蛋白酶激活受体-3在大鼠体内外脑缺血模型中的作用研究

目的研究蛋白酶激活受体-3(PAR-3)在大鼠体内外脑缺血模型中的作用。方法以PAR-3激活肽(AP)为工具药,采用大脑中动脉阻塞和氧糖剥夺法分别建立大鼠和大鼠胚胎脑皮质神经元缺血模型,观察PAR-3在缺血损伤中的作用及表达变化。用肌动描记器记录PAR-3对大鼠大脑中动脉(MCA)血管张力的影响,用蛋白印迹法研究PAR-1对PAR-3表达的影响。结果 PAR-3在缺血侧大脑皮质和神经元中无显著改变,PAR-1 AP和拮抗剂对PAR-3的表达无影响。缺血前给予PAR-3 AP SFNGGP-NH2显著改善了体内缺血模型导致的损伤,但对体外缺血模型导致的损伤无影响,它能够显著收缩来自正常或缺血大鼠的MCA。结论 SFNGGP-NH_2有望作为预防性治疗脑缺血疾病的靶点进行研究,但不是通过受体数量的调节起作用,胶质细胞或其他类型细胞可能在保护机制中起到更重要的作用。     

原花青素对大鼠局灶性脑缺血再灌注损伤后海马线粒体CytC的释放和Caspase-9的影响研究

目的:研究原花青素对大鼠局灶性脑缺血再灌注所致线粒体损伤的保护作用机制。方法:48只Wistar大鼠随机分为假手术组,缺血再灌注模型组,原花青素高、低剂量(400、40mg.kg-1)组,各组灌胃给予相应试药后30d,采用线栓法阻塞大鼠大脑中动脉(MCA)制作脑缺血再灌注损伤模型,24h后处死取脑。利用免疫荧光方法测定各组小鼠细胞色素C(CytC)的表达,以逆转录聚合酶链反应(RT-PCR)技术检测半胱氨酸蛋白酶(caspase)-9mRNA的表达。结果:与模型组比较,原花青素组CytC阳性细胞明显增多,而caspase-9mRNA表达减弱(P<0.05)。结论:原花青素可以抑制海马CA1区神经元CytC的释放,并减弱cas-pase-9mRNA的表达,对脑缺血再灌注损伤产生保护作用。     

雏菊叶龙胆酮对局灶性脑缺血损伤的保护作用及机制探讨

目的　研究雏菊叶龙胆酮 (Bellidifolin)对大鼠局灶性脑缺血损伤的保护作用,并探讨其可能的作用机制。方法　利用电凝法制作SD大鼠右侧大脑中动脉阻塞 (MCAO)模型,于MCAO缺血后 4h和 24h进行神经行为学评分, 24评分后断头取脑测量脑梗塞面积,应用HE染色和免疫组化法观察Bellidifolin干预后缺血区病理学改变和ICAM 1、Bcl2蛋白的变化。结果　Bellidifolin能改善MCAO缺血后神经功能障碍并缩小脑梗塞面积;减轻相关脑区神经元损伤程度;显著抑制大鼠局灶性脑缺血损伤ICAM 1表达,上调缺血周边区神经元Bcl 2抗凋亡蛋白的表达。结论　Bellidifoli口服给药对缺血性脑损伤有保护作用,其作用机制可能与抑制ICAM 1表达和促进Bcl 2表达有关。     

黄芩苷对大鼠局灶性短暂性脑缺血再灌继发炎性损伤的保护作用(英文)

目的研究黄芩苷对大鼠短暂性脑缺血再灌损伤的保护作用是否与其调节炎症因子和粘附分子的表达有关。方法线栓法制备大脑中动脉阻断短暂局灶性脑缺血模型,缺血2 h,再灌注24 h。评价神经功能状态和脑梗死体积;用免疫组化、分光光度法测定组织细胞间粘附分子(ICAM)1表达和髓过氧化物酶活性;HE染色观察组织炎性细胞浸润;RT-PCR、免疫印迹和放免法分别测定大脑缺血皮质诱导型一氧化氮合酶(iNOS)、核因子κB(NF-κB)和白细胞介素1(IL-1)的表达。结果黄芩苷能显著降低大鼠短暂性脑缺血后皮质梗死体积,改善神经功能状态,抑制ICAM-1,iNOS和NF-κB表达,降低缺血皮质IL-1含量,与模型组相比具有显著性差异。结论黄芩苷通过抑制炎性介质的表达和释放对大鼠短暂性脑缺血损伤具有保护作用。     

