丝光绿蝇抗菌物质诱导研究

目的 探讨针刺体壁对丝光绿蝇抗菌物质的诱导表达规律。方法 丝光绿蝇三龄幼虫针刺体壁处理后，分别于第0、12、24、36、48、60、72、84h提取血淋巴，以金黄葡萄球菌为指示菌，采用平板滤纸片法作抑菌试验，用于显示丝光绿蝇抗菌物质的诱导表达，以抑菌圈直径表示抑菌活力的大小。提取诱导后48h的血淋巴，设置3、5、7ul不同的血淋巴加样量实验组，记录不同加样量对金黄葡萄球菌的抑菌效果。设置不同稀释浓度，记录不同浓度的血淋巴对金黄葡萄球菌的抑菌活力。观察诱导后48h的血淋巴对大肠杆菌、金黄葡萄球菌、白色葡萄球菌、变形杆菌、伤寒杆菌、副伤寒杆菌、枯草杆菌、溶壁微球菌等8种细菌的抑菌效果。结果 丝光绿蝇幼虫针刺体壁处理后，对金黄葡萄球菌的抑菌活力高峰出现在处理后48h。平板滤纸片法抑菌试验中，以加7ul血淋巴的抑菌效果最佳。丝光绿蝇诱导48h血淋巴1／2、1／4、1／8、1／16、1／32、1／64的不同稀释浓度，对金黄葡萄球菌均能产生明显的抑菌环。丝光绿蝇诱导后48h的血淋巴，对大肠杆菌、金黄葡萄球菌、白色葡萄球菌、变形杆菌、伤寒杆菌、副伤寒杆菌、枯草杆菌、溶壁微球菌等8种细菌都能产生明显的抑菌环。结论 针刺体壁能诱导丝光绿蝇体内产生抗菌物质，诱导的抑菌活力峰出现在处理后48h。抑菌试验加样以7ul为宜，诱导后丝光绿蝇的血淋巴，稀释至64倍，对金黄葡萄球菌仍有抗菌活性，提示有较强的抗菌活性。对8种细菌都能产生明显的抑菌环，提示具有较广的抗菌活性。     

丝光绿蝇抗菌肽针刺诱导及初步电泳分离

目的探讨丝光绿蝇抗菌肽的诱导及电泳分离方法。方法丝光绿蝇3龄幼虫针刺体壁诱导后，第48小时提取其血淋巴，设置3、5、7、10μl不同的加样量和pH值60、6．5、7．0的琼脂平板，观察对溶壁微球菌的抑菌效果。置于100、80℃水浴30s、1、3和5min后，观察不同温度处理不同时间后的去杂蛋白效果和对溶壁微球菌的抑菌效果，并对各样品进行电泳分离。结果随加样量增加抑菌环直径增大，10μl环太大易变形，不易测量，以加7μl血淋巴对溶壁微球菌的抑菌效果最佳。平板pH值6．0时，对溶壁微球菌的抑菌环直径最大，随pH值增加而抑菌环直径减小。血淋巴100℃水浴30s、1min仍有抑菌活性，处理3和5min无抑菌活性；80℃水浴30s至5min均有抑菌活性，电泳显示100℃处理3和5min的样品与其他相比缺少2条蛋白区带。结论针刺诱导的丝光绿蝇抗菌肽在酸性条件下抑菌活性更强，分离时血淋巴预处理采用80℃水浴1—3min去杂蛋白效果较好，诱导的血淋巴100℃处理3和5min即丧失抗菌活性，电泳显示缺少2条区带，此2条差异区带可能为抗菌肽组分。     

丝光绿蝇抗菌肽的热稳定性研究

目的探讨高温处理对丝光绿蝇抗菌肽抗菌活性的影响。方法丝光绿蝇Ⅲ龄幼虫针刺体壁诱导后，48h后提取其血淋巴，分别于100、80和60℃水浴0、0．5、1、3、5min等不同时间后，观察不同温度处理不同时间后对溶壁微球菌的抑菌效果。结果丝光绿蝇幼虫经针刺诱导的抗菌肽100℃水浴1min仍有抗菌活性，100℃处理3min后活性丧失；80及60℃水浴5min后仍有抗菌活性。结论针刺诱导的丝光绿蝇抗菌肽的抑菌活性具有一定的热稳定性。     

