游离股前外侧皮瓣修复口腔软组织缺损

目的 探讨分析3种游离股前外侧皮瓣在口腔软组织缺损修复中的临床特点与治疗效果。方法 2008年12月至2010年12月收治67例口腔肿瘤患者,切除肿瘤的同时,应用游离股前外侧皮瓣修复缺损处,包括舌、颊、牙龈、口底,通常将皮瓣的旋股外侧动脉降支与受区的颌外动脉或甲状腺上动脉吻合,伴行静脉与受区的面总静脉或颈外静脉吻合。根据游离股前外侧皮瓣的厚度将其分成3种类型：股前外侧肌皮瓣、股前外侧脂肪筋膜皮瓣和薄型股前外侧皮瓣。结果 67例中股前外侧肌皮瓣为35例,股前外侧脂肪筋膜皮瓣17例,薄型股前外侧皮瓣15例。66例皮瓣存活,成功率为98.5％,其中1例糖尿病患者皮瓣发生小部分坏死,经清创换药后痊愈;1例皮瓣完全坏死。67例皮瓣中41例吻合2条静脉,26例吻合1条静脉。8例出现血管危象：6例为静脉血栓（5例抢救成功、1例皮瓣完全坏死）,1例为术区血肿,1例为穿支血管扭转,经过相应处理,血管危象均得到缓解。术后随访2～ 24个月,平均8.7个月,受区组织缺损修复效果满意,供区创面愈合良好。结论 游离股前外侧皮瓣的受区功能良好,供区并发症少,是一种修复口腔软组织缺损的较为理想的方法。     

以旋股外侧动脉降支为蒂的穿支嵌合皮瓣修复口腔颌面部缺损

目的 设计以旋股外侧动脉降支为蒂的股部皮肤穿支血管的嵌合皮瓣,为修复口腔颌面部的大面积、复杂的洞穿性缺损提供一种新的方法.方法 根据旋股外侧动脉降支的走行及分支、其在股部正面及两侧可能存在的皮肤穿支血管,设计以旋股外侧动脉降支为蒂的穿支嵌合皮瓣修复口腔颌面部软组织缺损8例.此种皮瓣可分为3种类型:股前外侧皮瓣+股前内侧皮瓣、股前外侧皮瓣+股直肌穿支皮瓣、股前外侧皮瓣+股前外侧皮瓣.结果 术后8例16块皮瓣均成活,无并发症,且供区均直接拉拢缝合,未行皮片移植.术后随访1～9个月,患者面部外形和功能均良好,供区畸形和功能障碍均不明显.结论 以旋股外侧动脉降支为血管蒂的穿支嵌合皮瓣吻合血管数量少,较切取2个皮瓣供区损伤小,组织量大,适合口腔颌面部大型复杂的组织缺损的修复.     

Use of the anterolateral thigh flap as an alternative to the rectus flap in obese and overweight patients

INTRODUCTION: Oncologic reconstruction in obese patients can be challenging. Donor tissues, such as the rectus flap, can be excessively bulky and result in significant cosmetic and functional deformities. Although the use of the anterolateral thigh (ALT) flap as an alternative to the radial forearm flap has been extensively described, few studies have evaluated the use of the ALT flap as an alternative to the rectus flap. The purpose of this study was to evaluate our experience with the ALT flap in overweight or obese patients. METHODS: A retrospective review was conducted of all ALT flaps performed over a 2-year period at Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center. All patients with a body mass index (BMI) >25 kg/m2 were identified and evaluated. RESULTS: Twenty-seven patients underwent ALT flap reconstruction during the study period. Of these, 11 patients were overweight (BMI, 25.1-30 kg/m2) or obese (BMI, >30 kg/m2). Reconstructions were performed for a variety of oncologic defects, including head and neck (n = 7), extremity (n = 2), chest wall (n = 1), and abdominal wall (n = 1). Complications were, in general, mild and infrequent. One patient experienced a minor infection, 1 patient had partial flap loss, and 2 patients had partial skin graft loss at the donor site. There were no flap losses. CONCLUSIONS: The ALT flap is a safe and reliable flap for reconstruction of diverse defects in overweight or obese patients. Large flaps can be designed and tailored to the defect by harvesting variable amounts of skin, subcutaneous tissues, fascia, and muscle. The ALT flap may be a good alternative to the rectus flap in overweight or obese patients.     

