肺气肿兔膈肌力学模式对慢性超低频复合生理频率电刺激的适应性改变

目的研究不同频率慢性电刺激(CES)后肺气肿模型兔膈肌力学模式适应性变化,以了解慢性超低频电刺激对肺气肿兔膈肌力学特征的影响.方法采用木瓜蛋白酶雾化吸入法建立兔肺气肿模型;测定正常对照组、肺气肿组和肺气肿CES组膈肌颤搐收缩张力(Pt)、强直颤搐收缩张力(Po)、峰值张力时间(TPT)、1/2松弛时间(1/2Rt)、疲劳指数(FI)和疲劳恢复指数(FRI).结果①同正常对照组比较,肺气肿组Pt、Po降低(P＜0.01),TPT、1/2Rt延长(P＜0.01),FI、FRI增加(P＜0.01).②同肺气肿组比较,40 Hz和(2.5 40)Hz组Pt、Po明显增加(P＜0.01),TPT、1/2Rt明显缩短(P＜0.01),10 Hz组结果则相反(P＜0.05).40Hz、(2.5 40)Hz、10 Hz组FI、FRI明显下降(P＜0.01).③(2.5 40)Hz组与40 Hz组比较,Pt、Po、TPT、1/2Rt无显著统计学差异(P＞0.05),FI、FRI下降(P＜0.01).结论超低频复合生理频率慢性电刺激[(2.5 40)Hz]可显著提高肺气肿兔的膈肌收缩力,较生理频率慢性电刺激(40 Hz)能使肺气肿兔膈肌抗疲劳能力得到更明显的提高.     

细辛脑对斑马鱼胚胎发育及运动行为的影响

目的：研究细辛脑对斑马鱼胚胎发育及运动行为的影响。方法以受精后3h（hpf）斑马鱼胚胎为实验模型,分别暴露于不同浓度（25、50、100、200和400μmol/L）细辛脑溶液中,以不加细辛脑为对照组,每隔24 h更换1次细辛脑溶液,分别在24、48、72和96 hpf等时间点用显微镜观察班马鱼胚胎发育形态,记录24 hpf胚胎自主抽动次数,48 hpf心率、畸形率和死亡率,72和96 hpf孵化率和死亡率,利用RT-qPCR检测96 hpf斑马鱼胚胎Sepn1基因表达情况,采用Noldus斑马鱼幼鱼行为视频跟踪系统评价细辛脑暴露对幼鱼运动行为的影响。结果细辛脑各实验组斑马鱼胚胎自主抽动次数随浓度增加而降低,100、200和400μmol/L组与对照组相比有极显著性统计学差异（P＜0.01）;细辛脑各实验组斑马鱼48 hpf心率显著降低,与对照组相比均有显著统计学差异（P＜0.01）;72和96 hpf斑马鱼幼鱼出现了脊柱弯曲、心包水肿、卵黄囊水肿等畸形形态;与对照组相比,100、200和400μmol/L组96 hpf孵化率均下降,具有显著性统计学差异（P＜0.01）;与对照组相比,400μmol/L组死亡率降低,有统计学差异（P＜0.05）;随着细辛脑浓度增加,96 hpf斑马鱼幼鱼运动速度和距离明显减小,200和400μmol/L组与对照组相比均有统计学差异（P＜0.05）;同时200和400μmol/L浓度组活跃度降低,与对照组相比具有显著差异（P＜0.01）;96 hpf时,细辛脑各浓度组胚胎Sepn1基因表达下降,其中100μmol/L组与对照组相比有统计学差异（P＜0.05）,而200和400μmol/L组与对照组相比差异更显著（P＜0.01）。结论细辛脑对斑马鱼胚胎和幼鱼有致畸作用,并且影响其运动行为,建议婴幼儿慎用细辛脑。     

短期预康复对老年肺叶切除患者吸气肌肌力和肺功能的影响

目的：探讨术前预康复对行肺叶切除术老年患者吸气肌肌力和肺功能的影响。方法：选择60岁以上行肺叶切除术患者46例,随机分成预康复组和对照组各23例。术前对照组仅接受常规术前宣教,预康复组在对照组的基础上接受预康复训练。两组患者在入院时及手术前1天分别接受吸气肌肌力和肺功能测试,观察术后带管时间、住院时间及并发症发生率。结果：两组患者入院时吸气肌肌力指数及肺功能比较,差异均无统计学意义（P>0.05）。术前预康复组吸气肌肌力指数86.65±18.00 cmH2O、吸气量3.03±0.78 L、PEF 400.78±92.83 L/min、FEV1 1.62±0.36 L,分别高于入院时73.36±17.69 cmH2O、2.47±0.83 L、379.04±86.51 L/min和1.52±0.35 L,差异均有统计学意义（P<0.01）。对照组术前吸气肌肌力指数81.41±17.00 cmH2O,高于入院时75.19±18.74 cmH2O,差异有统计学意义（P<0.001）,而吸气量、FEV1、PEF与入院时比较,差异均无统计学意义（P>0.05）。预康复组吸气...     

