陈旧性跟腱断裂临床治疗进展

跟腱是人体最强壮的肌腱,主要负责踝关节的跖屈活动.跟腱断裂是最常见的肌腱断裂,占所有大肌腱损伤的20％～35％[1],患者多为男性,且常见于运动性损伤.急性跟腱断裂主要是剧烈运动、锐器切割、跟腱紧缩时受到撞击所致.同时,由于伤后局部肿胀,疼痛减轻,及胫后肌、跖肌腱等代偿跖屈,跟腱断裂常被误诊,迁延为陈旧性损伤,从而延误...     

急性跟腱断裂治疗方法的研究进展

正跟腱是连接小腿三头肌和跟骨的腱性结构,由比目鱼肌和腓肠肌在远端汇合而成,是人体最大且力量最强的肌腱。近年来随着高强度体育运动的传播和盛行,急性跟腱断裂的发病率日益增加,是人体最常见的运动相关损伤之一,其主要发生于中年男性,尤其是运动员,男女比例为4.8︰1~([1])。De Angelis等~([2])的研究发现急性跟腱断裂的发病率在2001年到2012年之间明显增加,男性年发病率从0.047%增加到     

跟腱断裂合并跟腱末端病变的手术治疗

[目的]介绍跟骨结节切除带线铆钉止点重建术治疗跟腱断裂合并跟腱末端病变的手术技术。[方法]7例跟腱断裂合并跟腱末端病变患者采用跟骨结节及变性跟腱切除、带线铆钉止点重建术。术中切除足够大的跟骨骨块,切除变性坏死跟腱,对于缺损较小者(2 cm)直接行带线铆钉缝合固定于跟骨,缺损较大者(2 cm)采取腓肠肌腱V-Y延长技术及自体肌腱移植来恢复跟腱长度和维持后期踝关节功能。延长跟腱,带线铆钉跟腱止点重建,术后石膏固定4周。[结果]术后1例切口出现红肿,经伤口换药、升级抗生素后愈合。7例获6个月~2年随访,采用Arner-Lindholm评分标准,临床结果评定为优6足,良1足。所有患者踝关节背伸跖屈功能正常。[结论]跟骨结节及变性跟腱切除、带线铆钉止点重建术治疗跟腱断裂合并跟腱末端病具有较好的临床疗效,术中细致操作、足够大的骨块切除、变性坏死跟腱的切除、带线铆钉止点重建等是手术成功的关键。     

急性闭合性跟腱断裂手术治疗进展

正急性闭合性跟腱断裂常发于体育运动的中青年人,尤其在运动员中较为多见。断裂发生时,患者可自觉跟腱部撕裂样疼痛,部分可闻及断裂音。急性闭合性跟腱断裂可导致患者足跟部或踝关节后侧疼痛,踝关节跖屈困难,无法承重,运动受限,对患者日常生活造成较大影响。本文旨在讨论急性闭合性跟腱断裂的手术方法,为临床治疗急性闭合性跟腱断裂提供一定参考。1急性跟腱断裂的研究现状1.1流行病学跟腱是人体最常发生损伤的肌腱,在临床     

趾长屈肌腱和长屈肌腱移位修复陈旧性跟腱断裂

目的：探讨趾长屈肌腱、[足母]长屈肌腱移位修复陈旧性跟腱断裂的手术方法和疗效。方法：13例陈旧性跟腱断裂患者,男9例,女4例;年龄32～69岁,平均41岁;左侧8例,右5例;受伤至手术时间3～8个月,平均4.5个月。13例患者均有明确外伤史,均为闭合性损伤跟腱断裂。采用趾长屈肌腱移位修复陈旧性跟腱断裂5例,行[足母]长屈肌腱移位修复陈旧性跟腱断裂8例。结果：13例随访时间11个月～4.5年,平均2年,伤口无感染,跟腱无再断裂,踝关节活动基本正常,足背屈跖屈功能良好,未发生锤状趾畸形。按Arner-Lindholm疗效评定标准评定,优9例（[足母]长屈肌腱移位修复6例,趾长屈肌腱移位修复3例）,良3例（[足母]长屈肌腱移位修复2例,趾长屈肌腱移位修复1例）,差1例（趾长屈肌腱移位修复）。结论：采用趾长屈肌腱、[足母]长屈肌腱移位修复陈旧性跟腱断裂的手术方法,可获得良好的疗效,是较理想的治疗方法。而采用长屈肌腱移位修复陈旧性跟腱断裂更趋近于合理。     

