必须重视我国感染性疾病的研究

随着社会的发展和人们生活水平的提高以及科技的进步 ,尤其是疫苗与抗生素的开发和广泛应用 ,威胁人类健康的感染性疾病 (包括传染病 )已得到有效的控制。人们普遍认为 ,目前疾病谱已经发生变化 ,肿瘤、心血管病、神经系统疾病、遗传代谢病和其他一些慢性疾病逐渐成为主要的疾病 ,感染性疾病已经变得不重要了。因此 ,目前我国感染性疾病专科的队伍逐渐萎缩 ,不少综合性医院取消了传染科 ;在临床上 ,疾病诊断不重视病原学研究 ,治疗上滥用抗生素等抗感染药物。在我国临床工作者中有些对感染性疾病放松了警惕。感染性疾病真的不重要了 ?答案是…     

临床医生应如何看待病原微生物的培养与药敏测定

尽快明确致病原并及时采取有针对性的治疗措施,是治疗感染性疾病的关键,也直接关系到患者的预后.因而,病原微生物培养与药敏检查是非常重要的实验室检查,是医生采用合适的抗感染治疗策略的依据.但微生物学检查与大多其他实验室检查一样,都要对具体问题做出具体分析,最终意义要由临床医生来做出综合判断.医生应熟悉微生物检查的方法与结果判断,既不忽视该项检查,也不盲目遵循微生物报告.     

临床医生应如何看待病原微生物的培养与药敏测定

尽快明确致病原并及时采取有针对性的治疗措施，是治疗感染性疾病的关键，也直接关系到患者的预后。因而，病原微生物培养与药敏检查是非常重要的实验室检查，是医生采用合适的抗感染治疗策略的依据。但微生物学检查与大多其他实验室检查一样，都要对具体问题作出具体分析，最终意义要由临床医生来作出综合判断。医生应熟悉微生物检查的方法与结果判断，既不忽视该项检查，也不盲目遵循微生物报告。     

临床微生物检验和细菌耐药性监测的应用价值研究

目的 分析微生物检验工作和细菌耐药性监测工作开展的临床意义.方法 在盘锦辽油宝石花医院检验科2019年3月至2020年8月接收的送检微生物标本中选出2000份为对象,根据标本的来源临床科室分为ICU组(n=650)、儿科组(n=350)、内科组(n=450)、外科组(n=550),收集检验的病原微生物及对四组标本进行细...     

不同临床标本微生物检验的阳性率探讨

目的：探讨不同临床标本微生物检验的阳性率。方法：回顾性分析2013年4月至2016年5月收集的1256份临床标本资料,对比1256份临床标本（大便标本、血培养标本、非呼吸道标本、呼吸道标本）的微生物检验阳性率。结果：2013年4月至2015 年4月的各项标本微生物阳性检验率均高于2015年5月至2016年5月间各项标本微生物阳性检验率,比较发现,数据对比具有统计学意义（P <0.05）。结论：不同时间段,通过微生物检验得出的阳性率,存在一定的差异,则需按照实际检验得到的结果,为临床治疗制定相应的措施,分析、总结对阳性率检验的影响因素,主要在于强化实验室操作人员的能力以及专业知识,这样方可促进提升检验阳性率,为临床预后以及治疗提供准确的依据。     

