1例结核合并隐球菌性肺炎患者的药学监护

目的：探讨临床药师参与结核合并隐球菌肺炎患者治疗的药学监护切入点。方法：临床药师对1例结核合并隐球菌肺炎患者进行密切观察和随访,参与制定个体化的给药方案,监测疗效和药品不良反应,并给患者提供用药教育。结果：临床药师通过给患者提供药学监护,明显提高了药物治疗效果。结论：临床药师为患者进行个体化的药学监护,可协同医师优化药物治疗方案,保障患者用药安全、有效。     

1例哌拉西林钠-舒巴坦钠致重症多形红斑型药疹的药学监护

目的通过对1例重症多形红斑型药疹患者进行指导用药,临床药师提高了临床用药的安全性和有效性。方法通过对患者进行全程药学监护,监测相关指标和不良反应,临床药师协助医师选择合适药物。结果阻止了药物不良反应的恶化,减轻了患者的痛苦,提高了患者用药的疗效。结论只有参与临床实践,临床药师才能发现不良反应,宣传合理用药知识,为患者提供优质的药学服务。     

对慢性心力衰竭伴糖尿病肾病患者的药学监护

目的对慢性心力衰竭伴糖尿病肾病患者实施药学监护,探讨心内科临床药师在合理用药中的作用。方法临床药师通过参与慢性心力衰竭伴糖尿病肾病患者的临床诊治,提供药学监护及药学服务,总结对于此类患者的药物选择、注意事项、不良反应处理等方面的个体化给药方案的设计及个体化药学监护。结果通过对患者的个体化药学服务,提高患者临床药物治疗学的水平及用药的依从性,避免或减少了药品不良反应的发生。结论临床药师通过病例分析,可以发现临床药物治疗中的药学监护要点,提出合理化给药建议,提高临床合理用药水平。     

克罗恩病患者的用药分析及药学监护

目的通过临床药师参与克罗恩病治疗临床实践,探讨临床药师如何在临床实践中发挥作用。方法临床药师参与查房,审核用药的合理性,为患者提供药学监护,关注患者用药出现的不良反应,协助医师为患者制定有效的治疗方案。结果临床药师从药物选择、治疗及用药教育等方面切入,为患者提供药学监护,做到治疗个体化。结论临床药师通过临床实践更好地开展药学服务,保障药物使用安全有效。     

1例脑室造瘘术后颅内感染患儿抗感染治疗的药学监护

目的:分析临床药师参与1例脑室造瘘术后颅内感染患者抗感染治疗的药学监护。方法:针对患儿的具体情况从药物选择、用药剂量、不良反应的监测等方面出发,为患儿提供个体化抗感染治疗方案的药学监护。结果:药学监护有助于提高临床药物治疗水平和患者预后质量。结论:临床药师参与抗感染个体化治疗方案的制定,开展药学监护,可有效降低药物不良反应的发生率,改善患者临床症状,保证了患者的用药安全、有效。     

一例膀胱肿瘤术后脑梗死伴发热患者治疗的药学监护

目的 探讨对膀胱肿瘤术后脑梗死伴发热患者治疗的药学监护方法,促进合理用药.方法 临床药师协助医师为患者制定个体化治疗方案,关注患者用药期间所出现的不良反应,提供合理的药学服务.结果 临床药师与医师共同制定药物治疗方案,对患者进行药学监护,提高了患者治疗效果,减少了药物的不良反应.结论 药师参与临床药物治疗实践,有利于提高临床药物治疗水平.     

