changes that define the syndrome.     

Severe interstitial pneumonia associated with anti-PD-1 immune checkpoint antibody after talc slurry pleurodesis

A 70-year-old Japanese man with recurrent squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck presented with severe interstitial pneumonia associated with nivolumab, after talc slurry pleurodesis. Following the development of malignant pleural effusion, he underwent chest drainage and was administered intrathoracic talc as a pleurodesis. Two weeks later, we administered nivolumab (3 mg/kg) to be repeated every 2 weeks. However, on day 12, chest computed tomography scan demonstrated diffuse non-segmental ground-glass opacity and mild bronchiectasis. We diagnosed interstitial pneumonia associated with nivolumab. Although corticosteroid pulse therapy was initiated, the patient died of respiratory failure on day 14.     

机械通气后并发急性呼吸窘迫综合征的危险因素分析

目的探讨呼吸功能正常的患者接受机械通气后并发急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)的危险因素。方法选取在本院接受机械通气时间大于48 h的130例患者为研究对象,根据入院后48 h后发生ARDS分成两组,通过观察两组的差异性来研究其危险因素。结果两组患者在年龄、性别、入院原因、SAPS评分和气管切开方面比较无明显差异性(P>0.05);在呼衰指数、肺顺应性、吸气峰值、PEEP上比较有明显的差异性,P<0.05,具有统计学意义。其他的如PaCO2、PH、PO2、呼吸频率、红细胞计数、肌酐、血糖、APTT上比较无明显差异性,P>0.05,无可比性。结论呼衰指数、肺顺应性、吸气峰值、PEEP是形成ARDS的危险因素。     

ALI/ARDS患者呼出气冷凝液和血清中PCT检测及其临床意义

目的研究ALI/ARDS患者呼出气冷凝液(EBC)和血清中降钙素原(PCT)的变化规律,探讨PCT在ALI/ARDS诊断、病情评估、预后判断中的临床意义。方法选择行机械通气的ALI/ARDS患者33例;同时选择20例健康体检者为健康对照组。观察ALI/ARDS患者与健康对照组之间血清和EBC中PCT的差异,分析临床指标和各种指标之间的相关性。结果 1ALI/ARDS组EBC和血清中PCT高于健康对照组。2ARDS组患者第七天EBC和血清中PCT中PCT高于ALI组。3存活组患者治疗后EBC和血清中PCT水平下降,病死组患者EBC和血清中PCT持续升高。4EBC和血清中PCT与Pa O2/Fi O2、APACHEⅡ有相关性。结论 ALI/ARDS患者EBC和血清中PCT的检测,有助于ALI/ARDS的诊断、病情评估和判断预后。     

A review of pulmonary coagulopathy in acute lung injury,acute respiratory distress syndrome and pneumonia

Enhanced bronchoalveolar coagulation is a hallmark of many acute inflammatory lung diseases such as acute lung injury, acute respiratory distress syndrome and pneumonia. Intervention with natural anticoagulants in these diseases has therefore become a topic of interest. Recently, new data on the role of pulmonary coagulation and inflammation has become available. The aim of this review is to summarize these findings. Furthermore, the results of anticoagulant therapeutic interventions in these disorders are discussed.     

Statins for the prevention and treatment of acute lung injury and acute respiratory distress syndrome: A systematic review and meta‐analysis

The purpose of this meta‐analysis was to assess whether statins could reduce the morbidity of acute lung injury and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ALI/ARDS) in high‐risk patients and improve the clinical outcomes of patients with ALI/ARDS. Studies were obtained from PubMed, Medline, Embase and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and cohort studies, which reported morbidity, mortality, ventilator‐free days, length of stay in intensive care unit and hospital or oxygenation index, were included in our meta‐analysis. Risk ratio (RR) and weighted mean difference (WMD) were calculated using fixed or random effect model. A total of 13 studies covering 12 145 patients were included. Both the only RCT (P = 0.10) and cohort studies (RR, 1.02; 95% CI, 0.67 to 1.55; P = 0.94) showed that statin therapy did not lower the morbidity of ALI/ARDS in high‐risk patients. The mortality of ALI/ARDS patients was less likely to be improved by statins (RCT, RR, 1.00; 95% CI, 0.84 to 1.20; P = 0.97; cohort studies, RR, 1.04; 95% CI, 0.85 to 1.27; P = 0.72). Moreover, no significant difference was observed in ventilator‐free days, length of stay in intensive care unit as well as hospital and oxygenation index. This meta‐analysis suggests that statins neither provide benefit for lowering the morbidity of ALI/ARDS in high‐risk patients nor improve the clinical outcomes of ALI/ARDS patients. Hence, it may not be appropriate to advocate statin use for the prevention and treatment of ALI/ARDS.     