股前外侧皮瓣修复伴有骨外露的四肢皮肤软组织缺损

目的探讨游离股前外侧皮瓣修复伴有骨外露的四肢皮肤软组织缺损的临床效果。方法对62例伴有骨外露的四肢皮肤软组织缺损患者进行皮瓣移植,缺损面积6 cm×4 cm~25 cm×15 cm。术前、术中彻底清创受区,切取股前外侧皮瓣修复创面,处理血管危象。结果 62例均获得随访,时间6~12个月。出现血管危象6例,经及时处理后皮瓣恢复血液循环5例,皮瓣坏死1例,成功率为98.39%。结论股前外侧皮瓣供区隐蔽,简便实用,可用于伴有骨外露的四肢皮肤软组织缺损修复。     

游离股前外侧穿支皮瓣修复足前端缺损

目的:探讨应用股前外侧穿支皮瓣修复足远端缺损的效果。方法:切取股前外侧穿支皮瓣,皮瓣切取面积为8cm×16cm~15cm×18cm。供区直接缝合或断层皮片移植修复,与足背动静脉吻合,修复足前端缺损15例。结果:15例患者皮瓣均完全成活,其中4例出现静脉危象,经探查修复后缓解,患者恢复行走功能,避免了截肢。结论:股前外侧穿支皮瓣股前外侧皮瓣供区隐蔽,简便实用,是修复足远端缺损的理想选择。     

Use of anterolateral thigh and lateral arm fasciocutaneous free flaps in lateral skull base reconstruction

Lateral skull base defects following tumor ablation are ideally reconstructed with microvascular free tissue transfer. Although the rectus abdominis free flap is the workhorse in skull base reconstruction, it has a number of drawbacks. Anecdotal reports have indicated that fasciocutaneous free flaps may be useful alternatives in selected cases. Patients undergoing lateral arm (4 cases) or anterolateral thigh (8 cases) fasciocutaneous free flap reconstruction of lateral skull base defects between 1999 and 2005 were therefore reviewed. Twelve consecutive patients (4 males, 8 females) with a mean age of 63 years (range, 39 to 74) underwent such reconstruction following resection of lateral (11 cases) and anterolateral (1 case) skull base lesions. Eight patients had squamous cell carcinoma, 3 had infection or osteoradionecrosis, and 1 had adenoid cystic carcinoma. The duration of surgery (from induction of anesthesia to exit from the operating room) averaged 14.5 hours (range, 10 to 19.5 hours). All donor sites were closed directly. All the flap transfers were successful, with minimal reconstructive and donor site morbidity. During the follow-up period (average, 18 months; range, 2-48 months), 2 patients died of metastatic disease, and another 2 died of other unrelated causes. The remaining 8 patients are alive and disease free. It is concluded that lateral arm and anterolateral thigh fasciocutaneous free flaps should be considered as viable reconstructive options for lateral skull base ablative defects.     

Aesthetic and functional advantages of the anterolateral thigh flap in reconstruction of tumor-related scalp defects

Eleven patients underwent free-flap reconstruction of tumor-related defects of the scalp, forehead, and temporal region. Flap selection aimed at achieving acceptable functional and aesthetic results combined with negligible donor-site morbidity. Ten males and one female, aged 61.3 +/- 14.3 years, were included in this study. Eight patients presented with tumor recurrences after previous surgery, irradiation, and/or chemotherapy. The average extension of defects was 169.5 (range, 30-600) qcm. Free flaps employed for reconstruction included antero-lateral thigh flaps (8), suprafascial radial forearm flap (1), lateral arm flap (1), latissimus dorsi muscle flap (1), and myocutaneous vertical rectus abdominis flap (1). Other procedures included nerve grafts to the facial nerve (2), ectropion correction (2), and fascia lata slings for static procedure in facial palsy (2). There was no pedicle revision and no flap failure. Donor-site morbidity was negligible. Hospitalization averaged 9.2 +/- 1.7 days. The anterolateral thigh perforator flap offers excellent coverage of tumor-related defects of the scalp, which require a thin flap for adequate contouring. The customized harvested myocutaneous anterolateral thigh flap is regarded as an elegant option for covering defects which consist of both deep and superficial areas. Fascia lata and nerve grafts are available at the same donor site. This easily allows additional procedures for cosmetic and functional improvement that are of high benefit for patients.     

