气象因子对唐古特大黄蒽醌类成分含量的影响分析

目的:研究气象因子对青海唐古特大黄蒽醌类成分含量的影响。方法:采用高效液相色谱法测定不同生境的唐古特大黄中蒽醌类成分的含量,通过偏相关分析研究气象因子对唐古特大黄蒽醌类成分含量的影响。结果:不同生境的唐古特大黄中蒽醌类成分含量有较大差异。偏相关分析结果表明,温度对大黄酚和大黄素甲醚含量的影响较为显著,而降水和日照对蒽醌类成分含量无明显影响。结论:温度是影响唐古特大黄蒽醌类成分含量的主要气象生态因子。     

大黄类药材炮制前后蒽醌类化合物含量变化探讨

目的：探讨大黄类药材炮制前后蒽醌类化合物的含量变化情况。方法大黄类药材10份为研究对象,采取高效液相色谱法对比分析炮制前（药材）后（饮片）中蒽醌类化合物（大黄素与大黄酚）的含量变化情况。结果10份大黄药材炮制为大黄饮片后,饮片中大黄素＋大黄酚总量基本上都有明显升高,但有3份饮片中的总量要稍微低于药材;继而对药用大黄、掌叶大黄、唐古特大黄、藏边大黄四种药材与饮片中的大黄素与大黄酚含量对比分析可知,药材与饮片中大黄酚含量除了唐古特大黄之外,皆高于大黄素含量,其中唐古特大黄中的大黄素则远远高于其他三类大黄,其余三种大黄之间差异性不显著。结论大黄类药材炮制后,蒽醌类化合物（大黄素与大黄酚）的含量有明显的变化,大部分会出现升高现象,但也有少部分会出现降低。     

UHPLC-FLD法测定不同产地大黄中6种大黄蒽醌

目的 建立超高效液相色谱荧光（UHPLC-FLD）法同时测定大黄中大黄素、芦荟大黄素、大黄酸、大黄酚、大黄素甲醚和大黄素-8-O-β-D-葡萄糖苷的含量,并应用于10个不同产地大黄饮片的分析。方法 大黄粉末经甲醇提取制备供试品溶液,采用Agilent Poroshell 120 EC-C₁₈柱（50 mm×4.6 mm,2.7 μm）;流动相为0.1%甲酸水溶液（A）-0.1%甲酸甲醇（B）,梯度洗脱;体积流量0.6 mL·min^-1;柱温30℃;荧光检测器激发波长435 nm,发射波长515 nm。进行专属性、线性关系、定量限及检出限、精密度、稳定性、重复性、加样回收率考察。应用已建立的方法分析10个不同产地大黄饮片中6种大黄蒽醌含量。结果 6种成分在各自范围内线性关系良好,精密度、稳定性、重复性均良好;平均加样回收率为97.86%～103.2%,RSD为1.27%～2.15%。10个不同产地大黄饮片中蒽醌总量均符合《中国药典》要求;但不同产地的大黄中蒽醌单体的含量差别较大。结论 建立的UHPLC-FLD法灵敏、快速、准确、稳定且重复性好,可用于大黄中6种大黄蒽醌的含量测定。     

