Covered stent implantation through a single 8‐french guide catheter for the management of a distal coronary perforation

Distal coronary perforation can cause early or late tamponade and is usually treated with fat or coil embolization. An alternative treatment strategy is occlusion of the ostium of the perforated vessel via implantation of a covered stent in the main vessel, which is typically achieved using the ping‐pong guide catheter technique. In this technique, a balloon is inflated over one guide catheter to stop pericardial bleeding and a covered stent is delivered through a second guide catheter due to inability to fit both a balloon and a covered stent through a single guide catheter. With development of lower profile rapid exchange covered stents, a single guide catheter can be used to both occlude the target vessel and deliver the covered stent. We describe a case of distal vessel perforation in which a balloon was inflated to stop pericardial bleeding, followed by delivery of a covered stent (Graftmaster, Abbott Vascular) through a single 8‐Fr guide catheter. This “block and deliver” technique represents a novel paradigm for treating coronary perforations through a single guide catheter, obviating the need for the ping‐pong guide catheter technique. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

Novel approach to coronary artery perforation repair

Coronary artery perforation (CAP) during percutaneous coronary intervention is a rare but serious complication. Treatment options of CAP include prolonged balloon inflation, covered stent, and coil embolization. Although most cases of CAP can be treated with prolonged balloon inflation, some cases, especially Ellis grade III CAP require covered stents or coiling. Covered stents may require a large bore guide catheter and have a high rate of restenosis, which can be a limiting factor in patients with severe peripheral arterial disease. Coil embolization is generally used in distal CAP because coiling in the proximal vessels results in a large territory of infarction. We present a case of an Ellis grade III CAP during rotational atherectomy successfully treated with a novel coiling technique whereby the thrombogenic coil extends through the perforation outside of the vessel, and the intraarterial portion of the coil is excluded from the lumen by drug‐eluting stent placement over the proximal portion of the coil.     

Management of guidewire‐induced distal coronary perforation using autologous fat particles versus coil embolization

Distal coronary perforation is a rare, yet potentially lethal complication of percutaneous coronary intervention. Early recognition and treatment remains critical in preventing potentially life‐threatening adverse outcomes, such as cardiac tamponade. The most commonly used strategies for treating distal perforation are fat and coil embolization. We present two cases of guidewire‐induced distal coronary perforation and discuss the advantages and disadvantages of coil vs. fat embolization. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

Trapping as retrieval technique to resolve a ruptured and entrapped coronary balloon catheter

A 69 year old male, with a previous percutaneous revascularization of the mid‐circumflex with a bare metal stent in 2007 was admitted to our centre for unstable angina. The angiography showed a severely calcified coronary tree with a functionally severe plaque on the proximal left anterior descending artery (LAD) and a critical focal lesion on the proximal right coronary artery. After a high pressure predilation on the proximal LAD, the balloon ruptured causing a retrograde LAD‐left main (LM) dissection that was rapidly sealed with three overlapping zotarolimus‐eluting stents from medial LAD to LM. We then used a new non‐compliant balloon for successive aggressive postdilation. After a difficult handling, when the balloon catheter was pulled out of the body and we realized that the tip and membranous part of the balloon‐catheter was separated from the rest, and entangled at the LM. After a first approach to retrieve the dislodged balloon with a snare, the ruptured balloon was successfully removed by trapping and withdrawing the whole system, including the guiding catheter and the wire.     

Bailout polytetrafluoroethylene‐covered stent implantation for left main bifurcation perforation using the kissing stent technique

Coronary artery perforation during percutaneous coronary intervention is a rare, but potentially lethal complication. Immediate balloon expansion at the perforation site can halt the bleeding. Implantation of a coronary polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)‐covered stent enables the efficient endovascular repair of a coronary artery perforation. However, if the perforation occurs at a bifurcation, a PTFE‐covered stent may jail the side branch. We report a difficult case of blowout coronary perforation (Ellis type III) at a left main coronary artery bifurcation, which was successfully sealed with a PTFE‐covered stent without interference with the side branch coronary artery circulation. This new strategy might represent a useful salvage option for some patients with a coronary bifurcation perforation. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

Successful management of a distal vessel perforation through a single 8‐French guide catheter: Combining balloon inflation for bleeding control with coil embolization

