太白楤木皂苷对砷诱导的肝细胞线粒体途径凋亡的保护作用

目的探讨太白楤木皂苷对砷暴露损伤的保护作用及分子机制。方法人正常肝细胞HL-7702进行砷暴露及太白楤木皂苷保护处理。砷暴露组用10μmol L-1终浓度的NaAsO2处理,太白楤木皂苷保护组用不同浓度太白楤木皂苷预处理12 h后,再进行砷暴露处理。24 h后MTT法检测细胞活力;12 h后收集细胞样品,分别检测细胞的凋亡、活性氧（ROS）、还原型谷胱甘肽（GSH）,氧化损伤产物丙二醛（MDA）水平以及线粒体凋亡途径的重要因子细胞色素C（Cyto C）释放和Caspase-3的激活情况。结果砷暴露可以引起肝细胞活力显著降低,给予不同浓度的太白楤木皂苷具有一定的保护作用,其中5μg mL-1太白楤木皂苷保护效果最佳。砷暴露可以引起细胞凋亡比例显著增加,细胞ROS水平升高,GSH水平降低,氧化损伤产物MDA水平增加,线粒体凋亡途径因子Cyto C和Caspase-3的激活。太白楤木皂苷（5μg mL-1）预处理能够显著拮抗砷暴露引起的细胞上述指标变化。结论砷暴露可以通过诱导细胞氧化应激,激活线粒体途径细胞凋亡,发挥其损伤毒性作用。太白楤木皂苷可以通过抑制细胞氧化应激,抑制线粒体途径的细胞凋亡,从而发挥其抗砷暴露损伤的保护作用。     

基于谱效相关的星点设计-效应面法优化太白楤木提取工艺

目的采用星点设计-效应面法优化太白楤木的提取工艺。方法以乙醇体积分数、溶媒比、提取时间为自变量,各指纹峰相对于太白楤木皂苷TA-16的含量的加和为因变量,对自变量各水平进行多元线性回归及二项式拟合,用效应面法优选最佳工艺,并对结果进行预测分析。结果太白楤木最佳提取工艺为:13倍量70%乙醇,提取3次,每次60min,提取预测值与理论值偏差为-2.16%,二项式拟合复相关系数r=0.913 1。结论星点设计-效应面法优化的太白楤木提取工艺方法简便,预测性较高。     

太白楤木的降血糖及降血脂作用

五加科楤木属植物太白楤木Aralia taibaiensis Z. Z wanget HC Zheng主要分布于我国中西部山区,资源丰富。民间用其根皮治疗跌打损伤、肝炎、糖尿病等症。其化学成分以皂甙为主,甙元齐墩果酸含量较高,近年报道齐墩果酸对四氧嘧啶所致小鼠糖尿病有预防及治疗作用;日本民间用同属植物辽东楤木治疗糖尿病,日本学者还     

太白楤木中楤木总苷提取纯化工艺研究

目的研究从太白楤木中提取和纯化楤木总苷的最佳工艺条件。方法采用L9(34)正交实验,以总皂苷含量和出膏率为评价指标。结果确定最佳提取工艺为:料液比1∶6、提取3次、溶剂为体积分数70%乙醇、提取时间1h;药液浓缩的相对密度1.01,每次萃取液体积1∶1,萃取3次。结论按照正交设计确定的优化工艺条件合理、可靠,为楤木总皂苷工业化生产提供了科学依据。     

黔棘茎楤木对大鼠长期毒性研究

<正>棘茎楤木(A.echinocaulis Hand.-Mazz.)属五加科楤木属植物,民间用来祛风除湿、强壮筋骨、活血止痛等。楤木属植物的开发利用主要在药用和食用方面,由于其利用价值较高,开发已起步,且势头良好[1]。为探讨黔棘茎楤木用药的安全性,本研究对其进行了长期毒性实验研究[2-3],现报道如下。     

楤木化学成分的研究

目的 研究楤木的化学成分.方法 采用硅胶柱层析、Sephadex LH-20、ODS柱层析、半制备型高效液相色谱等分离方法进行分离纯化,经理化性质和波谱数据分析鉴定化合物结构.结果 分离鉴定了4个三萜皂苷类化合物,分别鉴定为elatoside K methyl ester(Ⅰ)、araloside Amethyl ester(Ⅱ)、pseudoginsenoside RTl butyl ester (Ⅲ)和太白楤木皂苷Ⅰ(Ⅳ).结论 化合物Ⅰ为新化合物,化合物Ⅱ～Ⅳ均为首次从该植物中分离得到.     