微乳液相色谱法同时测定大黄中5种蒽醌类衍生物的含量

目的:建立同时测定大黄中芦荟大黄素、大黄酸、大黄素、大黄酚和大黄素甲醚含量的方法。方法:采用微乳液相色谱法。以微乳为流动相,通过对影响分离度和保留时间的因素进行考察,优化最佳微乳体系组成为2.5%(W/V)十二烷基硫酸钠-0.1%(V/V)正辛烷-8.0%(V/V)正丁醇-0.5%(V/V)三乙胺(磷酸调pH值至3.0);色谱柱为HypersilODS2(250mm×4.6mm,5μm),柱温为28℃,流速为1mL·min-1,检测波长为254nm。结果:芦荟大黄素、大黄酸、大黄素、大黄酚和大黄素甲醚的进样浓度线性范围分别为4.7～47.0μg·mL-1(r=0.9999)、5.1～51.0μg·mL-1(r=0.9996)、5.5～55.0μg·mL-1(r=0.9996)、6.3～63.0μg·mL-1(r=0.9999)和0.4～40.0μg·mL-1(r=0.9987);五者平均加样回收率分别为98.67%、97.53%、101.37%、99.34%和99.52%,RSD(n=6)分别为0.31%、0.38%、0.49%、0.53%和0.87%。结论:本方法简便、准确,可用于大黄中5种蒽醌类衍生物的含量测定。     

不同炮制方法大黄饮片在贮存过程中蒽醌成分的含量变化分析

目的分析不同大黄炮制方法对饮片贮藏过程中蒽醌类成分含量变化的影响.方法 对3种大黄饮片1～12个月贮藏样品采用超高效液相色谱仪,检测其中的大黄酸、芦荟大黄素、大黄酚、大黄素和大黄素甲醚的含量变化.结果 5种蒽醌类成分在贮存过程中都存在明显下降的趋势,大黄酚及大黄素甲醚的含量下降尤为明显.不同饮片中,熟大黄中的蒽醌类成分含量变化较小,酒大黄中蒽醌类成分的含量下降明显.结论 不同炮制方法对大黄饮片贮藏过程中的蒽醌类成分的含量变化影响不同,虽然随贮藏时间的增加蒽醌类成分含量均有所下降,但以熟大黄变化最小,酒大黄变化最为明显.     

大黄在治疗炎性疾病中的应用

大黄为蓼科植物掌叶大黄、唐古特大黄或药用大黄的干燥根及根茎。其主要化学成分为蒽苷类及游离蒽醌衍生物 ,其中游离蒽醌衍生物约占蒽醌类总量的 1/ 10 - 1/ 15 ,包括大黄酸、大黄素、大黄酚、芦荟大黄素及大黄素甲醚。大黄性寒、味苦 ,具有泻热通肠、凉血解毒、逐瘀通经的功用。过去大黄主用于实热便秘 ,积滞腹瘀 ,作为泻下药使用。近年来 ,随着对大黄研究的不断深入 ,临床发现其对多种炎性疾病有较好的治疗作用 ,现归纳如下 :1　用于治疗与幽门螺旋杆菌 (HP)相关的胃炎及消化性溃疡大黄中的游离蒽醌类衍生物对HP有抑制作用。研究表明 ,…     

呼伦贝尔市地产波叶大黄中大黄素和大黄酚的含量测定

目的:呼伦贝尔市生长的蓼科植物波叶大黄含有蒽醌类化学成分大黄素、大黄酚和大黄素甲醚,采用高效液相色谱法测定波叶大黄中大黄素和大黄酚的含量。加样回收率为98.54%和101.74%,RSD为1.76%和1.01%。     

浅谈大黄的炮制品及其临床配伍

现代药理研究证实,大黄主要含蒽醌类衍生物,含量约为1%～5%,其中以结合状态为主,游离状态仅占小部分。游离蒽醌类衍生物（包括大黄酸、大黄素、大黄酚、芦荟大黄素、大黄素甲醚等）具有广谱而强大的抗菌和抗病毒作用;结合性蒽醌类衍生物（包括双蒽酮苷及蒽醌单糖苷两类）具有泻下作用的化学成分,其致泻力与其中的结合性大黄酸含量成正比;鞣质含量约为5%（包括没食子酰葡萄苷、α-儿茶素、没食子酸、大黄四聚素等）为收敛成分。     

