吻合血管的尺神经转位股神经、闭孔神经吻接术

自１９９３年以来,作者开始采用吻合尺侧上副动、静脉与胸背动、静脉的尺神经转位术重建完全性胸脊髓损伤所致截瘫患者的阴部神经和坐骨神经,恢复了部分周围神经的功能,收到了一定的疗效。在此基础上,１９９８年实施了１例吻合血管的尺神经主干（含浅、深支）吻接股神经,尺侧腕屈肌支、指深屈肌支和手背支与闭孔神经吻接术,术后６个月随访已恢复了股内侧Ｓ１－２级感觉,股四头肌、股内收肌１－２级肌力,并在进一步恢复中。吻合血管的尺神经转位股神经、闭孔神经吻接术@张少成$第二军医大学长海医院骨科@党瑞山$解剖学教研室!上海200…     

手部血管神经伴行关系的应用解剖学研究

目的为临床手部外科和手背静脉穿刺提供应用解剖学资料。方法6具12侧新鲜带前臂的手部标本。用6只手标本灌注过氯乙烯乙酸乙酯，制成动、静脉分色腐蚀铸型标本，另外6只手标本肉眼分层解剖，观察手部血管神经伴行关系。结果手部浅、深血管弓，掌心血管，指掌侧总血管动、静脉紧密伴行，并有正中神经和尺神经的分支伴行。手指的指掌侧固有动脉两侧未见静脉伴行，在其附近有管径较粗的指掌侧浅静脉。手背浅静脉呈网状分布，位于掌骨间隙处的掌背静脉与其深面的尺、桡神经的掌背支有明显伴行关系。由尺骨茎突、桡骨茎突和第三掌骨头形成的三角形区域内无尺、桡神经的分支走行。结论①手掌深层动、静脉伴行关系密切，血管粗，断掌再植应作血管吻接；浅层血管呈网状分布，血管较小，在断掌再植术中不必吻接。②手背浅静脉较粗，尤其是掌背静脉，断掌再植应作血管吻接，并有尺、桡神经的分支走行其深面，手背静脉穿刺时应根据血管神经伴行关系进行选择。     

带血管肋间神经与髂腰肌支吻接重建屈髋功能应用解剖

目的：为带血管的肋间神经与髂腰肌支吻接重建屈髋功能提供解剖学基础。方法：在30侧成人标本上对支配髂肌、腰大肌的神经进行解剖和观察。结果：支配腰大肌的神经纤维主要来源于L2，其次是L3肌支纤维在L2神经干的外上部走行，部位较恒定。髂肌肌支则在股神经合于起始处发出，神经纤维主要来源于L4，其次为L3及L2。结论：将肋间神经转位从背侧手术入路与L2神经根前支外上部端侧吻接，或经腹手术入路于股神经起始部与髂肌肌支吻接术式具有可行性。     

带尺侧上副动脉尺神经转位的解剖及临床意义

目的为临床上带血管蒂的尺神经移植在健侧颈7移位治疗臂丛根性撕脱伤中的应用提供解剖学依据。方法取新鲜经动脉灌注红色乳胶的成人上肢标本22侧进行显微解剖,观察尺神经外部营养动脉的来源。另取患骨肿瘤而截肢新鲜成人上肢6侧作仅保留尺侧上副动脉的尺神经游离,采用动脉灌注墨汁和尺神经组织切片的方法,观察尺侧上副动脉对尺神经内部血供营养的范围。结果尺神经在腋部由胸外侧或腋动脉的分支供应,在内侧肌间隔后方由尺侧上副动脉供应,在尺神经沟由尺侧上副动脉与尺侧返动脉后支的吻合支供应,在前臂由尺侧返动脉和尺动脉的分支供应。尺侧上副动脉灌注墨汁后,尺神经腕部、手背支及腋部的神经束内微血管被墨汁充填。结论以尺侧上副动脉的起始处为血管蒂部旋转点,尺神经可提供平均为(46.5±2.6)cm的有血供的移植长度,可经胸前皮下隧道逆向转位与对侧颈7神经根吻合。以尺侧上副动脉为血供的尺神经移植的设计是合理的。     

