过敏性鼻炎患者血液代谢组学研究

目的：采用代谢组学方法分析过敏性鼻炎患者血清中小分子代谢物的变化。方法：采用气相色谱-质谱联用技术（GC-MS）检测20例过敏性鼻炎患者（病例）和同期20例健康者（对照组）血清中代谢物,采用正交偏最小二乘法（OPLS）的方法,观察病例组和对照组的代谢谱变化,并寻找有差异的小分子代谢物。结果：对照组和病例组的代谢谱能明显区分,鉴定了23个差异代谢物,并对差异代谢物进行了ROC曲线绘制,计算ROC曲线下的面积,得出曲线下面积大于0.5的物质有甘油酸、丝氨酸、苏氨酸、甲硫氨酸、半胱氨酸、天冬酰胺、谷氨酰胺、色氨酸和十九烷酸。结合代谢途径分析,发现过敏性鼻炎患者体内存在丙氨酸、天冬氨酸和谷氨酸代谢,甘氨酸、丝氨酸和苏氨酸代谢,半胱氨酸和甲硫氨酸代谢和色氨酸代谢异常。结论：基于GC/MS的代谢组学技术能全面客观地反映过敏性鼻炎患者体内血液中的代谢物变化,小分子代谢物分析及代谢途径探讨将为过敏性鼻炎的诊断和发病机制研究提供一个可借鉴的思路和手段。     

植物代谢组学技术在中药资源研究中的应用

植物代谢组学技术是借助多种检测手段以植物提取物中代谢物为研究对象进行全面定性、定量分析,继基因组学和蛋白质组学之后发展起来的一门新兴学科。随着核磁共振（NMR）、液相色谱-质谱联用（LC-MS）、气相色谱-质谱联用（GC-MS）等技术的快速发展,植物代谢组学已广泛应用于中药资源研究中。对该技术在中药基原鉴别、野生与栽培品的鉴别、药用部位鉴别、不同发育期的成分鉴定及不同产地药材的品质差异等方面研究进展进行综述,从而揭示植物代谢物动态变化趋势,为中药质量评价奠定基础。     

血竭活血化瘀作用的GC-MS代谢组学初步研究北大核心CSCD

目的:利用代谢组学技术,从内源代谢产物的角度探讨传统药材—血竭的活血化瘀作用。方法:将大鼠分组,分别为正常对照组、血瘀证模型组(血瘀证模型大鼠)和血竭给药组(血瘀证大鼠灌胃给予血竭),采集血浆并采用GC-MS方法检测各组大鼠血浆中的内源代谢产物。通过主成分分析和偏最小二乘法等数据分析方法寻找血瘀证大鼠的血浆的差异代谢物,分析大鼠给药后血浆内源代谢产物的变化趋势。结果:建立了基于GC-MS的大鼠血浆内源性代谢产物分析方法,并进行了方法学的确证;采用该方法在大鼠血浆中分析得到约200个数据点,其中约有30个数据点在与NIST库的匹配中得到了初步的鉴定。通过多元数据分析发现了若干血瘀证大鼠差异代谢物,包括乳酸、D-3-羟基丁酸、缬氨酸、异亮氨酸等,这些差异性代谢物与血瘀证相关的代谢通路有密切的联系;血瘀证大鼠经过血竭给药之后,其血浆中的差异代谢物的浓度发生明显的变化,即各差异代谢物指标与血瘀证模型组相比都有一定的恢复作用,代谢组学研究结果与血瘀证大鼠血液流变学实验结果相吻合。结论:建立了血瘀证大鼠的血浆内源代谢产物的研究方法,并将该方法应用于血竭活血化瘀作用的研究中,从代谢组学的角度证实了血竭对血瘀证的治疗作用。     

气相色谱-质谱联用结合代谢组学方法研究不同极化状态下小胶质细胞的代谢差异

目的 运用代谢组学方法阐明经典激活型(M1型)、选择活化型(M2型)和静息态小胶质细胞的代谢差异。方法 将体外培养小鼠小胶质细胞系(BV2)细胞,分为M1组、M2组和静息态组,用实时荧光定量聚合酶链反应(qRT-PCR)检测特异性mRNA的表达差异以确定细胞极化状态,采用基于气相色谱-质谱联用(GC-MS)技术的代谢组学方法阐明代谢变化。结果 发现M1型与静息态细胞的差异代谢物15个,M2型与静息态细胞的差异代谢物15个。结论 通过代谢组学方法可以找到小胶质细胞极化的差异代谢物,并解释其可能的极化机制,为神经退行性疾病的防治提供了理论依据。     