氧化苦参碱对大鼠局灶性脑缺血损伤的保护作用及其抑制凋亡的作用机制

目的探讨氧化苦参碱(oxymatrine,OMT)对大鼠局灶性脑缺血损伤的保护作用及其抑制凋亡的作用机制。方法采用大鼠永久性大脑中动脉阻塞(permanent middle cer-ebral artery occlusion,pMCAO)方法,建立脑缺血模型,大鼠pMCAO术后通过腹腔给予OMT(30、60、120 mg.kg-1),以脑梗死体积、脑含水量和行为学症状等指标评价OMT对脑缺血的神经保护作用。通过HE染色方法观察OMT对缺血皮层神经细胞的形态变化以及数目的影响;应用Westernblot法检测OMT对缺血皮层Caspase-3、Bcl-2、Bax蛋白水平的表达。结果在大鼠局灶性脑缺血体内模型中,OMT(30、60、120 mg.kg-1)可明显减小脑梗死体积、脑含水量和改善行为学体征(P<0.01)。HE染色结果提示:OMT可明显增加神经细胞的存活率改善神经细胞的形态。Western blot结果显示:与假手术组相比,大鼠pMCAO后3、6、12、24 h,缺血皮层Caspase-3、Bax蛋白的表达水平在3 h开始上升,24 h达到峰值;而Bcl-2的表达水平在3h开始下降,24 h降到最低。给予OMT后可下调pMCAO大鼠缺血皮层中Caspase-3、Bax蛋白,上调Bcl-2蛋白。结论氧化苦参碱对脑缺血损伤有直接的神经保护作用,其机制可能通过上调Bcl-2及下调Bax、Caspase-3蛋白水平抑制凋亡发生。     

人参皂苷Rg_1对大鼠脑缺血再灌注损伤及内皮细胞粘附作用的影响(英文)

目的研究抑制白细胞浸润和粘附分子表达是否为人参皂苷Rg1改善大鼠脑缺血再灌注损伤的作用机理之一。方法大鼠给予人参皂苷Rg125,50和100 mg·kg-1ig,7 d。末次给药1 h后采用右侧大脑中动脉阻断制备缺血再灌注模型。缺血2 h,再灌注22 h后,分别用Longa等的计分法和TTC染色法测定大鼠神经功能及脑梗死面积;用伊文思蓝法测定脑缺血2 h再灌注4 h后对血脑屏障的损伤程度。缺血2 h再灌注22 h后测定髓过氧化物酶(MPO)活性,并用蛋白质印迹法测定大脑缺血区粘附分子细胞间粘附分子-1(ICAM-1)和E-选择素的表达。结果缺血再灌注前给予人参皂苷Rg1(50和100 mg·kg-1)可明显改善神经功能症状,减少脑梗死面积,减轻血脑屏障的损伤,降低缺血再灌注所致脑组织内MPO活性及ICAM-1和E-选择素的表达增高。结论人参皂苷Rg1可通过抑制白细胞浸润和粘附分子表达的途径改善大鼠脑缺血再灌注损伤。     

乐尔脉胶囊对大鼠缺血再灌注后期大脑皮层细胞凋亡的干预作用

目的:研究乐尔脉胶囊(LEM)对大鼠局灶性脑缺血2h再灌注30d后所致大脑皮层神经细胞凋亡的干预作用。方法:以线栓阻断(MCAO)法制备大鼠右侧大脑中动脉缺血再灌注模型,分为假手术、模型、盐酸氟桂利嗪及LEM高、低剂量组;应用免疫组化、凋亡细胞原位末端标记法(TUNEL)与逆转录聚合酶链反应(RT-PCR)技术检测大鼠大脑细胞凋亡和细胞凋亡相关基因产物(Fas)、凋亡促进基因(Bax)mRNA的表达,并进行图像分析。结果:模型组凋亡细胞主要位于缺血侧大脑皮层缺血边缘区(半暗带区);缺血侧大脑皮层Fas、Bax mRNA的表达在缺血再灌注30d后仍有升高;LEM组Fas、Bax mRNA的表达显著低于模型组(P<0.01),凋亡细胞数也显著低于模型组(P<0.01)。LEM组可明显降低损伤侧脑组织Fas、Bax mRNA的表达,抑制细胞凋亡,减轻缺血再灌注对大鼠大脑皮层神经细胞的损伤。结论:LEM对大鼠脑缺血再灌注30d后的细胞凋亡有一定的干预作用。     