重视临床微生物检验结果质量分析及审核

临床微生物检验从标本采集、运送到鉴定、药敏试验，应是全程管理、全员参与、全面监督的过程，目的是保证检验结果的准确性，为临床提供诊断和治疗依据。     

某二甲医院血培养微生物检验的病原菌株与分布情况

目的 探析血培养微生物检验的病原菌株分布情况与耐药性,为有效控制血流感染的发生与传播提供参考依据。 方法 选取玉环市人民医院2018年7月—2019年6月的4 790例住院患者,采集其血样4 790份并送检,运用法国梅里埃公司BACT/ALERT 3D型全自动血培养仪及其配套培养瓶进行血培养,阳性株及时进行涂片与转种,并应用VITEK-2COMPACT全自动微生物分析系统进行菌种鉴定及药物敏感试验,对分离出的细菌菌种与耐药性进行分析。 结果 4 790份血样中,共分离出病原菌523株(10.92%),包括革兰阴性菌283株(54.11%),革兰阳性菌230株(43.98%),真菌8株(1.53%),厌氧菌2株(0.38%)。病原菌的科室分布主要为重症监护病房(25.81%)、普外科(22.75%)、感染科(13.77%)。革兰阴性菌与革兰阳性菌的耐药性差异均较大;大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌对氨苄西林耐药性高(>82.00%),对亚胺培南耐药性低(<5.00%),鲍曼不动杆菌对呋喃妥因、氨苄西林、氨曲南、头孢唑林的耐药性高(100.00%),对妥布霉素的耐受性低(27.27%);革兰阳性菌对红霉素及青霉素的耐药性普遍较高(>76.00%),对利奈唑胺及万古霉素无耐药(均为0.00%)。 结论 血培养微生物检验的病原菌株种类多、科室分布广,耐药情况严峻,临床医生应更加关注血培养微生物检验的病原菌株早期检测及耐药性分析结果,以改善临床诊断及抗菌药物的应用。      

微生物检验技术的临床应用

临床微生物是临床医疗工作中一门实践性很强的学科。当代医学事业的快速发展和进步，微生物检验人员不仅要具备扎实的医学理论基础，同时也要有丰富的实践经验。充分利用所学的微生物学知识和技术，从而不断提高快速、准确的诊断结果，应用简便的基本操作，选择合适的培养方法，结合先进、快速的鉴定技术和药物敏感试验方法。尽可能快地给临床提供检验结果，指导临床医师及时合理使用抗生素药物。     

临床微生物实验室管理构想

20世纪80～90年代,由于抗生素的大量使用、不合理使用以及人为滥用,导致耐药细菌的大量出现,临床经常能够分离到多重耐药菌株如产ESBL、AMPC的大肠杆菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、不动杆菌、铜绿假单胞菌等,以及PRP、VRE、MRSA、MRCON等,造成多重耐药菌株感染在医院流行及爆发流行,使得医院感染急剧增加,给临床治疗带来极大的困难,从而导致感染患者的死亡率、住院时间、医疗费等大幅增加,耗费了大量的医疗资源[1].更有甚者,出现耐万古霉素的金黄色葡萄球菌和耐亚胺培南的肠杆菌科细菌的报道[2].这些无疑给临床微生物室管理带来了极大的挑战,因此临床微生物室的管理应该与时俱进,面对新情况、新问题不退缩,除了抓好传统项目外,应采取新思路拓展临床微生物实验室的发展与空间,积极应对挑战.     

浅谈临床微生物检验的实习教学

重视临床微生物检验的实习教学，应对学生的临床实习进行统筹安排、科学管理和系统培训。     

宏基因组学与动物病原微生物的检测

宏基因组学(metagenome)是直接从土壤、海水、人及动物胃肠道、口腔、呼吸道、皮肤等环境中获取样品DNA,利用载体将其克隆到替代宿主细胞中构建宏基因文库,以高通量检测为主要技术来研究特定环境中全部微生物的基因组及筛选活性物质和基因的新兴学科。利用宏基因组学技术不仅能够有效地检测特定环境的微生物群落结构,扩展了微生物资源的利用空间,发展了新兴的高通量检测技术,丰富了生物信息学内容。基于宏基因组学研究方法在环境微生物研究中的优势,对近年来相关领域、方法及其在人及动物病原微生物研究中的应用进行综述,以期将此方法用于实验动物病原微生物的调查分析及动物疫情、生物安全的监测。     