龙牙楤木的研究概况

龙牙楤木(Aralia elatucluig Seem)又名辽东楤木(Araliamandshuyja Rupr et Maxim),东北俗名刺老鸦、刺老牙、虎阳刺,系五加科(Araliuceae)楤木科植物.六十年代以前辽东楤和龙牙楤木为两个种,由于其植物特征差异甚小,现已归为同一种植物.龙牙楤木主要分布于我国东北,资源丰富,朝鲜、俄罗斯、和日本等地也有分布.近年来,研究龙牙楤木的人很多,此文收集了各家研究的概况,以作参考.     

正交试验法优选棘茎木皂苷提取工艺及抗炎镇痛作用的实验研究

目的利用正交试验法优选棘茎楤木皂苷提取工艺及抗炎镇痛作用药理实验。方法利用简便常用的正交试验设计优化棘茎楤木根皮总皂苷提取工艺,并采用二甲苯致小鼠耳肿胀、角叉菜胶致大鼠足肿胀、醋酸致小鼠扭体反应实验等急性炎症动物模型及疼痛模型,观察棘茎楤木皂苷的抗炎镇痛作用。结果正交试验优选出棘茎楤木皂苷提取工艺为:10倍量95%的乙醇回流提取3次,每次0.5h;药理实验初步表明棘茎楤木皂苷具有抗炎镇痛作用。结论棘茎楤木皂苷含量较高,可以开发成治疗风湿疾病的医药中间体。     

辽东橡木的研究进展

<正> 辽东楤木(Aralia elata(Miq.)Seem),又名龙牙楤木(Aralia mandshuria Bupr.et Maxim).东北土名又叫刺龙牙、刺老鸦、虎阳刺。系五加科楤木属植物。60年代以前辽东楤木和龙牙楤木分为两个种,由于其植物特征差异甚小,现归为一种植物。我国共有楤木属植物30种,包括木本植物和草本植物。我国东北地区有楤木属植物3种即辽东楤木(Aralia elata(Miq.)Seem),东北土当归(Aralia continentalis)和楤木(Aralia Chinensis L.).辽东楤木主要分布于我国东北,资源丰富;朝鲜、苏联和日本等地也有分布。中医药用部分为辽东楤木的根皮和树皮。性味辛苦、有小毒。具有补气安神、强精滋     

太白楤木根皮的齐墩果酸皂甙

从太白楤木(Aralia taibaiensis Z.Z.Wang et H.C.Zheng)根皮中首次分离到5个齐墩果酸皂甙,根据理化性质和光谱数据,分别鉴定为木皂甙A(1),3-O-[α-L-呋喃阿拉伯糖(1→4)-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖醛酸丁酯]-齐墩果酸-28-O-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖甙(2),3-O-[α-L-呋喃阿拉伯糖(1→4)-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖醛酸乙酯]-齐墩果酸-28-O-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖甙(3),屏边三七甙R₂(4)和3-O-｛β-D-吡喃葡萄糖(1→3)[α-L-呋喃阿拉伯糖(1→4)]-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖醛酸乙酯｝-齐墩果酸-28-O-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖甙(5)。2,3和5为新化合物,分别命名为太白楤木皂甙I(taibaienoside I)、太白楤木皂甙II(taibaienoside II)和太白楤木皂甙III(taibaienoside III)。     

Quantitative in vivo and in vitro sex differences in artemisinin metabolism in rat