Coronary perforation is an infrequent, but serious complication of percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), and is more likely to occur with complex (such as chronic total occlusion) PCI and use of atheroablative devices. For main vessel perforations, the “dual catheter” technique is usually employed in which a balloon is delivered over the first guide catheter to stop bleeding, whereas the covered stent is delivered through a second guide catheter. This is required because the large profile of the currently commercially available covered stents precludes fitting within even an 8‐French guide together with a balloon. However, coil embolization for distal artery wire perforation and collateral vessel perforation can be achieved through a microcatheter that can fit along with a balloon within an 8‐French guide catheter, obviating the need for a second guide catheter. We describe a case in which a distal artery wire perforation was successfully treated using a single 8‐French guide catheter. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

Distal balloon deflation technique: A new method to facilitate entry of balloon catheter,stent, and guiding catheter to distal lesion

We occasionally encountered difficult cases of balloon and stent delivery to the distal lesion because of narrow stent strut, severe calcification, or tortuosity of the proximal section. We describe a new technique to deliver balloon, stent, and guiding catheter to the distal lesion using a distal balloon deflation. This technique offers a potential alternative for cases in which the delivery of balloon and stent is difficult. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.     

Coronary perforation during percutaneous coronary intervention in the era of abciximab platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa blockade: an algorithm for percutaneous management.

Coronary perforation is an uncommon but potentially life-threatening complication of percutaneous coronary intervention. The use of both atheroablative technologies for coronary intervention and adjunctive platelet glycoprotein blockade pharmacology may increase the incidence of or risk for life-threatening bleeding complications following the occurrence of coronary artery perforation. The interventional database for 6,214 percutaneous coronary interventions performed between January 1995 and June 1999 was analyzed. Hospital charts and cine angiograms for all patients identified in the database as having had coronary perforation were reviewed. Coronary perforation complicated 0.58% of all procedures and was more commonly observed in patients with a history of congestive heart failure and following use of atheroablative interventional technologies (2.8%). There was no association of abciximab therapy with either the incidence of or classification for coronary perforation. Adverse clinical outcomes (death, emergency surgical exploration) were related to the angiographic classification of perforation and were more frequently observed in patients who experienced a class 3 coronary perforation. These data suggest that specific clinical and procedural demographic factors are associated with the occurrence and severity of angiographic coronary perforation. An angiographic perforation class-specific algorithm for treatment of coronary perforation is proposed.     

Modified subintimal transcatheter withdrawal: A novel technique for hematoma decompression to facilitate distal reentry during coronary chronic total occlusion recanalization

A controlled antegrade dissection and reentry technique is the most commonly employed crossing strategy for long coronary chronic total occlusions. The development of compressive hematoma is a recognized complication and results in the impairment of distal vessel visualization and hinders successful reentry attempts. We describe a novel technique utilizing a widely available microcatheter to decompress the subintimal hematoma to restore distal visualization and allow successful reentry.     

Modified dual guide catheter (“ping‐pong”) technique to treat left internal mammary artery graft perforation

Perforation of a left internal mammary artery (LIMA) graft during percutaneous coronary intervention is a rare event. We report a case of mid‐LIMA perforation treated by a polytetrafluoroethylene‐covered stent using a modification of the dual catheter (“ping pong”) technique. We propose that use of this modification when possible will further improve safety of treating a perforation. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

Hairpin‐trap: A novel stent retrieval technique

We report a novel technique for retrieving lost stents or other equipment from the intravascular space. A hairpin is formed at the distal part of a 0.014 inch coronary guidewire, inserted through the Touhy valve, and used to “hook” the lost stent. The distal tip of the wire is then pulled back into the guiding catheter, where it is trapped by a balloon, forming a “hairpin‐trap.” The entire system is subsequently withdrawn. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.     

带膜支架对老年冠状动脉介入治疗术中冠状动脉穿孔患者的疗效

目的评价带膜支架治疗经皮冠状动脉介入治疗（PCI）术中发生冠状动脉穿孔老年患者的疗效。方法从2004年6月至2011年6月,本中心共对8例PCI术中发生冠状动脉穿孔后植入带膜支架的老年患者进行了1年随访,观察其主要心脏不良事件（MACE）发生率。结果8例患者中男4例,女4例,年龄65±76岁,平均（70．4±4．1）岁。植入带膜支架直径平均（3．2±O．3）mm,长度平均（21．0±3．4）mm,所有患者破口均被成功封闭,术中无死亡病例。随访1年,1例急性前壁心肌梗死患者术后19天因肺部感染导致多器官功能衰竭而死亡,其余患者均无心绞痛发作。随访期间死亡率为12．5％（1／8）,MACE发生率为12．5％（1／8）。结论带膜支架治疗老年冠状动脉穿孔能达到较好的近期和远期疗效。     