Current techniques of lamellar keratoplasty for keratoconus

In recent years, there has been a considerable interest regarding the concept of lamellar keratoplasty (LK), which contributed in spreading the use of this procedure in the treatment of keratoconus. This is a new frontier in corneal surgery that minimizes trauma on the recipient patient since it works on a “closed bulb”. The LK surgery, in fact, aims to selectively replace diseased corneal stroma, leaving the healthy endothelium. The main advantage of LK is to avoid major causes of failure of penetrating keratoplasty as immunological rejection, and the late mismatch in the transplanted cornea, thus increasing the life of transplantation. In the last decade, several techniques of LK have been proposed, depending on how the anterior portion of the recipient cornea is removed. This article, through a literary research reviews the various emerging techniques of anterior lamellar surgery for the management of keratoconus, analyzing their indications, visual outcomes, and rate of complications.Keratoplasty has developed rapidly in the past 10 years and penetrating keratoplasty (PK), a procedure consisting of full-thickness replacement of the cornea, has been the dominant procedure for more than half a century.1-3 However, in recent years, cases in which corneal disease does not involve the endothelium, lamellar technique has rapidly replaced penetrating grafts with better clinical results.4-5 This technique aims to selectively replace diseased corneal stroma in a way to minimize unnecessary replacement of the unaffected healthy endothelial layer. Thus, by retaining the patient’s own endothelium, the risk of endothelial rejection, a major cause of graft failure in PK is almost eliminated, and endothelial cell density is preserved.4-6 Consequently, there is no need for long-term immunosuppressive therapy with corticosteroids, decreasing the risk of cataract, glaucoma, and infections. Fasolo et al7 in their corneal transplant epidemiologic study have reported the first results on corneal graft survival in Italy. They estimate the graft survival to be 95% for PK, and 93% for anterior lamellar keratoplasty (LK) after one year, showing a decrease in the survival rate along the considered period. Indeed, in the LK group, they observed a stable 3-year survival rate of 93%, whereas patients who underwent PK showed a decrease of the graft survival rate after one year. From the results of a recent meta-analysis conducted by Liu et al8 on the efficacy and safety of LK versus PK, it appears that in terms of spherical equivalent, central corneal thickness, and astigmatism there are no significant differences between the 2 procedures. Nevertheless, fewer complications occur in the LK group, in which the corneal endothelial density is higher than in the PK group.8 An additional advantage of LK compared with PK is that sutures can be removed earlier, and visual recovery occurs sooner. Furthermore, since LK is an extra-ocular procedure, it lacks the risk associated with open eye surgery, such as expulsive hemorrhage, endophthalmitis, and iris/lens damage.9 The purpose of this article is to analyze the current techniques of LK surgery in the treatment of keratoconus, reviewing updated available literature.