依达拉奉对大鼠脑缺血再灌注后神经元凋亡相关蛋白Bcl-2及Caspase-3表达的影响

目的观察依达拉奉对大鼠脑缺血再灌注后神经凋亡相关蛋白Bcl-2及Caspase-3表达的影响。方法 72只SD大鼠随机分为假手术组(S组)、缺血对照组(IR组)和依达拉奉治疗组(P组)(每组24只),利用大脑中动脉栓线阻断法制作大鼠局灶性脑缺血2 h后再灌注损伤模型,以免疫组化染色,依术后处死动物时间不同,在缺血再灌注后不同时间点2、24、72 h(每组8只)观察各组大鼠大脑神经元凋亡相关蛋白Bcl-2和Caspase-3表达的不同。结果在不同时间点依达拉奉治疗组大鼠Bcl-2阳性细胞表达的数目高于缺血对照组(P<0.05),而Caspase-3阳性细胞表达数目则低于缺血对照组(P<0.05)。结论依达拉奉对大鼠缺血再灌注损伤具有一定的保护作用,可能与增加Bcl-2的表达,减少Caspase-3的表达有关。     

丁基苯酞对大鼠脑缺血再灌注损伤后Bcl -2表达的影响

探讨丁基苯酞(NBP)对大鼠脑缺血再灌注损伤后Bcl -2蛋白和mRNA表达的影响.方法利用大脑中动脉线栓法建立大鼠局灶性缺血再灌注模型,随机分为假手术组(不阻断大脑中动脉)、脑缺血再灌注组(I/R组)和NBP治疗组(NBP组);脑缺血2h后开始再灌注.NBP组ig 25 mg· kg-1 NBP,每天2次,I/R组及...     

丁苯酞对大鼠脑缺血再灌注损伤后凋亡相关因子表达的影响

目的观察丁苯酞(NBP)对大鼠脑缺血再灌注损伤后脑组织Bcl-2和Bax表达的影响。方法 40只SD大鼠随机分为4组:假手术组、缺血再灌注组、溶剂对照组和丁苯酞治疗组,用线栓法,制作大鼠大脑中动脉脑缺血再灌注模型,于缺血2 h再灌注24 h后,断头取脑,用免疫组织化学法和RT-PCR法,观察脑组织Bcl-2和Bax表达水平的变化。结果大鼠脑缺血再灌注损伤后,Bcl-2和Bax显著增多;与模型组和对照组相比,治疗组Bcl-2的表达显著上调,Bax的表达显著下调,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论丁苯酞对大鼠脑缺血再灌注损伤具有保护作用,其机制可能与上调Bcl-2的表达、下调Bax的表达有关。     

Role of glutathione in reduction of arsenate and of gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase in disposition of arsenite in rats

Arsenate (AsV), the environmentally prevalent form of arsenic, is converted sequentially in the body to arsenite (AsIII), monomethylarsonic acid (MMAsV), monomethylarsonous acid (MMAsIII), and dimethylarsinic acid (DMAsV) and some trimethylated metabolites. Although the biliary excretion of arsenic in rats is known to be glutathione (GSH)-dependent, involving transport of arsenic-GSH conjugates, the role of GSH in the reduction of AsV to the more toxic AsIII in vivo has not been defined. Therefore, we studied how the fate of AsV is influenced by buthionine sulfoximine (BSO), which depletes GSH in tissues. Control and BSO-treated rats were given AsV (50 micromol/kg, i.v.) and arsenic metabolites in bile, urine, blood and tissues were analysed by HPLC-HG-AFS. BSO increased retention of AsV in blood and tissues and decreased appearance of AsIII in blood, bile (by 96%) and urine (by 63%). The biliary excretion of MMAsIII was also nearly abolished, the appearance of MMAsIII and MMAsV in the blood was delayed and the renal concentrations of these monomethylated arsenicals were decreased by BSO. Interestingly, appearance of DMAsV in blood and urine remained unchanged and the concentrations of this metabolite in the kidneys and muscle were even increased in response to BSO. To test the role of gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase (GGT) in arsenic disposition, the effect of the of the GGT inhibitor acivicin was investigated in rats injected with AsIII (50 micromol/kg, i.v.). Acivicin lowered the hepatic and renal GGT activities and increased the biliary as well as urinary excretion of GSH, but failed to alter the disposition (i.e. blood and tissue concentrations, biliary and urinary excretion) of AsIII and its metabolites. In conclusion, shortage of GSH decreases not only the hepatobiliary transport of arsenic, but also reduction of AsV and the formation of monomethylated arsenic, while not hindering the production of dimethylated arsenic. While GSH plays an important role in the disposition and toxicity of arsenic, GGT, which hydrolyses GSH and GSH conjugates, apparently does not influence the fate of the GSH-reactive trivalent arsenicals in rats.     