基于GC-MS代谢组学的云南紫菀和臭蚤草的多元统计分析及抑菌活性研究

本研究为明确云南紫菀和臭蚤草的代谢物组异同及抑菌活性,以至正本清源、更有效利用药用植物资源。采用样品衍生化、气相色谱-质谱联用(GC-MS)技术对云南紫菀和臭蚤草的化学指纹进行非靶向代谢组学研究,并利用无监督的主成分分析(PCA)、有监督的偏最小二乘判别分析(PLS-DA)和正交偏最小二乘法判别分析(OPLSDA)等多元统计分析方法,对云南紫菀和臭蚤草进行差异代谢物筛选,并通过相关性分析来衡量显著差异代谢物之间的相关密切程度,进而对差异代谢物进行代谢通路富集分析,以确定差异样品中代谢途径的变化机制。同时对云南紫菀和臭蚤草挥发油进行抑菌活性研究。结果共鉴定出包括氨基酸及其衍生物、苯丙素类、芳香族、苷类、核苷酸、黄酮类、生物碱类、糖类、维生素、有机酸、脂类、酯类、醇类等在内的384种代谢产物。对显著变化(P <0.05,VIP> 1)的差异代谢物进行鉴定,共筛选出92种差异代谢物,它们在含量上存在显著差异。抑菌活性表明,云南紫菀和臭蚤草对5种临床致病菌具有较弱的抑菌作用。因此,本研究建立了一种基于柱前衍生与GC-MS代谢组学的方法比较云南紫菀和臭蚤草,为其基原鉴别及临床合理应用...     

糖尿病并发症的靶向代谢组学研究进展

靶向代谢组学是代谢组学的重要组成部分,对目标明确的代谢产物在样本中的含量进行检测,具有特异性强、检测灵敏度高和定量准确等特点。应用靶向代谢组学研究疾病发生发展过程中的差异代谢物并阐明其代谢异常的机制,对疾病诊断及治疗具有重要意义。将靶向代谢组学在糖尿病周围神经病变、糖尿病视网膜病变、糖尿病肾病、糖尿病性认知功能障碍、糖尿病性心肌病及糖尿病性黄斑水肿中的应用进行归纳,整合不同疾病发生发展涉及的氨基酸代谢、脂代谢、三羧酸循环及糖酵解等多种代谢途径及相关的差异代谢物,整理了不同并发症的部分生物标志物,以期为后续深入研究、寻找疾病治疗新途径提供思路和方法。     

海南粗榧新碱衍生物HH07A在大鼠体内的代谢转化研究

用GC-MS联用技术对海南粗榧新碱衍生物HH07A在大鼠体内代谢转化进行了研究。尿样经XAD-2固相提取、酶水解、浓缩并硅烷化,用GC-MS联用仪分离鉴定尿中HH07A及其4个代谢物,推断4个代谢物结构及其体内代谢途经。     

代谢物组学的研究进展

代谢物组学是继基因组学和蛋白质组学发展起来的一门新的组学(-omics)技术,是研究药物毒理和基因功能的技术平台,通过分析生物的体液、组织中的内源性代谢产物谱的变化来研究整体的生物学状况和基因调节功能.代谢物组学所涉及的主要技术为核磁共振技术和模式识别分析.对代谢物组学研究的样品、核心技术、分析方法和应用等几方面作简要概述.     

脱氢氯甲睾酮人体内代谢研究

本文叙述了用GC-MS联用技术研究脱氢氯甲睾酮人体内代谢的方法。尿样中的甾体化合物经大孔树脂吸附提取后,酶解。浓缩并衍生化,进行GC-MS分析。在服药后8～30h的尿样中,检出了脱氢氯甲睾酮原型,并发现了七个代谢产物。分析色谱和质谱数据,得到了这些代谢物的结构及其浓度变化趋势,推测了脱氢氯甲睾酮可能的体内代谢模式,确定了筛检尿中脱氢氯甲睾酮的特定代谢物和特征检测离子,比较了不同的样品处理方法对分析结果的影响。     

诺乙龙体内代谢物的GC-MS分析鉴定

GC-MS联用分析诺乙龙阳性尿,检出了诺乙龙经人体吸收代谢以后产生的九个代谢产物。除Met-2和Met-7在服药后84h的尿样中仍能被检出以外,诺乙龙原型及其它代谢物的体内存留时间较短,可检测时间不超过35h。通过解析质谱,鉴定了七个代谢物的分子结构,发现A环双键还原和D环羟基化是诺乙龙的两种体内代谢途径.用大孔树脂吸附提取、酶解、衍生化等处理尿样,方法回收率达80%,诺乙龙的检测下限为10ng/ml(10 ppb).     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

---

Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.