Lamellar keratoplastyamellar with augmented thickness

Recent years have brought on a sea of change in the field of corneal transplantation with PK being phased into newer anterior LK techniques. In keratoconus, the aim of surgery is to augment a thin and steep cornea, and this can be achieved using a thick donor lamellar of normal curvature, thus tectonically strengthening the cornea, which reduces irregular astigmatism and subsequent ectasia, and reducing corneal steepness, and concomitant high myopia.Thanks to the advent of new surgical devices, such as advanced microkeratome instrumentation, Excimer laser, and femtosecond laser, the results of lamellar techniques have been encouraging, with rapid visual rehabilitation and reduced risk of immune-mediated transplant rejection (Figure 1).10 With the increased availability of automated microkeratome for refractive procedures, such as Excimer laser in situ keratomileusis (LASIK), the use of microkeratome has increasingly been applied for dissection in LK. In the past, several authors11-13 have ventured in the LK surgery experiencing different techniques with the aid of microkeratome. Bilgihan et al14 described the “stromal sandwich technique”, consisting in the transplantation of a stromal button from a donor cornea under a corneal flap created in the host cornea. Busin et al15 described a more complex procedures suturing in the host bed a thicker and smaller lamella under tension, thus flattening the cone, restoring a normal corneal shape. Their surgery was not aimed at simply removing the central diseased corneal tissue and exchanging it with a healthy graft, but even at the remodeling of the ectatic cornea. Busin et al16 in 2012, trying to achieve a final corneal shape as similar as possible to the physiologic curvature of the donor cornea, introduced a modification of the microkeratome-assisted LK technique, including a full-thickness trephination of the residual bed before suturing the donor graft in place. They postulated that the recipient’s residual stroma can preserve a “keratoconus memory”, so through the disruption of the recipient’s architecture, they achieved a better postoperative refractive error, and spectacle-corrected visual acuity.Open in a separate windowFigure 1Forms of anterior lamellar keratoplasty (ALK) procedures available for keratoconus.To simplify and standardize LK, Excimer laser ablation has been used to prepare the recipient bed, with encouraging results. Excimer laser lamellar keratoplasty (ELLK) of augmented thickness is a procedure in which a deep plano excimer laser ablation is performed on the host cornea and a donor lamellar button, with or without an excimer laser refractive ablation on the posterior surface, is sutured into the recipient bed.17 According to Serdarevic et al18 the overriding advantage of using an ELLK is the laser’s ability to remove tissue with a microscopic precision that is unattainable with other procedures. They assert that the laser does not interfere with wound-healing processes, including cell migration and proliferation, and production of new tissue. In 1992, Kubota et al19 examined the depth of ablation of the recipient bed with different counts of oscillations of an excimer laser beam to determine the correlation between planned and real depth. Their results showed that an excimer laser achieved a precise cut in terms of diameter, site, and in particular thickness, indicating its utility in reproducible corneal photo ablation in LK. Buratto et al17 in their keratoconic eyes series, treated with laser LK of augmented thickness, reported better results compared with those treated with PK after 18 months. They found that this technique accelerated epithelialization, facilitated suturing the donor button to the recipient cornea, and produced a considerable flattening effect. Bilgihan et al20 obtained similar results after treating 5 keratoconus patients with ELLK. Excimer laser-assisted dissection was found to be a reproducible technique that requires short surgical time in a subsequent study of 2009, in which anatomical and functional results were evaluated for 41 patients with keratoconus after ELLK. The procedure consisted of a mechanical deepithelialization and a phototherapeutic keratectomy (PTK) using an excimer laser with a 7.0 mm round stainless steel mask placed on the cornea to create a vertical and regular edge of the ablation. The goal of a minimum estimated residual corneal bed was 200 µm. A 2.5 mm stromal pocket was created around the circumference of the ablation floor in order to receive the donor lamella, obtained by means of a microkeratome, and then secured in the recipient bed with 16 interrupted 10-0 nylon sutures. The uncorrected distance visual acuity (UDVA) and the corrected distance visual acuity (CDVA) were significantly better during all follow-up examinations than preoperatively, thus showing that ELLK is as efficacious as PK for the surgical treatment of moderate to advanced keratoconus.21 However, in some cases the mechanical effects of the recipient’s original keratoconus persisted, especially in eyes with advanced and decentered ectasia.20 The introduction of a new-generation excimer laser with a comprehensive surgical planning application specific for laser lamellar transplantations, allowed the surgeon to create custom ablations for both the receiving bed and the lamella. In this way it is possible to plan different ablation depths in the same cornea as a function of corneal thickness differentials. Studies demonstrated that the custom technique provided a satisfactory increase in corneal thickness, restoring structural and optical integrity to the tissue (Figure 2).22Open in a separate windowFigure 2Biomicroscopic examination one month after custom excimer laser-assisted lamellar keratoplasty in a 31-year-old keratoconus patient. Sixteen interrupted 10-0 nylon sutures and a clear cornea are visible.To reduce postoperative refractive errors in patients who had previously undergone LK for keratoconus, various techniques have been proposed, like excimer laser photorefractive keratectomy (PRK) and LASIK. However, a case of corneal ectasia was reported, following both excimer laser PRK and prior excimer laser-assisted LK for keratoconus, which was then successfully treated by corneal collagen crosslinking (CXL). This technique appeared to stabilize and partially reverse keratectasia in the 2-year postoperative follow-up period.23 Recently, the results of using combined treatment of customized PRK and prophylactic CXL in a group of patients with high ametropia and irregular astigmatism after ELLK have been reported. The mean correction of the spherical equivalent refractive error was greatly reduced, with an improvement in UDVA in all patients. Thus, demonstrating that the combination of these 2 treatments was safe and effective.24The femtosecond laser provides a novel approach for corneal transplantation due to its accuracy and predictability. It uses a type of near infrared light with a wavelength of 1053 nm, which yields the shortest pulse obtainable and can focus on quite a limited area, smaller than a hair’s breadth.25,26 Thanks to these features, femtosecond laser cutting yields a smooth stromal interface, increasing the safety and precision of corneal transplantation.27 Both the donor graft and the recipient corneal lenticule are created using femtosecond laser, the host lenticule smaller in diameter than the donor and sutured with 10/0 nylon.28 Compared with mechanical microkeratome, the femtosecond laser presents a cutting accuracy twice as high, with a standard deviation of depth of cutting to be 12-18 µm, against the 20-60 µm with the microkeratome.29-31 Femtosecond laser LK can be performed with or without sutures, allowing for early visual rehabilitation inducing less astigmatism and avoiding other suture-related complications.32-36 With the aim to provide a more stable grafted cornea it is possible to increase the touch area, facilitating the cicatrisation between the donor and recipient cornea by increasing the side cut angle.36 If the graft was not sutured to the recipient cornea a bandage soft contact lens for 3-12 days was used, with no case of graft dehiscence.37 However, Chan et al38 noted the variability in stromal thickness in eyes with advanced keratoconus may limit the ability of the femtosecond laser to produce a uniform lamellar plane while leaving a minimal amount of residual corneal tissue. As well, given the potential risk of creating a descemet membrane perforation, they found it more safe to perform a manual dissection of the posterior lamella.