Perforation of the sinus of Valsalva by guiding catheter during the percutaneous coronary intervention via the right transradial approach: A very unusual complication

Iatrogenic dissection of the sinus of Valsalva or of the ascending aorta is a rare but potentially fatal event, during the percuteneous coronary intervention (PCI). We reported a case of perforation of the sinus of Valsalva by guiding catheter during PCI via the right transradial approach (TRA) successfully managed and sealed without any sequelae. The choice of guiding catheter into the right TRA should be done carefully and its manipulation should be performed with caution in the coronary artery and in the sinus of Valsalva. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

A novel percutaneous coronary intervention technique for chronic total occlusion: Contralateral angiography with a single guiding catheter

We report two successful cases with a new percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) technique to treat chronic total occlusion (CTO) by using contra‐lateral coronary angiography with a single guiding catheter (GC) safely. Firstly, a GC was inserted into the coronary artery supplying collaterals and a microcatheter was inserted into the distal side of the coronary artery. Then, the GC was retroflexed and engaged in the targeted coronary artery with CTO. While the contra‐lateral coronary artery was visualized by injection through a microcatheter, a guide wire was controlled and passed through the CTO lesion. Two sheaths insertion were necessary to perform contra‐lateral angiography in CTO PCI. This new technique makes it possible to perform safe contra‐lateral angiography with a single sheath and a single GC. It could reduce vascular access complication rates. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

Use of “super‐glue” to seal a perforation during chronic total occlusion coronary intervention and the potential to “unglue” it

Coronary perforation remains a dreaded complication of chronic total occlusion (CTO) percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). We present a case of successful CTO recanalization complicated by a perforation treated by n‐butyl‐cyanoacrylate (medical “super‐glue”). We also present an in vitro experiment showing that a glue plug in a plastic tube can acutely be passed by a low tip load guide wire and undergo balloon angioplasty recreating a lumen. These results suggest that n‐butyl‐cyanoacrylate glue may be an alternative for treating perforation during CTO PCI with the possibility of recanalizing the vessel through the glue plug at a later time.     

Coronary artery perforation during coronary angioplasty

In one patient percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty was complicated by coronary artery perforation of the left anterior descending coronary artery with light pericardial effusion. The outcome was favorable without either pericardiocentesis or emergency surgery.     

A novel stenting technique for coronary artery bifurcation stenosis

A novel stenting technique, using one stent strategy, designed to treat type Medina 1,0,0 coronary bifurcation lesions, is described. The atherosclerotic plaque burden in this category of bifurcation lesions is located in the proximal segment of the main branch (MB) of a coronary bifurcation in which the side branch has a sharp angulation (T‐ or reverse‐shaped) relative to the MB. The advantages of this technique are the accurate placement of the stent tailored to cover solely the bifurcation lesion, shoving the plaque burden away from the side branch ostium during stent expansion and the ability to maintain guide wire access in the branch at highest risk of occlusion obviating the need for more cumbersome and time consuming percutaneous coronary intervention procedure. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.     

A novel buddy balloon technique to recross a T‐stented bifurcation

The T technique is not uncommonly used to stent bifurcation lesions. It requires recrossing into the side branch with a guidewire and balloon to perform final Kissing Balloon dilations, but recrossing can be difficult. We describe a case of bifurcation stenting where balloon recrossing following guidewire placement into the side branch proved very challenging, and was finally achieved via a combination of forward pressure on a low‐profile balloon with its tip wedged at the stent struts along with simultaneous low‐pressure inflation of a larger parallel balloon. This altered the stent architecture and also allowed for a more favorable vector of force transmission to allow recrossing and hence successful completion of the procedure. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.     

“Armored” aspiration catheter technique to enhance aspiration catheter delivery in challenging thrombus‐containing lesions

Use of aspiration catheters can improve the outcomes of percutaneous coronary interventions in thrombus‐containing lesions, yet delivery of such catheters may be difficult, especially in tortuous and calcified vessels and when guide catheter support is poor. We report two cases demonstrating successful application of a novel “armored” aspiration catheter technique, in which a 0.035 inch guidewire is inserted via the aspiration lumen to render the aspiration catheter stiffer and facilitate delivery to the target vessel thrombotic segment. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.