儿童肘部尺神经前置术的应用解剖

目的为临床儿童尺神经前置术提供解剖学基础。方法 10具(共20肘)福尔马林固定的6~8岁儿童尸体上肢标本,解剖尺神经沟、尺神经行径伴行血管以及尺神经前置后解剖关系。结果尺神经主要接受尺侧上副动脉血供,前臂尺神经的血供则主要由尺动脉提供,尺侧上副动脉、尺侧下副动脉及尺侧返动脉后支血管的大部分行程与尺神经紧贴伴行,在尺神经前置越过肱骨内上髁时,不会造成伴行血管过度牵拉而对尺神经血供造成影响。尺神经前置后滑动性好,有良好的组织床,同时又能解除屈肘对尺神经牵拉。结论研究结果显示:尺神经前置术不会影响神经血供,具有可行性,前置时需切断上臂内侧肌间隔,皮下前置滑动性好。     

双轴点动脉蒂桡神经浅支移位术的解剖学研究

目的 :为以桡侧副动脉和桡侧返动脉为动脉蒂的双轴点桡神经浅支折叠移位治疗上肢长段神经缺损提供解剖学基础。方法 :通过解剖 2 0侧灌注红色乳胶的新鲜成人上肢标本 ,观测桡神经浅支的血供 ,分别对桡神经浅支、正中神经、尺神经作不同横断面切片 ,观测神经纤维数 ;测量腕部桡神经浅支与尺神经手背支和正中神经间的距离。结果 :①桡侧副动脉终支与桡侧返动脉升支恒定地存在网状血管吻合。桡侧副动脉走行中发 (2 .7± 1.2 )支 ,桡侧返动脉呈扇形发 (3 .7± 1.9)支的滋养动脉分布于桡神经浅支外膜。②桡神经浅支自然分束可达肱骨内、外髁连线 (又称Huelter′s线 )上 (5 .3± 1.2 )cm ,强行分离长度为(2 .5± 1.1)cm ,可切取长度超过 2 4cm。③桡神经浅支平均神经束数与上臀正中神经之比为 1∶3 .14 ;与上臂尺神经之比为 1∶2 .42。④桡神经浅支在腕部至尺神经手背支的距离为 (3 .4± 1.2 )cm ,至正中神经的距离为 (5 .6± 1.3 )cm。结论 :桡神经浅支具有双重血供来源。本术式既可治疗上肢长段神经缺损 ,亦可恢复供区神经支配区的感觉功能。     

掌短肌皮瓣的应用解剖学

目的：为吻合血管的掌短肌皮瓣移植提供解剖学基础。方法：３０侧灌注红色乳胶成人上肢标本,观测掌短肌的形态,肌皮瓣的血供、神经分布。结果：掌短肌呈斜方形,其桡侧长２．２±０．８ｃｍ,尺侧长２．８±０．９ｃｍ,中部宽２．８±０．６ｃｍ,中部厚２．８±０．９ｍｍ。掌短肌为尺神经浅支支配,其浅面的皮肤为尺神经浅支和尺神经的尺动脉支支配。掌短肌皮瓣的动脉血供来源有４：即尺动脉本干、掌浅支的肌皮支和皮支、掌深支和小指尺侧固有动脉的肌皮支。其静脉回流为上述动脉的伴行静脉,汇入到尺静脉,以及与手掌尺侧皮肤相连的前臂尺侧静脉。结论：以尺动、静脉为血管蒂的掌短肌皮瓣的血供来源较多,可以利用尺神经浅支和尺神经的尺动脉支形成带感觉神经的皮瓣。是修复拇指指腹大面积缺损较好的供区之一。     

尺神经手背支营养血管皮瓣的应用解剖

目的 :为带尺神经手背支营养血管的皮瓣提供形态学基础。方法 :在 3 0侧成人上肢标本上 ,观测尺神经手背支营养血管及其与周围皮肤的供血情况。结果 :尺神经手背支的血供近侧端来自尺动脉腕上皮支降支 ,起始处外径为 ( 0 .9± 0 .3 )mm ;远端为第 4或第 3掌背动脉。起始处外径分别为 ( 0 .6± 0 .2 )mm和 ( 0 .7± 0 .2 )mm。其神经支在神经束间和神经旁相互吻合成纵行血管网 ,并借分支与筋膜皮支构成丰富的皮下筋膜血管网。结论 :以尺神经手背支及其营养血管为蒂可形成手背尺侧筋膜皮瓣 ,可顺行或逆行转位修复邻近部位的组织缺损。     