Deep anterior lamellar keratoplasty (DALK)

The author who first introduced the concept of “deep anterior lamellar keratoplasty” as a dissection of host tissue close to the descemet’s membrane (DM) was Anwar in 1972.39 He noted that this procedure led to the formation of a smooth and transparent recipient bed, with a functional outcome similar to that of PK. He also explained the importance of removing the layer endothelium-descemet from the donor edge to avoid an inflammatory reaction and an irregular interface.Over the years, several surgical techniques have been studied and performed in order to obtain DM baring (Figure 1). When eliminating as much recipient tissue as possible, it is unclear if full stromal removal provides better results than cases, in which a small portion of the posterior stroma is left in place. However, despite the confused nomenclature, some surgeons refer to pre-descemetic DALK when LK enables the removal of 3 quarters or more of stroma to the deeper layers. This denotes that at least some posterior stromal layers are retained, and baring of DM is not achieved. According to Sarnicola et al,40 this could represent an advantage during the procedure of dissection of the host tissue, because he found that reaching a pre-descemetic level, the residual amount of stroma left in place prevented the microperforations from becoming macroperforations.

Pre-descemetic DALK

Current pre-descemetic DALK surgical techniques involve manual or microkeratome-assisted dissection near the DM. In 1997, Sugita and Kondo41 showed that there are no differences in visual acuity using a manual dissection technique that leaves a small amount of stroma, in place of the complete stromal dissection. Marchini et al42 intentionally left a minimal stromal thickness of 50 µm in order to reduce the risk of DM rupture. They used a vivo confocal microscopy to evaluate interface parameters (depth and reflectivity) of keratocyte and endothelial cell density over a 12-month follow-up, confirming Sugita and Kondo’s observation. Ardjomand et al43 compared visual function after DALK and after PK in 32 eyes with keratoconus and correlated it with corneal thickness. They demonstrated that eyes with a recipient corneal bed thickness of less than 20 µm had visual acuity similar to eyes with a PK, whereas those with a recipient thickness of greater than 80 µm had a significantly reduced visual acuity. Rama et al44 used a manual dissection technique guided by a calibrated knife incision based on ultrasonic pachymetry values. They treated 288 eyes and, according to Ardjomand et al,43 showed that eyes with lower values of recipient residue thickness are associated with better visual acuity. This could be explained by the fact that the residual bed thickness can determine the stiffness and corresponding resistance against the compressive forces of the donor graft. So it’s been hypothesized that thick residual recipient bed, together with a steep preoperative cornea and greater axial length, contribute to postoperative myopia in DALK.45 These results are consistent with several clinical studies46-48 available in literature comparing the visual outcome of descemetic and pre-descemetic DALK. However, pre-descemetic dissection is also indicated in cases of previous hydrops due to the risk that the DM will rupture at the hydrops scar. Chew et al49 describe a case of a boy with keratoconus and resolved hydrops who underwent bilateral manual DALK without baring of the DM. It demonstrated that good spectacle-corrected visual acuity can be achieved despite leaving a thin residual layer of the stroma unexcised. Consistent with this result, Anwar50 demonstrates the efficacy of a planned near-descemet dissection of the DALK in 22 patients with post-hydrops corneal scarring irregularity or corneal thinning because any surface irregularities are likely to be translated onto the final lamellar bed.50-51