1例21-羟化酶缺乏症合并妊娠患者应用 糖皮质激素的药学监护

目的为21-羟化酶缺乏症合并妊娠患者应用糖皮质激素治疗方案的合理用药提供参考。方法临床药师通过参与1例21-羟化酶缺乏症合并妊娠患者的药学治疗实践,结合患者病情提供合理性建议,并对药物不良反应进行药学监护,优化药物治疗方案。结果临床药师与医师共同制订了个体化给药方案及监护计划,使患者的病情得到控制,好转出院。结论临床药师参与患者的用药管理与个体化用药方案的制订,提供药学服务,协助临床处置药物不良反应,从而保障患者合理用药。     

1例多种可疑药物致重型药疹患者的药学监护

药学监护是临床药师的工作重点之一,本文通过临床药师参与1例重症药疹患者的治疗,体现了临床药师在药物不良反应的判断、治疗及临床合理用药中发挥着重要作用。临床药师通过分析患者的既往用药史,寻找出可疑致敏药物,协助医师优化治疗方案,并对患者实施全程药学监护,患者重症药疹得到良好救治。     

临床药师对过敏性紫癜患者的用药干预与监护

摘 要 目的：通过临床药师参与会诊提供药学监护,提高过敏性紫癜患者药物治疗的有效性、安全性,以及患者的用药依从性。方法: 药师在1例过敏性紫癜患者的治疗过程中,结合临床表现提出调整用药方案的建议,并从药品不良反应的监护、相关检验指标的监测等方面提供药学服务。结果: 通过临床药师参与制订用药方案,加强用药的针对性及用药过程的监护,使患者得到有效缓解。结论:临床药师参与过敏性紫癜治疗用药会诊,体现了临床药师以患者为中心的药学服务理念,提高了救治的有效率和安全性。     

临床药师参与1例心内科患者药学服务分析

目的：探讨临床药师在心血管内科开展,临床药学工作的切入点。方法：临床药师通过参与患者的治疗过程,结合患者疾病特点、药品不良反应,制订相应的药学监护措施,提出用药建议;同时,对患者进行用药教育,提供个体化药学服务。结果与结论：临床药师通过进行药学监护,在监护药品不良反应的同时关注药物疗效,从药物的给药方式、药物剂型选择方面向医生提供参考,同时监护护士给药的合理性,对患者进行用药教育,显示出了为患者提供个体化药学服务方面的自身优势,在合理用药中发挥了重要作用。     

新药研发中的me-too, me-better, me-new

文中根据作者对我国新药研发的认识和理解,提出了新药研发过程中me-too,me-better和me-new类新药的概念,并对新药研发过程中的这3类创新活动之间的关系、新药研发的创新程度与经济效益的关系,以及目前我国新药研发的途径选择做了简要的论述。     

Increased drug sensitivity in the drug discrimination procedure afforded by drug versus drug training

Rats were trained to discriminate norfenfluramine (NF) 1.4 mg/kg from its vehicle or amphetamine (AMPH) 0.8 mg/kg or pentobarbital (PB) 6.0 mg/kg in order to determine the role that drug combination training plays in the rate of learning and sensitivity to lower drug doses. The results suggest that drug versus drug training can increase the rate of drug discrimination learning for some drugs that are learned slowly when trained in a drug versus vehicle training procedure, whereas drug versus drug training does not increase the rate of learning for other drugs that are learned rapidly. Drug versus drug training does, however, appear to increase the level of stimulus control of the training drug for all drugs examined in this study.     

Therapeutic drug monitoring in drug overdose

The treatment of poisoned patients is still largely defined by history, clinical assessment and interpretation of ancillary investigations. Measurement of drug concentrations is clinically important for relatively few compounds. Most measurements form an adjunct to and should not be considered a substitute for clinical assessment. Drug concentrations are particularly important for those compounds where the concentration is predictive of serious toxicity in an otherwise asymptomatic patient.     

Biological drug and drug delivery-mediated immunotherapy

The initiation and development of major inflammatory diseases, i.e., cancer, vascular inflammation, and some autoimmune diseases are closely linked to the immune system. Biologics-based immunotherapy is exerting a critical role against these diseases, whereas the usage of the immunomodulators is always limited by various factors such as susceptibility to digestion by enzymes in vivo, poor penetration across biological barriers, and rapid clearance by the reticuloendothelial system. Drug delivery strategies are potent to promote their delivery. Herein, we reviewed the potential targets for immunotherapy against the major inflammatory diseases, discussed the biologics and drug delivery systems involved in the immunotherapy, particularly highlighted the approved therapy tactics, and finally offer perspectives in this field.KEY WORDS: Inflammatory diseases, Cancer immunotherapy, Atherosclerosis, Pulmonary artery hypertension, Biologics, Adoptive cell transfer, Immune targets, Drug delivery     