1. The pharmacokinetics of the antimalarial compound artemisinin were compared in the male and female Sprague-Dawley rat after single dose i.v. (20 mg.kg) or i.p. (50 mg.kg) administration of an emulsion formulation. 2. Plasma clearance of artemisinin was 12.0 (95% confidence interval: 10.4, 13.0) l.h. kg in the male rat and 10.6 (95% CI: 7.5, 15.0) l.h. kg in the female rat suggesting high hepatic extraction in combination with erythrocyte uptake or clearance. Artemisinin half-life was 0.5 h after both routes of administration in both sexes. Values for plasma clearance and half-lives did not statistically differ between the sexes. 3. After i.p. administration artemisinin AUCs were 2-fold higher in the female compared with male rat (p 0.001). Artemisinin disappearance was 3.9-fold greater in microsomes from male compared with female livers and it was inhibited in male microsomes by goat or rabbit serum containing antibodies against CYP2C11 and CYP3A2 but not CYP2B1 or CYP2E1. 4. The unbound fraction of artemisinin in plasma was lower (p 0.001) in plasma obtained from the male (8.8 2.0%) compared with the female rat (11.7 2.2%). 5. The possibility of a marked sex difference, dependent on the route of administration, has to be taken into account in the design and interpretation of toxicological studies of artemisinin in this species.     

Quantitative in vivo and in vitro sex differences in artemisinin metabolism in rat

1. The pharmacokinetics of the antimalarial compound artemisinin were compared in the male and female Sprague-Dawley rat after single dose i.v. (20 mg x kg(-1)) or i.p. (50 mg x kg(-1)) administration of an emulsion formulation. 2. Plasma clearance of artemisinin was 12.0 (95% confidence interval: 10.4, 13.0) 1 x h(-1) x kg(-1) in the male rat and 10.6 (95% CI: 7.5, 15.0) 1 x h(-1) x kg(-1) in the female rat suggesting high hepatic extraction in combination with erythrocyte uptake or clearance. Artemisinin half-life was approximately 0.5 h after both routes of administration in both sexes. Values for plasma clearance and half-lives did not statistically differ between the sexes. 3. After i.p. administration artemisinin AUCs were 2-fold higher in the female compared with male rat (p < 0.001). Artemisinin disappearance was 3.9-fold greater in microsomes from male compared with female livers and it was inhibited in male microsomes by goat or rabbit serum containing antibodies against CYP2C11 and CYP3A2 but not CYP2B1 or CYP2E1. 4. The unbound fraction of artemisinin in plasma was lower (p < 0.001) in plasma obtained from the male (8.8 +/- 2.0%) compared with the female rat (11.7 +/- 2.2%). 5. The possibility of a marked sex difference, dependent on the route of administration, has to be taken into account in the design and interpretation of toxicological studies of artemisinin in this species.     

Interindividual variability in metabolic activation in humans in vivo

In assessing interindividual variability in metabolic activation, the toxic metabolite is often too unstable for conventional analysis. Possible alternatives include a stable product of the reactive metabolite e.g. cysteinyl derivatives of N-acetyl-4-benzoquinoneimine, the toxic metabolite of paracetamol, adducts with DNA or protein, and indirect measurement of the activity of the enzyme(s) producing the active metabolite. An example of the last approach is the use of furafylline, a highly specific inhibitor of human CYP1A2, to determine the extent of the metabolic activation of the cooked food mutagens PhIP and MeIQx. The extent of inhibition, determined from levels of unchanged amine in urine, is an indirect measure of the activity of the activation pathway. Further refinement of this approach, allied to improved measures of the biological process of interest should prove of value in evaluating interindividual variability and its role in the risk assessment process.     