Descemetic DALK

In 1972 Anwar39 first introduced his layer-by-layer manual dissection technique and despite have gone more than 40 years, it is still performed in some cases, such as pre-existing corneal perforation, strong stroma to DM adhesion, or inadequate visualization. It consists of performing a partial trephination of 70-80% of corneal thickness, followed by a limbal paracentesis incision used to evacuate the aqueous, or to inject air and fluid inside the anterior chamber. The corneal stroma is removed in layer using a bevel-up crescent knife, but the dissection of deeper layers becomes more difficult as DM is approached.52 Subsequently in 1984, Archila53 introduced a new technique of dissection with intrastromal air injection, which is considered the predecessor of other techniques of maximum depth dissection. It provided the injection of air into the corneal stroma until it becomes opaque in such a way to create a deep plane of dissection. After a partial trephination, the wound is deepened with a sharp crescent or a blunt spatula down to the DM, which appears as a clear dark area. The manual dissection of the stroma can be repeated as long as micro bubbles are visible to be sure that there is still a layer of stroma that protects the DM against the perforation. A full-thickness donor button including the DM and endothelium is then positioned in the recipient bed with interrupted sutures. Corneal emphysema provides good contrast, but the baring of DM is still a problem.53In 1997 Sugita and Kondo41 used a technique combining air and fluid injection. A saline solution is injected in a small depression, which is created in the deeper stroma after a partial trephination. This procedure helps to achieve a cleavage plane over DM so that the loosened tissue can be removed in thin layers with forceps and scissors. The DM is recognized from its shiny and smooth appearance. This was later supported by Panda and Singh,54 who compared the efficacy of 3 adjunctive agents to facilitate recipient bed intralamellar dissection (air, hydroxypropylmethylcellulose, and balanced salt solution) demonstrating that the hydro delamination with saline solution is the easiest technique to perform.In the development of DALK, a research line other than the techniques described up to now was disclosed by Tsubota et al55 in 1998. His “divide-and-conquer technique” differs from the others because the DM’s deep dissection is not performed by injecting any substances, and it is practiced completely manually. It originally derives from the application of cataract phacoemulsification technique to the deep LK. The corneal stroma is divided into 4 quadrants to facilitate lamellar dissection at approximately 70% deep, until the DM is exposed in the central area. This way it increases the repeatability and the standardization of the procedure.55 Manche et al56 described a technique, in which viscoelastic was forced into a previously made stromal pocket using a 25-gauge cannula, hoping the viscous material would dissect the DM from the overlying stroma. In the same year, Melles et al57 proposed a variation of this technique by adding the injection of air into the anterior chamber before the stromal dissection with viscoelastic to optimally highlight the cannula’s position, which contained the substance in the pre-descemetic plan. Over the years, this technique was performed, and is still proposed, by several authors43,58-60 with encouraging results.After his first attempt of baring the DM in 2002, Anwar39 described the “big-bubble technique,” as a faster and more reliable way of separating the stroma from the DM. In this surgical technique, the cornea is trephined approximately 60-80% deep using a suction trephine and a 27 or 30-gauge needle. Attached to an air-filled syringe, it is inserted into the deep stroma through the bottom of the trephination groove. The separation of DM from the corneal stroma, characterized by a circular area with a dense white border, is caused by forceful injection of air. A keratectomy, anterior to the big-bubble, is carefully performed so as not to accidentally breech the bubble. Then, the bubble is pierced near the center of the cornea, and an opening in the anterior wall of the air-pocket is formed. The residual layers of stroma are firstly lifted with an iris spatula, then severed with a blade, and excised with scissors (Figures ​Figures33 & 4).61 Similar results have been reported from other case series62-67 of the big-bubble DALK technique for keratoconus. Ghanem et al68 pointed out that bubble formation is the key to decrease the risk of perforation in DALK, especially when a pachymetry-guided intrastromal air injection (pachy-bubble) is performed. However, Yao69 asserting that the many procedures developed for performing DALK are time-consuming and technically difficult, introduced their technique of stromal hooking with viscoelastic detaching process. It consists of creating a pocket in the recipient bed by means of a 3-quarter trephination, followed by a peeling of the remnant stroma to approach DM along the trephined margin in the area between 11 o’clock and one o’clock by the aid of a golf-shaped knife. In this area, the residual stromal fibers are hooked and lifted by forceps with a tip of concaved teeth for the consequent exposure of the DM. A 27-gauge cannula connected to a syringe containing viscoelastic is inserted in the pocket between the stroma and the DM, and the injection of viscoelastic material allows to get the detachment process. In cases where the primary exposure has not exactly reached the layer of the DM, a secondary hooking-detaching procedure can be performed.69 The same procedure was subsequently performed on 75 keratoconus eyes, which showed fewer postoperative complications compared with those who underwent PK.4Open in a separate windowFigure 3Biomicroscopic examination showed a clear and well integrated lamellar graft in a 35-year-old keratoconus patient who had descemetic deep anterior lamellar keratoplasty (big-bubble technique) 6 months previously. Two double-running 12 bites sutures are present.Open in a separate windowFigure 4Anterior segment Fourier-domain optical coherence tomography image 2 years after deep anterior lamellar keratoplasty in a 22-year-old keratoconus patient. A healthy epithelium, the edge of the graft and the interface between donor and recipient cornea (arrows) are notable.Recently, a distinct layer of corneal collagen, the Dua’s layer has been described, beyond the last row of keratocytes, which is thin but tough, and seems to provide a cleavage plane during the DM baring procedure. This observation suggests that the big-bubble cleaves off a distinct layer at the posterior surface of the corneal stroma, which is not residual stroma.70 Farid and Steinert71 in 2009, described a new approach combining big-bubble DALK with the femtosecond laser zigzag incision, in which the matching and interlocking donor-host wound increases surface area, and create a customized donor-host match. In a zigzag incision, the laser creates an angled posterior cut, a lamellar ring cut in midstroma, and an angled anterior cut, each of which intersects. According to Farid and Steinert,71 this type of wound allows rapid healing and good biomechanical stability. Furthermore, the laser cut allows an exact cut depth within 70 µm of the DM, allowing more precise placement of the air needle. Buzzonetti et al72,73 confirmed that the femtosecond laser could standardize the big-bubble technique in DALK, reducing the risk of intraoperative complications and allowing good refractive outcomes. Hoping to achieve higher success in attaining the big-bubble and lower rates of DM perforation, Tan and Mehta74 further modified Anwar’s original technique. Their innovation was to precede the formation of the bubble by the manual removal of the anterior half of the stroma after partial trephination. This way, they had the advantage of reducing the risk of perforation. When immediately entering with the needle into the deeper layers of the stroma, they introduced the needle more centrally, thus allowing for a more centralized bubble.     