肘内侧入路的临床应用解剖及其意义

目的:为肘内侧入路手术避免损伤重要结构提供解剖学基础。方法:选教学用的固定尸体标本24具(男18女6)48侧,按手术入路层次,对肘内侧入路的相关血管神经进行解剖学观测。结果:(1)臂内侧皮神经于臂中部的内侧面浅出,直径为(1.05±0.35)mm;前臂内侧皮神经于臂内侧中下1/3肱二头肌内侧沟伴贵要静脉浅出,直径为(1.50±0.55)mm。(2)尺神经干在肘部发出1~3肘关节支、1~4尺侧腕屈肌支和1~4指深屈肌支。(3)尺侧上副动脉、尺侧下副动脉和尺侧返动脉后支从肱动脉的起点处至尺神经垂直距离分别为(1.65±0.35)cm、(2.43±0.54)cm、(1.86±0.41)cm;与尺神经伴行至内上髁的距离分别为(14.38±1.82)cm、(4.51±1.16)cm、(5.91±0.67)cm。肘部附近尺侧下副动脉和尺侧返动脉后支与尺侧上副动脉在尺神经外膜相吻合。结论:(1)肘内侧入路浅层必须寻找和保护臂内侧皮神经和前臂内侧皮神经;(2)肘内侧入路保护尺神经血供及其肌支是临床手术成败的关键。     

股薄肌半游离移植改进对侧股四头肌功能的应用解剖学

在110侧成人下肢标本上,观察测量了股薄肌。按照保留股薄肌的神经,吻接其主要血管,将其半游离移植到对侧以改进已瘫痪的股四头肌功能的手术设计,进行了有关的应用解剖学分析。股薄肌的神经可游离长度约10cm,转移至对侧耻骨肌起点处约9cm,长度是够的;但转移至股直肌起点处距离约16cm,神经长度不足,只能再移植一段神经加以桥接。血管吻接的供区和受区条件较好,本文提供了有关数据。     

Definition of a safe-zone in open carpal tunnel surgery: a cadaver study

Carpal tunnel decompression is one of the most common surgical procedures in hand surgery. Cutaneous innervation of the palm by median and ulnar nerves was evaluated to find a suitable incision preserving cutaneous nerves. A morphometric study was designed to define the safe-zone for mini-open carpal tunnel release. Sixteen fresh-frozen (8 right, 8 left) and 14 formalin-fixed (8 right, 6 left) cadaveric hands were dissected. Anatomy of the palmar cutaneous branch of the median and the ulnar nerve, motor branch of the median nerve, superficial palmar arch were evaluated relative to the surgical incision. We also identified the motor branch of the median nerve. Detailed measurements of the whole palmar region are reported in this study. The motor branch of the median nerve was extraligamentous as 60%, subligamentous as 34%, transligamentous as 6%. The palmar cutaneous branches of the median and the ulnar nerves in the palmar region were classified as Type A (34%), Type B (13%), Type C (13%), Type D (none), Type E (40%) according to forms of palmar cutaneous innervation originating from the ulnar and median nerves. Injury to the palmar cutaneous branch of the median nerve (PCBMN) is the most common complication of the carpal tunnel surgery. Various techniques were described to decrease post-operative morbidity. Based on these anatomic findings mini incision between the superficial palmar arch and the most distal part of the PCBMN in the palmar region is the safe-zone for carpal tunnel surgery.     