EVLWI、Ang-2在脓毒症合并ARDS预后评估中的价值

【】目的：探讨血管外肺水指数(EVLWI)、血管生成素-2(Ang-2)在脓毒症合并急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者预后评估中的价值。方法 选取2015年2月至2017年6月在我院治疗的脓毒症合并ARDS患者67例,根据住院期间是否死亡分为死亡组(n=31)和存活组(n=36),比较两组性别、年龄、呼气末正压通气(PEEP)、心输出指数(CI)、EVLWI、Ang-2等指标,采用受试者工作特征曲线(ROC)评估EVLWI、Ang-2预测预后的价值。结果 死亡组和存活组患者性别、年龄、PEEP、CI等指标比较差异无统计学意义(p＞0.05);死亡组患者EVLWI和Ang-2分别为(14.13±5.21)ml/kg和(410.01±89.39)ng/L,明显高于存活组(p＜0.05);EVLWI和Ang-2呈正相关(r=0.321,p＜0.05);Logistic回归分析结果显示EVLWI和Ang-2是脓毒症合并ARDS患者死亡的危险因素(OR=2.499和1.589,p＜0.05);EVLWI和Ang-2判断患者预后的ROC曲线下面积分别为0.834和0.745,p＜0.05,其中EVLWI截断值为12.91ml/kg时,灵敏度和特异度分别为61.30%和91.67%,Ang-2截断值为291.85ng/L时,灵敏度和特异度分别为58.02%和82.38%。结论 EVLWI、Ang-2在脓毒症合并ARDS预后评估中有一定的价值,且两者有一定的相关性。     

Pre-existing interstitial lung abnormalities are risk factors for immune checkpoint inhibitor-induced interstitial lung disease in non-small cell lung cancer

BackgroundApproximately 5% of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients develop immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI)-induced interstitial lung disease (ICI-ILD), 10% of whom die. However, there are no established risk factors for its occurrence. Interstitial lung abnormalities (ILA) are areas of increased lung density on lung computed tomography (CT) in individuals with no known ILD. This study retrospectively investigated whether any patient characteristics, including ILA, were risk factors for ICI-ILD in patients with NSCLC.MethodsNSCLC patients who received anti-programmed death (PD)-1 antibody treatment at our hospital between September 2015 and December 2017 were enrolled. Information on patient characteristics before anti-PD-1 antibody administration, including chest CT findings and laboratory data, were obtained.ResultsAmong 83 enrolled patients, the incidence of ICI-ILD was 16.9% (14/83). All ICI-ILD cases developed by the third line of treatment. The incidence of ICI-ILD was significantly higher in patients with pre-existing ILA than that in those without (p = 0.007). Furthermore, patients with ground glass attenuation (GGA) in ILA had a higher incidence of ICI-ILD than that in those without (p < 0.001). In univariate logistic analysis, ILA were significant risk factors for ICI-ILD (p = 0.005). Multivariate logistic analysis revealed that only GGA in ILA was a significant risk factor for ICI-ILD (p < 0.001).ConclusionsPre-existing ILA are risk factors for ICI-ILD and GGA in ILA is an independent risk factor for ICI-ILD. Therefore, we should be more aware of the development of ICI-ILD in patients with ILA, especially those with GGA.     