医学图像检索技术发展现状

在大数据技术和医院信息化快速发展的背景下,医学图像在医院诊疗活动中发挥着更加重要的角色,迫切需要建立一个高效、准确的医学图像检索系统。分别对基于文本、基于内容和基于语义的3种医学图像检索方法的关键技术进行详细论述和分析,并对医学图像检索技术的发展方向提出了展望。     

微创外科在普外科中的应用与展望

一、微创外科发展史微创外科从构想到完整的思想体系形成 ,从零星仪器、器材的凑合到成套设备的供应与不断改进 ,从个别动物实验到临床尝试并普遍应用于外科各领域 ,共经历了 1 0 0余年的历史。 1 90 1年德国Ｋｅｌｌｉｎｇ首先用膀胱镜观察狗的腹腔 ;1 91 0年瑞典Ｊａｃｏｂａｅｕｓ用腹镜检查人的腹腔 ;1 92 8年俄国Ｏｔｔ以额镜为光源 ,用陷凹镜观察孕妇腹腔 ;1 92 8年德国Ｋａｌｋ用陷凹镜作肝穿活检 ;1 93 8年匈牙利Ｖｅｒｅｓｓ发明安全气腹针。 2 0世纪 5 0年代 ,英国Ｈｏｐｋｉｎ发明柱状透镜 ,提高了光导效率 ;2 0世纪 6 0～ 70年…     

从临床标本分离绿脓杆菌的系统鉴定及药物敏感试验

对从临床标本分离的109株绿脓杆菌,按数值鉴定法作了系统鉴定。药物敏感性试验纸片法结果表明,109株菌对12种抗菌药物5耐以上的占78％,其中对TOB、POL、AKN三种抗生素最为敏感(敏感率96％以上)。耐药菌株对GM、SM、CM、KM、CBPC五种抗生素的最小抑制浓度(MIC)检测结果表明,高度耐药株(>400μg/ml)的比例较高,其中还有相当一部份达800μg/ml以上。     

藏红花病毒病原的分子鉴定

目的 研究栽培藏红花的病毒病原。方法 综合运用病毒粒子形态和细胞病理学电镜观察、DAS-ELISA检测、RT-PCR检测及序列测定等技术进行病原鉴定。结果 透射电镜负染色观察到病株汁液含有600～900 nm的线状病毒粒子;超薄切片观察到病株细胞质内有大量线状病毒粒子、II型风轮状内含体和电子致密无定型体,符合菜豆黄花叶病毒Beam yellow mosaic virus（BYMV）的病理学特征。应用BYMV抗体进行病株DAS-ELISA检测结果为阳性,应用马铃薯Y病毒属特异性引物Sprimer和M4对病株进行RT-PCR检测结果为阳性,对阳性结果进行分子克隆及序列测定发现目标序列与BYMV有99%的同源性。结论 综合检测结果判明侵染浙江藏红花的病毒病原为BYMV。