家蝇抗菌物质针刺诱导研究

目的探讨针刺体壁对家蝇抗菌物质诱导表达的规律。方法室内饲养的家蝇Ⅲ龄幼虫,针刺体壁处理后,分别于第0、24、48、72、96h记录幼虫存活率,并提取其血淋巴,以金黄色葡萄球菌和溶壁微球菌作指示菌,采用平板法做抑菌试验,37℃恒温24h观察抑菌圈,并以抑菌圈直径表示抗菌活力的大小,借以指示家蝇抗菌物质的诱导产生规律。结果经针刺诱导后,家蝇幼虫存活率逐渐降低,提取的血淋巴对金黄色葡萄球菌和溶壁微球菌的抑菌活力峰均出现在诱导后48h。结论针刺体壁可诱导家蝇产生抗菌物质,血淋巴收集在诱导后48h最为合适。     

金黄色葡萄球菌对家蝇抗菌物质的诱导

[目的]探讨金黄色葡萄球菌对家蝇抗菌物质诱导表达的规律。[方法]室内饲养的家蝇三龄幼虫，感染金黄色葡萄球菌诱导处理后，分别于第0、12、24、36、48、60、72、84h提取血淋巴，以溶壁微球菌和金黄色葡萄球菌作指示菌，采用平板法作抑菌试验，以抑菌圈直径表示抗菌活力的大小，借以指示家蝇抗菌物质的诱导表达规律。[结果]经金黄色葡萄球菌诱导处理后，第12~36h提取的血淋巴抑菌活性较强，对溶壁微球菌的抑菌活性高峰出现在处理后12h，对金黄色葡萄球菌的抑菌活性高峰出现在处理后36h。[结论]感染金黄色葡萄球菌可诱导家蝇产生抗菌物质，血淋巴收集在诱导后12～36h最为合适。     

家蝇抗菌物质诱导及高温处理后的抑菌活性

目的探讨家蝇幼虫经针刺诱导产生的抗菌物质经不同温度处理不同时间后的抑菌活性。方法室内饲养的家蝇3龄幼虫,经针刺诱导48h后提取血淋巴,100℃处理10s和30s及1、3、5min,80℃和60℃处理30s、1、3、5、10min后,采用磷酸盐缓冲液制备离心上清样品,分别观察记录其对溶壁微球菌和金黄色葡萄球菌的抑菌效果。结果经100、80℃处理后,对溶壁微球菌的抑菌环随处理时间的延长而环直径减小,60℃处理不同时间对溶壁微球菌的抑菌环大小无明显影响。100℃处理1min后以及80℃处理3min后对金黄色葡萄球菌无明显的抑菌环产生,60℃处理不同时间对金黄色葡萄球菌的抑菌环直径无明显影响。结论家蝇幼虫经针刺诱导产生的抗菌物质,其抑菌活性对高温有一定的稳定性,80～100℃加热处理,抑菌活性随处理时间延长而减弱,60℃高温处理10s至10min对其抑菌活性无明显影响。     

家蝇抗菌物质的电泳分离及其条件优化

目的 研究以针刺诱导家蝇产生抗菌物质,对家蝇针刺诱导后抗菌物质的电泳分离条件以及热处理方法进行初步的探讨.方法 将家蝇3龄幼虫针刺体壁诱导48 h后提取血淋巴,100℃水浴血淋巴0、0.5、1、3、5 min,分别取上清液5、10、20、30μl进行酸性聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳,以分离家蝇的抗菌物质.结果 热处理和未经热处理的血淋巴都以20μl的加样量分离效果较好,热处理时间以100℃水浴加热1 min血淋巴的电泳效果较好.比较针刺诱导和未经诱导家蝇的血淋巴,结果显示诱导后血淋巴中的蛋白质无论是种类还是含量上都有所增加,经过100℃水浴加热1 min后,血淋巴条带的数量和丰度均有所增加.结论 100℃水浴加热1 min,加样量为20μl为家蝇血淋巴最佳处理效果.针刺诱导可以使家蝇血淋巴产生新的蛋白质,这些蛋白质可能是诱导产生的新的抗菌物质.