头颈部肿瘤术后缺损游离组织瓣的供区选择

目的应用游离组织瓣修复头颈部肿瘤术后缺损,探讨较简便合适的方法。方法回顾并分析1999年1月~2002年1月,采用游离组织瓣修复头颈部肿瘤术后缺损86例。缺损部位:口腔32例,下咽27例,下颌骨12例,颅底5例,中面部4例和头皮/皮肤6例。供区:腹直肌皮瓣32例,股前外侧皮瓣10例,空肠瓣25例,腓骨瓣11例,背阔肌皮瓣4例,前臂皮瓣3例和肩胛皮瓣1例。其中皮瓣或肌皮瓣大小4 cm×5 cm~14 cm×24 cm,腓骨瓣长度4~16 cm,空肠瓣长度9~20 cm。结果游离组织瓣术后成活79例,成活率为92%。其中口腔缺损采用腹直肌肌皮瓣22例(69%)和股前外侧皮瓣10例(31%)修复;下咽缺损主要用空肠瓣修复25例(93%),下颌骨缺损则用腓骨瓣修复11例(92%),颅底缺损由腹直肌皮瓣修复4例(80%)。腹直肌、股前外侧、空肠和腓骨4种组织瓣修复头颈部缺损78例,占同期游离组织瓣的91%。结论头颈部肿瘤术后缺损复杂,利用腹直肌肌皮瓣、股前外侧皮瓣、空肠瓣和腓骨瓣可解决大多数修复重建的难题。     

Application of the pedicled anterolateral thigh flap to defects from the pelvis to the knee

The blood flow and the blood perfusion of pedicled anterolateral thigh (ALT) flap was evaluated in 11 patients with skin and soft tissue defects by means of color Doppler ultrasonography and of near-infrared spectroscopy, respectively. Also, the authors assessed the ability of the pedicled perforator flap to cover the above defects. A proximally based flap was used to cover defects at the lower abdominal wall (two patients), the suprapubic area, the penis (two patients), the greater trochanter (two patients), the lateral gluteal area, and the ischial tuberosity. A distally based flap was used to cover the exposed knee joint (two patients). Near-infrared spectroscopy revealed excellent oxygen saturation and Doppler ultrasonography documented increased blood flow and decreased vascular resistance in the pedicled ALT flap, postoperatively. All flaps survived completely and the wounds healed uneventfully, resulting in excellent esthetic and functional results. The vascular anatomy of ALT flap facilitates the design of versatile pedicled flaps with tremendous vascularity, two pivot points and large arc of rotation, able to cover defects from the lower abdominal wall to the knee joint.     

双叶股前外侧穿支皮瓣修复足部复杂软组织缺损

目的 探讨双叶股前外侧穿支皮瓣修复足部复杂软组织缺损的临床效果.方法 回顾自2014年9月至2019年8月,沈阳医学院附属中心医院手外四科应用双叶股前外侧穿支皮瓣修复足部复杂软组织缺损11例患者的临床资料.切取股前外侧皮瓣面积14 cm×6 cm～18 cm×8 cm,分叶皮瓣面积7 cm×5 cm～11 cm×8 c...     