四川栽培和野生型大黄五种蒽醌类成分的含量对比研究

目的:比较分析四川栽培和野生型大黄五种蒽醌类成分的含量差异。方法:采用Chromasil C18色谱柱(5μm,250×4.6 mm),流动相为甲醇-0.1%磷酸溶液(85:15),体积流量1.0 mL/min,柱温30℃,检测波长254 nm。结果:芦荟大黄素、大黄酸、大黄素、大黄酚和大黄素甲醚分别在4.1~65.1、3.9~63.1、4.0~63.4、4.1~66.0、2.0~31.6μg/mL浓度范围内与峰面积积分值线性关系良好(R2≥0.9996),平均加样回收率为96.47~102.38%,RSD均小于2.56%。采用建立的HPLC方法测定茂县、北川两地栽培的唐古特三年生大黄及野生型唐古特大黄、药用大黄等6批样品中五种蒽醌类成分的总含量分别为2.33±0.02,2.42±0.03,2.88±0.02,1.63±0.04,3.51±0.07,2.76±0.06%,结果表明,栽培唐古特大黄均已达到2010版中国药典规定的药用标准,但是较野生型唐古特大黄的总蒽醌含量要低,其与野生型药用大黄相当。结论:栽培唐古特大黄符合药典药用标准,但总蒽醌含量较野生型含量低。其结果可为临床应用栽培大黄提供参考。     

高效液相色谱法测定洁脉冲剂中大黄素,大黄酚,大黄素甲醚的含量

洁脉冲剂是一种由何首乌、山楂等6味药材组成的复方新药,具有降血脂、预防或治疗动脉硬化的功效,临床上用于心脑血管疾病的治疗。何首乌作为该复方的君药,主要含有蒽醌类衍生物(大黄素、大黄酚、大黄素甲醚等),是降血脂的有效成分[1],因此将何首乌中蒽醌类衍生物作为指标成分,测量其在成药中的含量,则可以建立较为有效可靠的质量标准,对于生产和使用中的质量检验和控制,都有较大的意义。目前,对蒽醌类衍生物较成熟的定量分析方法是高效液相色谱法[2,3]。本文研究建立了用反相高效液相色谱法同时测定洁脉冲剂中大黄素(Ｅｍｏｄｉｎ)、大黄酚(…     

唐古特大黄中2种鞣质类成分的含量测定

目的测定唐古特大黄中2种鞣质类成分没食子酸和儿茶素的含量。方法用高效液相色谱法,流动相为甲醇-0.1%磷酸水溶液,采用梯度洗脱,检测波长为280nm,流速为1.0mL·min?1,柱温为室温,按外标法定量。结果没食子酸的平均加样回收率为98.6%,RSD为1.28%;儿茶素的平均加样回收率为98.8%,RSD为1.37%。结论所建立的方法可准确、快速有效地测定唐古特大黄药材中鞣质类物质的含量。     

57种中草药甲醇提取物体外抗致突变作用筛选

研究发现,白芷、苦参、诃子、雅黄、曲扎、礼县水根、唐古特大黄、陇县水根和青风藤对N-甲基-N′-硝基-N-亚硝基胍和苯并(a)芘的致突变性有显著的抑制作用。某些中草药提取物对此两种模型化合物致突变性的抑制有差异,提示中草药成分的复杂性及以不同的作用方式干扰致突变过程。     

Effects of emodin on synaptic transmission in rat hippocampal CA1 pyramidal neurons in vitro

Rhubarb extracts provide neuroprotection after brain injury, but the mechanism of this protective effect is not known. The present study tests the hypothesis that rhubarb extracts interfere with the release of glutamate by brain neurons and, therefore, reduce glutamate excitotoxicity. To this end, the effects of emodin, an anthraquinone derivative extracted from Rheum tanguticum Maxim. Ex. Balf, on the synaptic transmission of CA1 pyramidal neurons in rat hippocampus were studied in vitro. The excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP) was depressed by bath-application of emodin (0.3-30 microM). Paired-pulse facilitation (PPF) of the EPSP was significantly increased by emodin. The monosynaptic inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP) recorded in the presence of glutamate receptor antagonists (DNQX and AP5) was not altered by emodin. Emodin decreased the frequency, but not the amplitude, of the miniature EPSP (mEPSP). The inhibition of the EPSP induced by emodin was blocked by either 8-CPT, an adenosine A1 receptor antagonist, or by adenosine deaminase. These results suggest that emodin inhibits the EPSP by decreasing the release of glutamate from Schaffer collateral/commissural terminals via the activation of adenosine A1 receptors in rat hippocampal CA1 area and that the neuroprotective effects of rhubarb extracts may result from decreased glutamate excitotoxicity.     