微透析取样技术在中药体内分析中的应用研究进展

本文综述了微透析取样技术在中药体内分析中的应用,介绍微透析取样技术的原理、组成、探针类型、特点,重点阐述了微透析取样技术在测定脑、血液、皮肤等组织器官中中药有效成分浓度的应用实例。表明微透析取样技术在中药药效研究中具有广阔的前景。     

应用PASS系统分析我院2010年住院医嘱

目的:了解我院2010年住院患者的合理用药情况,探讨如何利用合理用药监测系统( PASS)提高合理用药水平.方法:利用PASS对我院2010年15 966例住院患者的1 184 997条用药医嘱进行监测,以黑色警示医嘱为依据,收集不合理用药信息,并对监测结果进行统计、分析.结果:不合理用药医嘱50 261条,发生率为4.24％.绝对禁止黑色医嘱5441条,主要为药物相互作用(66.54％)、注射液体外配伍(17.86％)、用法用量(15.46％)、儿童警告(1.14％).结论:应用PASS系统能有效监测医嘱中的不合理用药情况,有利于提高临床合理用药水平,但PASS系统尚存在局限性,有待进一步完善.     

Changes in levels of dependency and predictors of mortality in elderly people in institutional care in Dunedin

The 1983 study of dependency of subjects in institutional care in Dunedin was repeated two years later. A significant increase in levels of dependency in residential homes, particularly in the Religious and Welfare sector was found. In 1983 there were 29 high dependency residents and 73 medium dependency residents in residential homes. In 1985 these numbers had increased to 55 and 86 respectively. There was no change in the number of low dependency residents. In 1983, 6 high dependency residents had been admitted to residential home care in the year prior to the study. In 1985 the number of high dependency residents recently admitted had increased to 23. There had also been a significant increase in the dependency of patients in Religious and Welfare continuing care hospitals. Of the 933 subjects in institutional care in 1983 who were able to be followed, 354 (37.9%) died in the following 2 years. Mortality rate was higher for those in hospital care (48.1%) than for those in residential home care (29.6%). Mortality rates were higher in more dependent subjects and this was evident for each measure of dependency.     

应用PASS系统对我院2008年住院医嘱的分析

目的监测分析2008年我院住院患者用药情况。方法将PASS系统嵌入医生工作站、临床药学工作站等子系统,构建合理用药计算机网络系统,对住院医嘱进行及时监测,将监测结果向医生反馈,并对其进行统计、分析。结果2008年共监测医嘱3 620 241条,不合理医嘱908条,占0.02%。不合理医嘱中,配伍禁忌(381条)占41.96%,用法用量(381条)占41.96%,药物相互作用(108条)占11.89%,儿童用药(38条)占4.19%。经与医生沟通后,更改不合理医嘱856条,占94.27%。结论PASS系统可有效监测医嘱中的不合理用药,通过与医生交流,大大减少药物不良事件的发生,值得临床推广应用,也为临床药师开展工作带来了极大的便利。但PASS系统尚存在局限性,有待进一步完善。     

Role of desacetylation in the detoxification of cephalothin in renal cells in culture