Anterolateral thigh adipofascial flap for the restoration of facial contour deformities

From January 2000 to May 2008, 50 patients with facial contour deformities underwent soft tissue augmentation with 51 anterolateral thigh (ALT) adipofascial flaps. Fifty flaps survived with no complications; partial fat necrosis occurred in one flap. Mean follow‐up was 16 months. Flaps ranged from 10 × 6 cm to 20 × 12 cm. Perforators were found in 50 flaps, 43 musculocutaneous perforators (84.3%) and 7 septocutaneous perforators (13.7%), with a mean of 2.5 perforators per flap. In one flap (2.0%), no perforator was found. In this case, we used an anteromedial thigh adipofascial flap using the medial branch of the descending branch of lateral circumflex femoral artery as the vascular pedicle. Relatively symmetric facial contour was achieved in 20 cases. In 30 cases, adjunctive procedures including flap debulking, fat injection, and resuspension were necessary, and 23 patients achieved satisfactory outcomes. We conclude that the ALT adipofascial flap can be successfully elevated and transplanted for the correction of soft tissue facial defects. This flap can provide tissue to fill large defects, and posses the qualities of pliability, an excellent blood supply, ease of suspension and fixation, and minimal morbidity at the donor site. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc. Microsurgery 30:368–375, 2010.     

股前外侧皮瓣串联腓骨皮瓣修复小腿大面积皮肤软组织伴骨缺损

目的 探讨吻合血管的股前外侧皮瓣串联腓骨皮瓣修复小腿大面积皮肤软组织伴骨缺损的临床效果.方法 2005年6月至2008年7月,将股前外侧皮瓣与腓骨皮瓣的轴心血管串联吻合后移植修复8例小腿大面积皮肤软组织伴大段胫骨缺损患者.皮肤软组织缺损面积为23 cm×12cm～34 cm×16 cm,骨缺损长度为7～16 cm.股前外侧皮瓣切取面积为16 cm×12 cm～28 cm×15cm,腓骨皮瓣切取面积为15 cm×6 cm～21 cm×10 cm,腓骨切取长度为10～18 cm.结果 7例串联组织瓣一期成活,1例术后皮瓣远端边缘坏死,经换药伤口逐渐愈合.8例患者术后获7～31个月(平均16个月)随访.3～6个月移植腓骨愈合,术后1年移植腓骨直径明显增粗.所有皮瓣质地柔软,形态及功能满意,供区无功能障碍.结论 应用股前外侧皮瓣串联腓骨皮瓣联合移植能有效修复小腿大面积皮肤软组织伴骨缺损,且缩短了病程,减少了肢体的伤残率.     

Free tissue transfers in head and neck reconstruction: Complications,outcomes and strategies for management of flap failure: Analysis of 2019 flaps in single institute

Background: Free tissue transfer has become the preferred option for complex reconstructions in head and neck cancer ablation. This study reviewed the surgical outcome and analyzed the evolution of microsurgical head and neck reconstruction over 20 years in single institute. Patients and Methods: A total of 1,918 patients underwent microsurgical head and neck reconstructions in 20‐year period. The surgical outcome and complications among these 2,019 flaps (1,223 anterolateral thigh flaps, 372 fibula flaps, 353 radial forearm flaps, 12 jejunal flaps, and 59 others) were retrospectively reviewed and analyzed. Results: A total of 201 cases required emergent surgical re‐exploration and the overall flap success rate was 96.2%. Venous insufficiency was the most common cause for re‐exploration. Other major complications included fistula formation (5.4%), partial flap necrosis (7.5%), and infection (17.8%). The fibula flap had frequent complications compared with soft tissue flaps. The familiarity to the ALT flap had minimized complications and allowed for widely versatile uses. Conclusion: Free tissue transfer is shown to be highly reliable option for head and neck reconstruction. For soft tissue defect, ALT flap is the first choice. Fibula flap is ideal for bone defect reconstruction. In case of complex composite defects, double flaps, which include ALT and fibula flaps could reconstruct bone and soft tissue defects simultaneously with high success rate. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microsurgery 34:339–344, 2014.     

Microsurgical Reconstruction of the Oral Cavity with Free Flaps from the Anterolateral Thigh and the Radial Forearm: A Comparison of Perioperative Data from 161 Cases

Background  

Free flaps are commonly used for reconstruction of extensive tumor resection defects in the oral cavity. The radial forearm free flap (RFFF) is the most frequent choice. However, a major problem of RFFF is a limitation in its size. The anterolateral thigh free flap (ALTFF) has become popular as an alternative donor site in maxillofacial surgery. We have compared patient data after reconstructions of the oral cavity using the RFFF or ALTFF.     