尺神经深支的应用解剖

目的:为尺神经深支卡压和损伤的临床诊治以及高位尺神经损伤直接移植修复尺神经深支提供解剖学依据.方法:选择30侧自肘以上离断新鲜完整无畸形上肢进行解剖,观察尺神经深支的走行和分支.测量小鱼际各肌支的长度、宽度和厚度;尺神经深支相邻肌支间距离;豌豆骨近缘至深支最末分支间长度;尺神经深支逆向可分离长度和分离后的近端宽度和厚度,骨间前神经旋前方肌支远端宽度和厚度.结果:尺神经深支分支复杂,呈树枝状结构,在其走行过程中经Guyon管、豆钩管、对掌肌管、拇收肌腱弓等,解剖关系复杂.相应骨间肌支和蚓状肌支大部在尺神经深支主干同一平面呈不同角度发出.结论:尺神经深支易卡压部位多,可能是高位尺神经损伤后手内在肌功能不易恢复的原因之一;邻近骨折脱位较易损伤尺神经深支;高位尺神经损伤早期行神经移位直接修复尺神经深支,有利于手功能的恢复.     

A rare anatomical variation of the Berrettini anastomosis and third common palmar digital branch of the median nerve

Variations in the origin and distribution of Berrettini anastomosis between the digital branches of the ulnar and median nerves exist and are well described in the literature. During regular dissections by medical students, we encountered a rare variation in the left hand of an approximately 50-year-old male cadaver. Berrettini anastomosis connecting the third common palmar digital branch of the median nerve with the fourth common palmar and proper palmar digital branches of the ulnar nerve presented a plexiform nature. This communicating branch and the third common palmar digital branch of the median nerve were perforated by the superficial palmar arch. Further, the superficial palmar arch was incomplete, and it was solely formed by the superficial branch of the ulnar artery. The unusual relationship of Berrettini anastomosis with the superficial palmar arch is very rare, and knowledge about such a variation is important when performing carpal tunnel release, flexor tendon surgery, and Dupuytren’s fasciectomy and when dealing with arterial repairs and vascular graft applications in the hand.     

A rare human variation a major branch of the ulnar artery found in the carpal tunnel

Abstract During a routine anatomic dissection of a 60-year-old female cadaver, a large branch of the ulnar artery in the carpal tunnel was found in the left forearm. This branch crossed the median nerve anteriorly. Guyon’s canal contained another branch of the ulnar artery and the ulnar nerve. There was no superficial palmar arch in the left hand. The right forearm was without any vascular anomalies. This anomaly has considerable consequences for surgeons considering endoscopic carpal release, because there is a significant risk of injury to the ulnar artery branch.     

An unusual variation of the superficial ulnar artery

Anomalous superficial ulnar arteries were found bilaterally during routine dissection of the upper limbs of a 60-year-old male cadaver. In the left arm, the superficial ulnar artery originated from the axillary artery. It crossed the median nerve anteriorly and ran anteromedial to this nerve and the brachial artery. The superficial ulnar artery was also rudimentary and gave rise to only a narrow muscular branch to the biceps brachii. In the hand, it anastomosed with the radial artery, completing the superficial palmar arch. The radial artery was larger than usual and the deep palmar arch was formed only by the radial artery. In the right arm, the superficial ulnar artery originated from the brachial artery at the level of the inter-epicondylar line. Additionally there were “inverse palmaris longus muscles” bilaterally. This was a rare case in which the superficially ulnar artery originated from a different source on each side accompanied by anomalies of the palmar arches on one side.     

Anatomical variations as potential risk factors for ulnar tunnel syndrome: a cadaveric study

The aim of this study was to assess the anatomical variations, especially the anomalous muscles passing through Guyon's canal and the fibrous arch forming the piso-hamate hiatus, which may play a role in ulnar tunnel syndrome. We have also focused on the relation of these structures with specific concern to the ulnar nerve. Nineteen embalmed cadavers (37 hands and forearms) were dissected. A fibrous arch extending between the pisiform and the hook of the hamate was observed in 21 hands. In majority of the cases flexor digiti minimi muscle was found to originate only from this arch. An anomalous muscle was disclosed in six hands with four of them passing through the piso-hamate hiatus with the deep branch of the ulnar nerve. In two of four cases, the superficial branch of the ulnar nerve was also accompanying the deep branch of the ulnar nerve beneath the anomalous muscle and through the piso-hamate hiatus. Because these anomalous muscles were generally found to course through the piso-hamate hiatus with the branches of the ulnar nerve, we conclude that the distal portion of the Guyon's canal has a relatively higher risk for ulnar nerve entrapment. We believe that surgeons operating on this region should take into account these various anatomic structures.     