高同型半胱氨酸血症与短暂性脑缺血发作及预后的关系

目的：探讨高同型半胱氨酸（ Hcy）血症与短暂性脑缺血发作（ TIA）和患者预后的关系。方法选取确诊治疗的120例TIA患者（ TIA组）和80例脑梗死患者（脑梗死组）,选取同期体检中心120例健康体检者作为对照组,采用酶联免疫吸附法检测3组的血清Hcy 水平,根据Hcy水平进一步将TIA患者分为Hcy≥15.0μmol／L组和＜15.0μmol／L组,随访1年,比较TIA及脑梗死事件,采用logistic回归分析TIA发作的相关危险因素。结果 TIA组和脑梗死组血清Hcy水平分别为（15.65±2.65）μmol／L和（16.88±3.67）μmol／L,均明显高于对照组,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）,TIA组与脑梗死组间比较差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）;脑血管疾病的发生发展与高Hcy、高血压、高血脂等因素有关,差异有统计学意义（ P＜0.05）;logistic回归分析显示高Hcy、高血压、高血脂是TIA发病的独立危险因素（OR＝1.65,OR＝3.22,OR＝4.15,P＜0.05）;Hcy≥15.0μmol／L的TIA患者1年内再发TIA和脑梗死、发作持续时间≥30 min的比例均明显高于Hcy＜15.0μmol／L者,差异有统计学意义（ P＜0.05）。结论高Hcy与TIA复发次数、持续时间均密切相关,血清Hcy升高提示患者预后较差。     

胰岛素泵强化治疗对中期糖尿病肾病尿蛋白的影响

目的 观察不同胰岛素给药方法对中期糖尿病肾病尿蛋白的影响.方法 将98例中期糖尿病肾病患者随机分为胰岛素泵治疗组（A）、胰岛素笔治疗组（B）和口服药物组（C）,A组予诺和灵R胰岛素泵持续皮下注射控制血糖,B组应用诺和灵R3餐前皮下注射控制血糖,C组应用瑞格列奈1～2mg tid po治疗,4周后观察疗效,比较3组治疗前后24h尿微量白蛋白排泄率（UAER）、肌酐（Cr）的变化.结果 A组治疗后UAER较治疗前差异有统计学意义（P＜0.001）,治疗后UAER小于200μg/min的例数明显增多（P＜0.001）,肌肝（Cr）差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）,但治疗后肌肝（Cr）小于100μmol/L的例数明显增加（P＜0.05）.B组治疗后（UAER）较治疗前差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）,但治疗后UAER小于200μg/min的例数增多,较治疗前差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）,CR组间数值与例数差异都无统计学意义（P＞0.05）.C组治疗后（UAER）较治疗前无明显差异（P＞0.05）,治疗后UAER小于200μg/min的例数亦无明显增多（P＞0.05）,肌肝（Cr）组间数值与例数差异都无统计学意义（P＞0.05）.结论 胰岛素强化治疗能降低中期患者尿微量白蛋白,而胰岛素泵应用效果更为理想.药物对降低中期患者尿微量白蛋白无效果.     

促红细胞生成素对阿霉素致大鼠膈肌损伤的保护作用

目的:探讨促红细胞生成素(erythropoietin,EPO)对阿霉素致大鼠膈肌损伤的保护作用。方法:雄性SD大鼠30只,随机均分为对照组、模型组、EPO组。应用离体灌流大鼠膈肌肌条方法,分别测量单收缩张力(Pt)、最大强直张力(Po)、峰值收缩时间(CT)、半舒张时间(1/2RT)、张力最大上升速率(+dT/dtmax)、张力最大下降速率(-dT/dtmax)、张力-频率曲线变化,同时测定膈肌组织超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活力和丙二醛(MDA)的含量。电镜观察膈肌细胞超微结构变化。结果:模型组大鼠膈肌Pt、Po、+dT/dtmax、-dT/dtmax均明显低于对照组(P0.01),EPO组大鼠膈肌的Pt、Po、+dT/dtmax、-dT/dtmax与对照组差异均无统计学意义(P0.05)。模型组的CT、1/2RT均明显长于对照组及EPO组(P0.01)。予10、20、40、60、100 Hz频率的方波电压刺激膈肌时,模型组大鼠膈肌张力均明显低于对照组和EPO组(P0.01)。与对照组比较,模型组大鼠膈肌组织的SOD活力明显降低,MDA含量明显升高(P0.01),EPO组的SOD活力提高,MDA含量与对照组比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。电镜显示阿霉素导致膈肌细胞肌纤维肿胀,线粒体空泡化,EPO改善阿霉素造成的损伤。结论:阿霉素导致大鼠膈肌氧自由基生成增多,清除减少,收缩功能减低;EPO对阿霉素所致的膈肌损伤有保护作用。     