股前外侧游离皮瓣修复足跟大面积软组织缺损

目的探讨股前外侧游离皮瓣移植修复足跟大面积创伤性软组织缺损的临床效果。方法1997年10月至2005年3月，应用股前外侧游离皮瓣移植修复足跟大面积软组织缺损26例，将旋股外侧动脉降支及其伴行静脉分别与胫后动静脉吻合，并将股外侧皮神经与隐神经或腓肠神经吻合，使皮瓣具有感觉功能，并将阔筋膜缝合固定于跟骨以增加皮瓣稳定性。结果移植皮瓣全部成活，创面一期愈合，经3个月至4年的随访，皮瓣感觉部分恢复，足跟外形与稳定性良好。结论股前外侧游离皮瓣供区隐蔽，血供丰富，可切取范围大，特别是带有感觉神经和阔筋膜，修复足跟耐磨、稳定性好，是修复足跟大面积软组织缺损的理想皮瓣。     

Versatility of the free anterolateral thigh flap: clinical experience in a series of 20 patients

The main nutrient vessel of the anterolateral thigh flap is the perforator originating from the descending branch of the lateral circumflex femoral artery (LCFA). It supplies a large area of skin on the anterolateral aspect of the thigh. We present the experience of 20 consecutive anterolateral thigh flaps used for a variety of soft tissue defects. Fourteen flaps were used for lower leg reconstruction, four in the head and neck, and the remaining two in the hand. The largest flap was 30᎗ cm. All flaps survived except two which had partial skin necrosis, but the underlying adipose tissue survived and was grafted. Reexploration was needed for one patient in whom a thrombus blocking the vein was removed, and the flap survived completely. The anterolateral thigh flap has the advantage of a long vascular pedicle, large-caliber vessels, availability of a large skin flap area, and suitability as a flow-through flap.     

Clinical use of a pedicled anterolateral thigh flap.

BACKGROUND: Anterolateral thigh flap is a safe and reliable flap for soft tissue reconstruction. It has successfully been used as free flap reconstruction for defects in the head and neck region, the upper extremities and lower extremities. However, there were only a few reports in the literature concerning the clinical application of this flap for regional reconstruction. METHODS: The authors describe their experience of using the pedicled island anterolateral thigh flap for reconstruction of soft tissue defects in neighbouring areas. Representative cases are presented for illustration. RESULT: Between July 2005 and September 2006, seven patients underwent an immediate reconstruction with pedicled anterolateral thigh flap. The patients were between 49 and 69 years old. The size of the flaps measured from 5 x 8 cm to 15 x 15 cm. They were prepared as myocutaneous flaps in three cases and as perforator flaps in four cases. One patient, who had the largest flap harvested, needed skin grafting of the donor site. Primary closure was performed for all other cases. All flaps survived without any vascular compromise and the donor site healed without complication. CONCLUSION: Our study has shown that the pedicled anterolateral thigh flap is a safe and reliable flap for repair of defects at the internal pelvis, lateral thigh, groin, and genitoperineal region. The long vascular pedicle and having no restriction to the arc of rotation are keys to the successful transposition of the flap for immediate reconstruction of soft tissue defects in neighbouring areas.     