The toxicity of three cephalosporin antibiotics to rabbit kidney cells in culture was compared to their known nephrotoxic potential in vivo (cephaloridine greater than cefazolin greater than cephalothin). While cephalothin is considered to be a relatively nonnephrotoxic cephalosporin when administered to many species including humans and rabbits, in several in vitro systems involving rabbit renal tissue, cephalothin was comparatively more toxic than anticipated based on in vivo data. Cephalothin is extensively desacetylated in rabbits to a less microbiologically active metabolite, desacetylcephalothin. When a microsomal S9 fraction from rabbit kidney was added to the in vitro assay in cultured rabbit renal cells, cephalothin was desacetylated and its toxicity to kidney cells was reduced. The addition of S9 in vitro provided a toxicity ranking of the cephalosporins that correlated with their known in vivo nephrotoxic potentials (cephaloridine greater than cefazolin greater than cephalothin). The in vitro detoxification of cephalothin by S9 was blocked by the coadministration of the esterase inhibitor, aminocarb. Desacetylcephalothin was relatively nontoxic to rabbit renal tissue in vitro. These results suggest that the desacetylation of cephalothin in vivo represents a previously unrecognized mechanism of detoxification of this cephalosporin antibiotic. Furthermore, this mechanism of detoxification may be applicable to other acetylated cephalosporins.     

2009年某院住院患者抗真菌药用药调查

目的:分析讨论某院抗真菌药使用的合理性,为临床安全有效地使用抗真菌药提供参考。方法:回顾性统计分析某院2009年住院患者抗真菌药用药信息。结果:2009年某院住院患者抗真菌药DDDs排名前3名分别为:氟康唑、制霉菌素和伊曲康唑;使用金额排名前3名分别为:氟康唑、米卡芬净及卡泊芬净;更换一种抗真菌药进行治疗的患者数为176人,在全部患者中占13.4%。结论:应进一步强化用药指征的意识,提高标本送检率,同时改善某些抗真菌用药不合理更换的现象,以避免耐药性发生,从而更好更长远地体现抗真菌药的治疗价值。     

Kinetics of in vitro metabolism of methoxyphenamine in rats

1. Methoxyphenamine (MP) was metabolized in vitro by rat liver preparations to O-desmethylmethoxyphenamine (O-desmethyl-MP), N-desmethylmethoxyphenamine (N-desmethyl-MP) and 5-hydroxymethoxyphenamine (5-hydroxy-MP). These metabolic pathways were inhibited by SKF 525-A and carbon monoxide, which indicates that these reactions were mediated at least partly by an NADPH-dependent cytochrome P-450 system. 2. Strain differences in the metabolism of this drug in vitro were observed in female Lewis and Dark Agouti (DA) rats, which are proposed models for human debrisoquine phenotypes. Methoxyphenamine O-demethylase and 5-hydroxylase activity in DA rats were lower than those in Lewis rats. 3. The metabolic transformation of methoxyphenamine in vitro to O-desmethyl-MP was inhibited competitively by debrisoquine and sparteine. This indicates that the cytochrome P-450 isoenzyme mediating the metabolism of MP to O-desmethyl-MP is similar to that mediating metabolism of debrisoquine and sparteine. However, no inhibition was observed with methenytoin.     

Comparison of in vitro cell models in predicting in vivo brain entry of drugs

Although several in vitro models have been reported to predict the ability of drug candidates to cross the blood-brain barrier, their real in vivo relevance has rarely been evaluated. The present study demonstrates the in vivo relevance of simple unidirectional permeability coefficient (P(app)) determined in three in vitro cell models (BBMEC, Caco-2 and MDCKII-MDR1) for nine model drugs (alprenolol, atenolol, metoprolol, pindolol, entacapone, tolcapone, baclofen, midazolam and ondansetron) by using dual probe microdialysis in the rat brain and blood as an in vivo measure. There was a clear correlation between the P(app) and the unbound brain/blood ratios determined by in vivo microdialysis (BBMEC r=0.99, Caco-2 r=0.91 and MDCKII-MDR1 r=0.85). Despite of the substantial differences in the absolute in vitro P(app) values and regardless of the method used (side-by-side vs. filter insert system), the capability of the in vitro models to rank order drugs was similar. By this approach, thus, the additional value offered by the true endothelial cell model (BBMEC) remains obscure. The present results also highlight the need of both in vitro as well as in vivo methods in characterization of blood-brain barrier passage of new drug candidates.