不同品种大黄油糊外用抗炎作用及对大鼠皮肤溃疡、痔疮模型的影响

目的：通过对大黄的外用实验研究,总结其外用功能。方法：观察三品种大黄油糊外用对大鼠蛋清性足跖肿胀、二甲苯致小鼠耳廓肿胀、大鼠创伤性皮肤溃疡、99．0％醋酸溶液致大鼠痔疮模型的影响。结果：大、小剂量掌叶大黄、唐古特大黄、药用大黄油糊均可显著抑制大鼠蛋清性足跖肿胀和二甲苯致小鼠耳廓肿胀,明显减少大鼠创伤性皮肤溃疡的面积、促进溃疡皮肤角质层、鳞状细胞层和局部病理组织的恢复,可显著加快大鼠肛周皮肤溃疡的愈合。结论：大黄可促进病理组织的修复,加快溃疡面积的愈合,外用有收敛生肌的功能。     

Rhein: a novel potential antitumor drug

Rhein (4,5-dihydroxyanthraquinone-2-carboxylic acid) is an anthraquinone compound enriched in the rhizome of rhubarb (Rheum palmatum or Rheum tanguticum Maxim), a traditional Chinese medicine herb. Natural product compounds are a source of novel therapeutic agents. Rhein has been initially identified as an anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant agent. Recent studies indicate that rhein may also have an antitumor effect. However, the molecular mechanisms are still unclear. This review aims to summarize the research of rhein to better understand the anti-tumor activities by targeting cell cycle arrest, apoptosis, invasion, and metastasis of cancer cells. Meanwhile, we also intend to give an overview of the mechanisms identified so far. The breakthrough findings may shed light on using rhein as a targeted-cancer therapy.     

Investigations of Free Anthraquinones from Rhubarb Against α‐Naphthylisothiocyanate‐induced Cholestatic Liver Injury in Rats

Abstract: The protective effects of anthraquinones from Rhubarb, a Chinese herbal medicine, consisting of the root and rhizome of Rheum palmatum L., R. tanguticum Maxim. Ex Balf., or R. officinale Baill. (family Polygonaceae) were investigated and compared in rats with liver injury induced by α‐naphthylisothiocyanate. α‐Naphthylisothiocyanate was given intragastrically in rats, liver injury with cholestasis developed within 36 hrs, as indicated by characteristic serum levels of glutamate‐pyruvate transaminase, glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase, total bilirubin, direct bilirubin, alkaline phosphatase, γ‐glutamyltransferase and total bile acid. The intragastrical administration of rhein, aloe‐emodin and physione to α‐naphthylisothiocyanate‐treated rats reduced significantly the serum level of both glutamate‐pyruvate transaminase, glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase and the serum total bilirubin, direct bilirubin, alkaline phosphatase, γ‐glutamyltransferase and total bile acid. For all hepatic biochemical markers and cholestasis index, rhein was most efficient. By comparison, the administration of emodin and chrysophanol did not reduce the serum levels of hepatic enzymes glutamate‐pyruvate transaminase and glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase but decreased the levels of serum total bilirubin, direct bilirubin, alkaline phosphatase, γ‐glutamyltransferase, and total bile acid, showing their partial protective effects on cholestatic liver injury. The liver in α‐naphthylisothiocyanate‐treated rats showed cholangiolitic hepatitis characterized by intrahepatic cholestasis, necrosis of hepatocytes and biliary epithelial cells and bile obstruction. The concurrent intragastrical administration of rhein reduced the severity of all morphological alteration, especially the neutrophil infiltration and sinusoid congestion. Rhein, aloe‐emodin, and physione all exhibited protective effects on hepatocytes and cholangiocytes against α‐naphthylisothiocyanate‐induced damage, whereas emodin and chrystophanol provided partial protection.     