V-Y肌腱瓣结合屈(足母)长肌腱转移治疗退变的跟腱断裂

目的 介绍V-Y肌腱瓣结合屈(足母)长肌腱转移治疗退变的跟腱断裂的术式、手术指征及疗效.方法 2003年10月至2006年5月对21例跟腱断裂采用V-Y肌腱瓣结合屈躅长肌腱转移治疗,其中采用铆钉17例,界面螺钉4例.介绍该手术方法,并根据文献和实践总结手术指征. 结果 本组所有患者获得12～18个月(平均14个月)随访.根据Arner-Lindholm疗效评价标准:优19例,良2例.术后伤口均一期愈合,随访期间跟腱无再次断裂,无伤口感染,无皮肤坏死,踝关节活动好,无僵直,无神经血管损伤.行走步态基本正常,对前足推进影响不大.该术式修复强度允许跟腱早期功能锻炼. 结论 采用V-Y肌腱瓣结合足屈(足母)长肌腱治疗跟腱断裂疗效好,该术式适用于跟腱组织退变、炎症和部分缺损(<3cm)患者,术中单纯V-Y肌腱瓣修补强度不够可采用屈(足母)长肌腱转移.     

腓骨长肌腱移位修复陈旧性跟腱断裂16例体会

跟腱断裂在小腿和足部肌腱损伤中较常见,陈旧性跟腱断裂手术修复较困难。笔者于2001年2月~2007年7月,利用腓骨长肌腱移位重建跟腱术治疗陈旧性跟腱断裂16例,取得满意效果。1临床资料1.1一般资料本组16例,男14例,女2例;年龄16~48岁。左侧4例,右侧12例;闭合性损伤15例,开放性1例;     

四股腘绳肌腱修复陈旧性跟腱断裂的临床应用

目的探讨四股腘绳肌腱修复陈旧性跟腱断裂的临床应用价值。方法对2005年7月至2009年7月收治的15例陈旧性跟腱断裂患者,取自体半腱肌腱及股薄肌腱经跟骨结节骨隧道与跟腱近断端编织缝合修复重建跟腱,观察近远期疗效。结果本组病例随访2～3年,平均28个月,按Arner-Lindhohm评定标准判定,优14例,良1例,优良率达100%。1例开放损伤继发皮肤坏死,经二期行推进皮瓣创面覆盖,无发生切口感染及再断裂等并发症。结论采用四股腘绳肌腱经跟骨隧道固定、近侧编织缝合修复陈旧性复杂性跟腱断裂,有较好的初始强度,踝关节免于石膏外固定,早期进行康复训练,临床疗效满意,是一种较好的治疗方法,值得临床推广。     

跟腱损伤误诊5例报告

本组均为闭合性损伤,男4例,女1例,年龄17～50岁,平均33岁。运动性损伤4例,均为单侧,其中完全性断裂3例,不完全性断裂1例。病理性损伤1例,为双侧,其右侧为完全断裂,左侧为不全断裂。5例患者就诊时均行患侧小腿及踝关节正侧位Ｘ线摄片,未发现异常。误诊时间:2ｄ～6月不等,平均为40ｄ。误诊疾病:踝关节扭伤2例,小腿肌肉拉伤1例,跟腱陈旧性完全断裂误诊为不完全断裂1例,跟腱腱鞘炎1例。5例均依据病史、症状、体征和Ｂ超检查而确诊。其中手术治疗4例,非手术治疗1例。讨　　论跟腱损伤是一种常见的运动性损伤,根据病史、跟腱处凹陷和空虚感、Ｔｈ…     

跟腱断裂误诊原因分析

跟腱断裂是一种比较常见的损伤 ,多发生于青壮年。正常成人跟腱长约 15ｃｍ ,起始于小腿后中部 ,止于跟骨结节后面的中点。跟腱可在三处断裂 :①在肌肉与跟腱交界处 ;②在跟腱中央 ;③在跟骨附着处。其中以在跟腱中央断裂者最多。跟腱断裂的诊断并不困难 ,但时常有误诊现象发生 ,我院及外院转来 8例误诊病人 ,现报告如下。1　临床资料1 1　一般资料　均为男性 ,年龄 18～ 46岁。均是在我院和外院误诊为小腿软组织挫伤和跟腱部分断裂治疗无效而来诊 ,经检查及手术证实为跟腱完全断裂。其中跟腱中央断裂3例 ,在跟骨附着处断裂 5例。1 2　临床…     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.