Foot and ankle reconstruction: An experience on the use of 14 different flaps in 226 cases

The aim of this report was to present our experience on the use of different flaps for soft tissue reconstruction of the foot and ankle. From 2007 to 2012, the soft tissue defects of traumatic injuries of the foot and ankle were reconstructed using 14 different flaps in 226 cases (162 male and 64 female). There were 62 pedicled flaps and 164 free flaps used in reconstruction. The pedicled flaps included sural flap, saphenous flap, dorsal pedal neurocutaneous flap, pedicled peroneal artery perforator flap, pedicled tibial artery perforator flap, and medial plantar flap. The free flaps were latissimus musculocutaneous flap, anterolateral thigh musculocutaneous flap, groin flap, lateral arm flap, anterolateral thigh perforator flap, peroneal artery perforator flap, thoracdorsal artery perforator flap, medial arm perforator flap. The sensory nerve coaptation was not performed for all of flaps. One hundred and ninety‐four cases were combined with open fractures. One hundred and sixty‐two cases had tendon. Among 164 free flaps, 8 flaps were completely lost, in which the defects were managed by the secondary procedures. Among the 57 flaps for plantar foot coverage (25 pedicled flaps and 32 free flaps), ulcers were developed in 5 pedicled flaps and 6 free flaps after weight bearing, and infection was found in 14 flaps. The donor site complications were seen in 3 cases with the free anterolateral thigh perforator flap transfer. All of limbs were preserved and the patients regained walking and daily activities. All of patients except for one regained protective sensation from 3 to 12 months postoperatively. Our experience showed that the sural flap and saphenous flap could be good options for the coverage of the defects at malleolus, dorsal hindfoot and midfoot. Plantar foot, forefoot and large size defects could be reconstructed with free anterolateral thigh perforator flap. For the infected wounds with dead spce, the free latissimus dorsi musculocutaneous flap remained to be the optimal choice. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microsurgery 33:600–604, 2013.     

Reconstruction of Nonhelical Auricular Defects with Local Flaps

BACKGROUND The integrity of each of the components of the auricle is important for its overall aesthetic appearance. Cartilage-exposing nonhelical defects that are too large to be closed primarily without distorting the auricle may be reconstructed with local flaps.
OBJECTIVE The objective was to present our experience with the reconstruction of nonhelical medium-sized defects using a variety of simple, one-stage local flaps.
PATIENTS AND METHODS Eighteen patients who underwent reconstruction of nonhelical auricular defects with local flaps at our center from 2003 to 2006. Defect size ranged from about 10 to 20 mm. Various methods were used for reconstruction as follows: conchal defect ( n =11)—pull-through postauricular flap or cutaneous rotation flap from the concha itself; triangular fossa defect ( n =3)—transposition-rotation flap from the concha or cutaneous periauricular pull-through flap via the root of the helix; antihelical defect ( n =2)— V-Y advancement flap from the skin of the antihelix; and tragus defect ( n =2)—periauricular cutaneous flap.
RESULTS All flaps survived. Transient congestion was noted in four patients. The aesthetic results were good, with no auricular deformation.
CONCLUSION It is important that reconstructive surgeons be familiar with a variety of basic flaps for reconstruction of nonhelical defects. An algorithm for nonhelical flap reconstruction is suggested.     

Intraoral reconstruction with “thinned” peroneal artery perforator flaps: An alternative to classic donor areas in comorbid patients

Free fasciocutaneous flaps like the radial forearm free flap (RFFF) and the anterolateral thigh (ALT) are the most commonly used flaps in intraoral reconstruction. However, certain conditions preclude the use of either of these flaps. The aim of this report was to show applicability of “thinned” peroneal artery perforator (PAP) flaps in intraoral reconstruction. We report two cases of squamous cell carcinoma involving the tongue and floor of the mouth, where one patient had advanced scleroderma with tight forearm skin and the other with a history of Reynaud's disease precluding the use of RFFF. In addition, both patients were morbidly obese with thick adipose tissue in the thigh making ALT flap not a suitable option. Instead, a PAP flap was chosen. After the harvest, the subcutaneous tissue thickness was measured to be 2.2 and 1.8 cm, respectively. The thinning was performed by removing the deep fat lobules of the superficial fat layer down to a final thickness of 0.4 and 0.3 cm, respectively. A 2 × 2 cm area surrounding the perforators were kept untouched. Both patients had uneventful postoperative course with one patient having a small donor area dehiscence that healed with local wound care. The functional outcomes at 1 year were good. “Thinned” PAP flap is a unique and novel application that may be an alternative in intraoral reconstruction when primary choices are not available. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microsurgery 35:399–402, 2015.