Molecular analysis of Rheum species used as Rhei Rhizoma based on the chloroplast matK gene sequence and its application for identification

Rhei Rhizoma (Dahuang in Chinese) is widely known as a purgative and antiinflammatory agent. In the Japanese Pharmacopoeia, Rhei Rhizoma is prescribed for four Rheum species, Rheum palmatum, R. tanguticum, R. officinale, and R. coreanum, while the first three species are prescribed for Dahuang in the Chinese Pharmacopoeia. Due to the morphologic similarity of the aerial parts and frequent occurrence of intermediate forms, the taxonomy of this genus and the correct identification of Rheum species and their derivative drugs are very difficult. To resolve taxonomic problems of the genus Rheum and develop an ultimate identification method for plants and drugs, molecular analysis of the chloroplast matK gene and nuclear 18S ribosomal RNA gene were performed on nine species. The sequence comparison of the matK gene revealed that most species had variable sequences not only inter- but also intraspecies. However, the specimens of the same species belonged to the same subclade in the phylogenetic tree constructed based on matK gene sequences, except for R. palmatum, in which specimens belonged to three subclades related to their production areas. The nucleotide differences at positions 587, 707, and 838 distinguished official species from others, while specific nucleotides at positions 367 and 937 became identification markers for R. palmatum, R. tanguticum, and R. officinale (or R. coreanum). Moreover, three groups of R. palmatum, each belonging to three subclades, were characterized by the nucleotides at positions 619, 769, 883, and 1061. By detecting marker nucleotides, the botanical origins of Rhei Rhizoma were determined.     

Rhubarb in the East and the West

An etymological account of edible rhubards (stalks) and medicinal rhubarbs (rhizomes) is presented. Rheum rhaponticum (edible) was originally brought to the West from the barbarian Volga (old name Rha) district and from the Black Sea (old name Pontus) area. Rha comes from the Indo-European protolanguage *sreu, which means river or to flow. Rha barbarum was transformed to rhubarb in English and to Rhabarber in German. Medicinal rhubarbs are R. palmatum (the shape of its leaves are palm shaped), R. tanguticum from Tangut, China, and R. officinale and R. coreanum (both of which need no explanation). The relationship of Rheum with Rumex is also mentioned.     

唐古特大黄多糖组分1对电离辐射损伤小鼠免疫功能的保护作用

目的：探讨唐古特大黄多糖组分1（RTP1）对电离辐射损伤小鼠免疫功能的防护作用。方法：采用昆明种小鼠,随机分为5组：正常对照组（normal control,NC）、辐射对照组（irradiation control,IC）、RTP1低剂量组（200 mg/kg）、中剂量组（400 mg/kg）和高剂量组（800 mg/kg）。采用灌胃给药方式,连续14 d。NC组和IC组则给予等量的生理盐水。第14天除NC组外,各组小鼠均接受2.0 Gy/只60Coγ射线照射1次,照射后24 h,对小鼠的非特异性免疫功能、体液免疫功能及细胞免疫功能指标进行检测。结果：与IC组比较,RTP1组小鼠的胸腺、脾脏指数、碳廓清指数和腹腔巨噬细胞吞噬功能以及脾淋巴细胞增殖能力、血清溶血素生成值以及NK细胞活性均明显增加,与IC组比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05或P〈0.01）。结论：RTP1对辐射所致的小鼠免疫功能损伤具有一定的防护作用。