Theophylline kinetics in peripheral tissues in vivo in humans

Several biochemical and cellular effects have been described for methylxanthines under in vitro conditions. However, it is unknown, whether threshold concentrations required to exert these effects are attained in target tissues in vivo. We therefore employed the microdialysis technique for measuring theophylline concentrations in peripheral tissues under in vivo conditions.Following in vitro and in vivo calibration, microdialysis probes were inserted into the medial vastus muscle and into the periumbilical subcutaneous adipose layer of healthy volunteers. Following single oral dose administration of 300 mg or i.v. infusion of 240 mg theophylline, in vivo time courses of theophylline concentrations were monitored in tissues and plasma. Major pharmacokinetic parameters (c_max, t_max, AUC) were calculated for plasma and tissue time courses. The mean AUC_tissue /AUC_plasma-ratio was 0.56 (p.o.) and 0.55 (i.v.) for muscle and 0.55 (p.o.) and 0.72 (i.v.) for subcutaneous adipose tissue.We conclude that microdialysis provides important information on the distribution and the tissue pharmacokinetics of theophylline.Abbreviations FPIA Fluorescence polarisation immuno assay - AUC Area under the curve - t_max Time to peak concentration - c_max Peak concentration     

休克时血中氧自由基的变化

本实验测定10名休克患者血浆和红细胞的丙二醛(MDA)、血浆总抗的氧化活性(AOA)的含量。结果表明:休克病人红细胞膜和血浆 MDA 含量(4.298±0.722;5.348±0.834)与对照组(3.235±0.682;4.356±1.081)比较明显增高(P<0.05);血浆 AOA(39.65±7.858)与对照组(48.21±10.81)比较明显降低(P<0.01)。提示:休克时,患者机体内自由基反应增强是引起组织细胞损伤的原因之一。     

Changes in angiopoietin expression in glomeruli involved in glomerulosclerosis in rats with daunorubicin-induced nephrosis

AIM: To study the potential pathological role of endogenous angiopoietins in daunorubicin-induced progressive glomerulosclerosis in rats. METHODS: Seventy male Wistar rats were allocated randomly into a daunorubicin group (DRB; n=40) or a control group (n=30). The rats in the DRB group were injected with DRB (15 mg/kg), in their tails. Subsequently, at intervals of 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, and 12 weeks, 5 male Wistar rats in each group were chosen randomly for 24 h urinary protein quantitative measurements (24 h UPQM), and determination of plasma tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha), angiopoietin-1 (Ang1), and angiopoietin-2 (Ang2) levels. Kidney sections were examined by electron microscopy, Periodic Acid Schiff (PAS) staining, immunohistochemical staining and in situ hybridization histochemistry. RESULTS: As glomerulosclerosis progressed in the DRB group, expression of Ang1 mRNA and protein in glomeruli decreased and expression of TNF-alpha protein, Ang2 mRNA and protein in glomeruli increased. Expression of Ang1 mRNA and protein in glomeruli were negatively correlated with 24 h UPQM, Fn protein expression, and mean area of extracellular matrix (MAECM). In comparison, expression of Ang2 mRNA and protein in glomeruli were positively correlated with 24 h UPQM, Fn protein expression and MAECM; furthermore, there was a positive correlation between plasma Ang2 and 24 h UPQM. Plasma TNF-alpha and expression of TNF-alpha in glomeruli were positively correlated with expression of Ang2 mRNA and protein in glomeruli. There was a negative correlation between Ang1 protein expression and Ang2 protein expression in glomeruli. CONCLUSION: During DRB-induced glomerulosclerosis, podocyte injury led to a shift in the balance of Ang1 and Ang2 in glomeruli. Increased TNF-alpha in plasma and glomeruli may upregulate Ang2 expression in glomeruli. Elevated Ang2 in both plasma and glomeruli may mediate protein permeability through the glomerular filtration barrier. Moreover, local expression of Ang2 may facilitate the progress of glomerulosclerosis by upregulating a component expression of extracellular matrix.     

Trichinellosis in immigrants in Switzerland

We describe a case of trichinellosis diagnosed at the Division of Infectious Diseases, Hospital of Lugano, in January 2009. This case was associated with a cluster of cases and was traced to the consumption of contaminated meat after a wild boar hunt in Bosnia.