非心脏手术患者围术期大量输血后发生急性肺损伤/急性呼吸窘迫综合征的危险因素及预后分析

目的:分析非心脏手术患者围手术期大量输血后发生急性肺损伤(acute lung injury,ALI)/急性呼吸窘迫综合征(acute respiratory distress syndrome,ARDS)的相关危险因素,并总结其预后的影响。方法:回顾2008年1月至2012年12月,非心脏手术后入SICU治疗,符合围手术期输血总量≥1 500mL的患者102例,其中术后发生ALI/ARDS的患者34例(A组),未发生ALI/ARDS的患者68例(B组),对比两组患者的性别、年龄、心功能、手术时间、术中出血量、围手术期输血液制品的总量、输液量、术后并发症及病死率等指标,总结A组患者术后氧合指数(PaO2/FiO2)的变化趋势,寻找影响ALI/ARDS发生的危险因素。结果:A组较B组患者手术时间长、输血总量及输液量多(P0.05)。A组患者术后氧和指数在术后第2天达到最低(P0.05)。A组患者气管插管时间、SICU停留时间较B组延长,术后二次气管插管、肾衰竭、多脏器功能不全综合征(multiple organ dysfunction syndrome,MODS)等并发症的发生多于B组(P0.05),A组患者病死率较B组高(P0.05)。Logistic回归分析显示,手术时间及术中输液量是影响ARDS发生的危险因子。结论:非心脏手术患者围手术期大量输血后发生ALI/ARDS的原因与患者手术时间、输血总量及输液量有关,发生ALI/ARDS的患者预后差。缩短手术时间、减少输血及输液量对改善手术患者的预后有一定作用。对于有发生ALI/ARDS倾向的患者,术后积极治疗是关键。     

Aetiologies and outcomes of diffuse alveolar haemorrhage presenting as acute respiratory failure of uncertain cause

Background and objective:   Connective tissue diseases are the most common disorders causing diffuse alveolar haemorrhage (DAH) confirmed by open lung biopsy. However, it is not known whether these diseases are also the most common causes of DAH in patients presenting with the features of ARDS/acute lung injury (ALI). This study evaluated the frequency of concomitant disease in patients with ARDS/ALI and DAH.
Methods:   The sampling frame comprised all patients in a tertiary referral hospital diagnosed with ARDS/ALI and who underwent BAL between January 2000 and July 2006. The medical records of those patients who had BAL fluid findings compatible with DAH were reviewed.
Results:   Of the 97 patients diagnosed with ARDS/ALI and who underwent BAL, 27 had BAL fluid findings compatible with DAH. Sixteen of the 27 patients did not have connective tissue diseases (59%); of these 12 patients had concomitant haematological malignancies or solid tumours. Of the seven patients who presented with DAH and no known underlying disease, only two were subsequently diagnosed with a connective tissue disorder. The in-hospital mortality rate was 55% and 63% for patients with DAH with and without connective tissue diseases, respectively ( P  = 0.710).
Conclusions:   The majority of patients with DAH presenting with the features of ARDS/ALI did not have underlying connective tissue diseases. Concomitant malignancies were found frequently in these patients. The outcome did not differ between patients with DAH with or without connective tissue diseases.     

Effect of corticosteroids on adult varicella pneumonia: cohort study and literature review

BACKGROUND: Varicella pneumonia (VP) is a serious entity associated with morbidity and mortality. There have been sporadic reports using corticosteroids in life-threatening VP. We report a case series of VP to examine the outcome and the effect of corticosteroid use. METHODS: A retrospective chart review was conducted on all adult patients admitted to a tertiary care hospital with VP during a 14-year period. We documented oxygenation (SpO2, PaO2/FIO2) on admission and after 48 h, whether the patients were admitted to an intensive care unit (ICU), the use of mechanical ventilation, ICU and hospital length of stay (LOS) and patient outcome. We compared those patients who received corticosteroids with those who did not. RESULTS: We identified 19 patients with VP. Ten received corticosteroids, in addition to antiviral and supportive treatment. Patients who received corticosteroids were significantly more hypoxaemic on admission and all were admitted to ICU with seven of them intubated. Only two of the nine in non-steroid group were intubated. Despite their greater severity, the corticosteroid group showed a much more rapid improvement in oxygenation and a trend towards shorter duration of mechanical ventilation. The duration of ICU and hospital LOS were not significantly different. All patients survived. CONCLUSIONS: Corticosteroids in severe VP accelerate the physiological recovery and may shorten the duration of mechanical ventilation.