正中神经返支卡压及易损伤部位的解剖学基础

目的：探讨腕管综合征术后大鱼际功能恢复不良的原因与返支易损伤部位。方法：对20侧成人新鲜上肢标本进行显微解剖，观测正中神经返支走行中存在的卡压因素以及易损伤部位。结果：(1)拇短屈肌浅头尺侧存在腱弓及腱纤维束结构，对正中神经返支形成卡压；(2)住屈肌支持带远侧返支与掌腱膜关系密切，在此部位掌腱膜可对返支形成卡压或术中易误伤返支；(3)走行中返支与拇长屈肌腱和示指屈肌腱存在交叉走行关系。结论：(1)返支走行中存在易卡压因素，治疗腕管综合征时应常规探查松解返支；(2)涉及拇长屈肌腱，示指屈肌腱和掌腱膜手术时，应注意防止损伤返支。     

An unusual termination of the ulnar nerve in the palm.

During the dissection of the left forearm and hand of a 57-year old male cadaver fixed in 10% formalin, it has been noted that the medial proper palmar digital nerve to the little finger arose from the dorsal branch of the ulnar nerve, instead of the superficial branch of the same nerve. The dorsal branch, given off by the ulnar nerve in the forearm, coursed distally and dorsally deep to the flexor carpi ulnaris muscle. Some 2 cm proximal to the pisiform, it pierced the deep fascia on the posteromedial side of the muscle to become superficial. At this point, one of the three branches given off travelled distally on the palmar-ulnar side of the hand to the skin of the little finger. There were connections between this branch and the branches of the superficial branch of the ulnar nerve which innervated the skin of the hypothenar eminence. Further, another branch of the superficial branch of the ulnar nerve passed under the fibrous arch of the flexor digiti minimi brevis muscle origin and the opponens digiti minimi muscle to re-unite with its parent nerve.     

断掌再植的神经解剖学基础

目的：为断掌再植的神经修复提供解剖学基础。方法：对30侧成人手标本掌部浅、深两层的主要神经分支进行解剖。以远侧腕横纹为横坐标，以掌中线为纵坐标对掌部主要神经分支的起、止点进行坐标测量。将手掌部划分为64个正方形小区，按照掌部主要神经分支起、止坐标对各神经进行小区定位，确定各神经分支的体表投影。模拟不同平面断掌，确定各断掌平面应修复的神经。结果：R1T3、R1T4、R2T2、R2T3、R2T45个小区集中了正中神经返支、正中神经分叉处及尺神经深支的大鱼际肌段，此区域神经分支较多，是断掌时神经修复的重要区域。U2T1、U2T2、U3T33个小区有尺神经深支通过，通过此三小区的断掌应仔细修复尺神经深支。结论：本文结果可供对断掌及其他手掌外伤的神经损伤修复作出较为准确的定位，并根据预测结果对掌部损伤神经进行有目的的修复。     

An anatomical study of the palmar cutaneous branch of the median nerve

We present an anatomical study of the palmar cutaneous branch of the median nerve emphasizing its frequency, origin, perforation point at the transverse carpal ligament, point of emergence in the palm, width, length, divisions and innervation territory. For this purpose, fifty cadaver hands were dissected under a stereomicroscope and/or magnifying glass. The origin of the palmar cutaneous branch (PCB) was on the average 4.56 cm proximal to conventionally named "zero point" on the most distal transverse volar wrist crease. Perforation of the aponeurosis occurred on average 0.79 cm from the mentioned point and its emergence in the palm at 0.76 cm. The nerve had an average length of 5.24 cm. PCB's divisions in the palm resulted in a medial branch in 42%, a lateral branch in 92% and an intermediate branch in 100% of the hands studied. In six specimens PCB presented a deep branch which was directed toward the thenar eminence or made communication with the superficial branch of the palmar digital nerve or still penetrated between the first or second metacarpal. In 4% of the cases there was a communicating branch between the superficial branch of the radial nerve and the PCB. These anatomical results should be considered in the evaluation of the best surgical techniques for decompression of the median nerve in the carpal tunnel.