连续性与间歇性肾替代疗法治疗肾衰竭临床对比分析

目的：对肾衰竭患者给予连续性和间歇性肾替代疗法的效果。方法选取肾衰竭患者86例,随机分为2组,各43例。对照组行间歇性肾替代疗法治疗,观察组行连续性肾替代疗法治疗,对比2组临床治疗效果。结果观察组治疗有效率为95.35%,高于对照组的76.74%,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）;观察组治疗后Scr、BUN分别为（401.02±138.32）μmol/L、（19.30±4.51）mmol/L,低于对照组,Ccr、β2-MG分别为（23.79±10.93）μmol/L、（27.98±7.64）mg/L,高于对照组,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）;观察组治疗后平均动脉压和心率分别为（101.1±20.2）mmHg、（88.4±12.5）次/min,低于对照组,中心静脉压为（15.7±7.5）mmHg,高于对照组,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。结论连续性肾替代疗法治疗肾衰竭患者可明显提高临床疗效,改善肝肾功能,减轻临床症状,降低平均动脉压和心率。     

N-甲基-D-天门冬氨酸对离体培养人海马神经干细胞增殖的影响

目的研究N-甲基-D-天门冬氨酸（NMDA）对离体培养的人胚胎海马神经干细胞（NSCs）增殖的影响。方法取胎龄8～12周人胚脑海马,分离、培养、传代、鉴定NSCs,取传代培养的NSCs随机分为以下5组：对照组、1μmol/L NMDA组、10μmol/L NMDA组、30μmol/L NMDA组、100μmol/L NMDA组。每组取8孔,对照组使用正常培养基培养,各NMDA组加入不同剂量的NMDA,放在培养箱中继续培养。各组细胞分别在3 d、7 d和12 d后采用MTT法测定吸光度（A）值。结果在NMDA作用3 d和7 d时,100μmol/L NMDA组的A值显著高于对照组（均P〈0.05）;其他各组与对照组相比,以及不同浓度NMDA组间相比,差异均无统计学意义（均P〉0.05）。NMDA作用12 d时,30μmol/L和100μmol/L NMDA组的A值显著高于对照组（均P〈0.05）;其他各组与对照组相比以及不同浓度NMDA组间相比,差异均无统计学意义（均P〉0.05）。结论一定条件下NMDA可以促进离体培养人胚胎海马NSCs增殖。     

糖尿病大鼠膈肌功能损伤及钙调控蛋白基因表达的改变

目的研究糖尿病大鼠膈肌功能及钙调控蛋白基因表达的变化,探讨糖尿病大鼠膈肌功能损伤的发生机制。方法使用链
脲佐菌素建立糖尿病大鼠模型,SD大鼠随机分为糖尿病组（随机血糖≥16.7 mmol/L）和正常对照组,造模后4周、8周测定大鼠
体质量和膈肌/体质量比值,生化指标检测各组大鼠空腹血糖和膈肌组织线粒体琥珀酸脱氢酶（SDH）活性;应用体外灌流大鼠
膈肌条的方法,测定单收缩张力、最大强直张力、峰值收缩时间、半舒张时间、张力-频率曲线,电镜观察大鼠膈肌超微结构,采用
RT-PCR检测大鼠膈肌肌质网钙泵（SERCA）和受磷蛋白（PLB）mRNA表达。结果（1）与正常对照组相比,糖尿病大鼠体质量和
膈肌质量/体质量比值均明显降低（P<0.01）,膈肌组织SDH的活性显著降低（P<0.01）;（2）在给予大鼠膈肌条10、20、40、60、
100 Hz刺激时,糖尿病大鼠膈肌在各频率下的收缩张力明显低于正常对照组（P<0.01）;膈肌力学指标单收缩张力和最大强直张
力明显降低,峰值收缩时间和半舒张时间明显延长（P<0.01）;（3）超微结构显示糖尿病组大鼠膈肌组织损伤明显,肌纤维断裂,
肌质网扩张,线粒体水肿,数目减少,脊断裂,空泡化或囊泡化,同时可见随病程延长膈肌损伤明显加重;（4）RT-PCR结果提示：
与正常对照组相比,糖尿病组大鼠膈肌SERCA mRNA表达均明显降低（P<0.01）,糖尿病大鼠膈肌SERCA mRNA表达8周组比
4周组明显降低（P<0.01）,糖尿病大鼠膈肌PLB mRNA表达显著增强（P<0.01）。结论糖尿病大鼠膈肌超微结构受到破坏,线
粒体损伤和数目减少,线粒体SDH活性降低,ATP生成减少,膈肌组织SERCA mRNA表达减少和PLB mRNA表达增强,引起
膈肌肌质网摄取Ca2+减少,促成膈肌收缩和舒张功能损伤。
     