Abstract：

Objective To study the antibacterial substances produced by Musca domestica and heattreatment and electrophoresis isolation of the substances. Methods After the 3rd instar larval of Musca domestica being induced for 48 hours by pricking, the hemolymph was collected and bathed at 100 ℃ for 0,0.5,1,3,5 min. Antibacterial substances of Musca domestica was isolated by electrophoresis with acide polyacrylamide gel using 5,10,20,30 μl doses. Results 20 μl was the optimum dose both for bathed and non-bathed hemolymph. Water bath at 100 ℃ for 1 min was the optimum bath time for hemolymph. Comparing induced hemolymph with non-induced hemolymph, the protein of the induced hemolymph was increased in the number and content. After 100 ℃ bathed for 1 min,it showed that the bonds of hemolymph increased both in quantities and contents. Conclusion Optimum treatment is 100 ℃ bath for 1 min and 20 μl of adding dose. Pricking inducing can produce new proteins in hemolymph, which are the new induced antibacterial substances.     

河南蜂胶对溶壁微球菌不同pH抑菌作用研究

目的　探讨河南蜂胶在不同 pH条件下对溶壁微球菌的抑菌效果。　 方法　采用琼脂平板扩散法 ,以溶壁微球菌为实验菌种 ,将实验分为 5个不同 pH环境组 ,即设置pH 6 0、6 5、7 0、7 5、8 0不同的 pH实验组 ,每组 3次重复 ,每张滤纸片 (直径 6mm)滴加 3 1%河南蜂胶溶液 7μl,记录蜂胶在不同pH条件下对溶壁微球菌 2 4h的抑菌效果。　 结果　蜂胶在 pH 6 5、7 0、7 5、8 0不同条件下对溶壁微球菌 2 4h的抑菌环直径 (mm )分别为 :2 2 0 0± 3 46、12 67± 2 0 8、12 3 3± 2 75、12 0 0± 2 18。　结论　河南蜂胶在不同条件下对溶壁微球菌的抑菌效果不尽相同 ,随 pH增加 ,抑菌环直径逐渐变小 ,pH6 5时抑菌环直径最大 ,pH6 5组的抑菌环直径显著性大于其他各组 ,pH7 0、7 5、8 0各组间抑菌环直径无统计学差异 ,提示河南蜂胶在 pH6 5时对溶壁微球菌的抑菌活性最强 ,随pH增加 ,抑菌活性减弱。     

丝光绿蝇研究概况

丝光绿蝇属于双翅目丽蝇科丽蝇亚科,为常见的医学媒介昆虫,能机械性传播疾病,引起蝇蛆病,其尸食性特点,又使其在环境净化、法医昆虫学领域等方面有较大的应用价值。近年来,在丝光绿蝇的营养成分、诱导其幼虫产生抗菌物质及幼虫在伤口愈合中的作用等研究方面也取得了一定进展。现就国内外关于丝光绿蝇的饲养、生物学特性、实验生态学、防治和应用等方面的研究做一概述,并探讨丝光绿蝇以后的研究方向,以期为进一步研究丝光绿蝇提供帮助。     

蜂胶对金黄色葡萄球菌的抑菌作用

[目的]了解产自河南的蜂胶对金黄色葡萄球菌的抑菌作用.[方法]采用琼脂平板扩散法,将实验分为8个不同pH组（蜂胶浓度31%）,以及在pH 6.5下设置10个不同浓度组即将31%蜂胶溶液倍比稀释至0.0621%（1：512）及空白组（0%）,每组3次重复,每张滤纸片（直径6 mm）滴加蜂胶溶液7μl,记录蜂胶对金黄色葡萄球菌24h的抑菌效果.[结果]随pH增加,河南蜂胶对金黄色葡萄球菌的抑菌活性呈阶段性减弱.随浓度降低,对金黄色葡萄球菌的抑菌活力减弱,在pH 6.5下,产生抑菌环的最小浓度为0.1242%（即实验剂量为8.47μg）.[结论]河南蜂胶对金黄色葡萄球菌有明显的抑菌活性.     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.