Metabolism-based drug design and drug targeting

Even at the early stages of drug discovery and structure-based drug design, the pharmacokinetic, pharmacodynamic and toxicological consequences of drug metabolism cannot be ignored. Drug metabolism is also of interest to medicinal chemists in the design of drugs with controlled, predictable deactivation after achieving the therapeutic objective in prodrug design and in chemical–enzymatic drug targeting. In this review, the authors provide an overview of concepts that can be utilized from drug discovery to pharmaceutical development to overcome problems associated with drug metabolism, or that may be used to take advantage of ‘designed-in’ metabolic activation to achieve drug targeting.     

Therapeutic drug monitoring in drug overdose

The treatment of poisoned patients is still largely defined by history, clinical assessment and interpretation of ancillary investigations. Measurement of drug concentrations is clinically important for relatively few compounds. Most measurements form an adjunct to and should not be considered a substitute for clinical assessment. Drug concentrations are particularly important for those compounds where the concentration is predictive of serious toxicity in an otherwise asymptomatic patient.     

Therapeutic drug monitoring in drug overdose

The treatment of poisoned patients is still largely defined by history, clinical assessment and interpretation of ancillary investigations. Measurement of drug concentrations is clinically important for relatively few compounds. Most measurements form an adjunct to and should not be considered a substitute for clinical assessment. Drug concentrations are particularly important for those compounds where the concentration is predictive of serious toxicity in an otherwise asymptomatic patient.     

Design of anti-bacterial drug and anti-mycobacterial drug for drug delivery system

Liposome-encapsulated drugs often exhibit reduced toxicity and have also been shown to enhance retention of drugs in the tissues. Thus, encapsulation of drugs in liposomes has often resulted in an improved overall therapeutic efficacy. The results of efficacy of liposome-encapsulated ciplofloxacin or azithromycin for therapy of intracellular M. avium infection show enhanced cellular delivery of liposome-encapsulated antibiotics and suggest that efficiency of intracellular targeting is sufficient to mediate enhanced antimycobacterial effects. The antitubercular drugs encapsulated in lung specific stealth liposomes have enhanced efficacies against tuberculosis infection in mice. These results from stealth liposome study indicate that antitubercular drugs encapsulated in liposome may provide therapeutic advantages over the existing chemotherapeutic regimen for tuberculosis. Liposomes with encapsulated amikacin are able to protect collagen almost completely from adherence of bacterial cells of all strains examined and prevent from invading of bacteria.     

Active drug metabolites in drug development

Active drug metabolites discovered during the course of drug development constitute a subset of the larger issue of metabolic drug interactions, but still demand unique consideration from both an efficacy and a safety point of view. Improved technology has allowed better identification and quantification of metabolites, raising new issues to be addressed during the course of drug development. Several new molecular identities recently entering the marketplace have active metabolites, and many more are (or have been) in development. The MIST (Metabolites in Safety Testing) committee of PhRMA (Pharmaceutical Research and Manufacturers of America) has prepared a position paper (in press) on the subject, which has been widely discussed (with and by regulatory authorities) over the past three years.     

Compliance spectrum as a drug fingerprint of drug intake and drug disposition

Since drug related variability arises from different origins, particularly driven by the behaviour or physiology of the patient, the problems of drug intake and drug disposition are separately presented in general. To overcome the potential drawbacks of this artificial split, we propose in this paper a combined illustrative approach, named compliance spectrum, such that these two subprocesses can be equitably studied and visualized. We construct the compliance spectrum based on the Bayesian decision method we previously developed for the inverse problem of patient compliance within the framework of Population-PK. This spectrum provides an intuitive and interactive way to evaluate the relationship between drug intake and drug disposition along with their consequences on PK profile. As well, it opens a new direction for model quality diagnostic.