姜黄素抑制刺猬信号诱导小细胞肺癌细胞凋亡

目的：探讨姜黄素对小细胞肺癌NCI- H446细胞的作用及可能机制。方法不同浓度（5、10、15μmol/L）的姜黄素作用于小细胞肺癌NCI- H446细胞后,采用MTT法检测细胞增殖,流式细胞仪检测细胞凋亡,Western blot技术检测索尼克刺猬信号（Shh）、脑胶质瘤相关癌基因1（Gli1）的表达水平。结果不同浓度的姜黄素与小细胞肺癌NCI- H446细胞共培养后,浓度为15μmol/L的姜黄素能明显抑制NCI- H446细胞的增殖。与其余各组相比,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.01）。小细胞肺癌NCI- H446细胞经姜黄素处理后,姜黄素15μmol/L与其余各组比较,细胞凋亡率的差异有统计学意义（P＜0.01）。经姜黄素（15μmol/L）处理的NCI- H446细胞,Shh和Gli1表达均明显降低,与对照组相比,差异均有统计学意义（P＜0.01）。结论姜黄素能通过抑制刺猬信号通路,抑制小细胞肺癌细胞的增殖,诱导其凋亡。     

Value of D-Dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection

Objective: To evaluatel the value of D-dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection (AAD). Methods: This study consisted of 16 patients with AAD and 27 non-AAD patients. Serum D-dimets were measured by Sta-Liatest D-DI immunoturbidimetric assay. Results: D-dimer level was higher (P ＜ 0.001) in patients with AAD(7.91 ± 5.52 μg/ml) than that in non- AAD group(1.57±1.24 μg/ml). D-dimer was positive (＞0.4 μg/ml) in all patients with AAD and in 10 control group patients (37%). Among patients with acute AAD, D-dimers tended to be higher in Stanford A than in Stanford B (8.67 ± 4.31 μg/ml vs. 3.24±1.27 μg/ml, P ＜0.01). D-dimer values tended to be higher in more extended disease(3.84 ± 1.65 μg/ml, 8.57 ± 3.58 μg/ml and 11.87 ± 5.69 μg/ml in thoracic aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta and iliacal arteries, respectively, P ＜ 0.05 for both 8.57 ± 3.58 and 11.87 ± 5.69 vs. 3.84 ± 1.65 ). Including the control group into the analysis, we found a sensitivity of 100%, a negative predictive value of 100%, and a specificity of 66% and a positive predictive value of 64% for D-dimer in diagnosis of AAD in our patients with suspected AAD. Conclusion: D-dimer was elevated in patients with AAD. A negative D-dimer test result could be useful in excluding AAD.     

Research of combined liver-kidney transplantation model in rats

Objective： To set up a simple and reliable rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation. Methods： SD rats served as both donors and recipients. 4℃ sodium lactate Ringer＇s was infused from portal veins to donated livers,and from abdominal aorta to donated kidneys, respectively. Anastomosis of the portal vein and the inferior vena cava （IVC） inferior to the right kidney between the graft and the recipient was performed by a double cuff method, then the superior hepatic vena cava with suture. A patch of donated renal artery was anastomosed to the recipient abdominal aorta. The urethra and bile duct were reconstructed with a simple inside bracket. Results： Among 65 cases of combined liver-kidney transplantation, the success rate in the late 40 cases was 77.5%. The function of the grafted liver and kidney remained normal. Conclusion： This rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation can be established in common laboratory conditions with high success rate and meet the needs of renal transplantation experiment.     

BLOOD PRESSURE CHANGE WITH AGE IN SALT-SENSITIVE TEENAGERS

Objective To observe blood pressure change with age in salt-sensitive teenagers whose salt sensitivity were determined by repeated testing.Methods Salt sensitivity was determined through intravenous infusion of normal saline combined with volume-depletion by oral diuretic furosemide in 55 teenagers. After five years, salt sensitivity was re-examined and subject blood pressure was followed up. Blood pressure changes in salt-sensitive teenagers were compared to that of non-salt sensitive teenagers over five years.Results After 5 years, the repetition rate of salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading is 92.7%. In teenagers with salt sensitivity on the baseline, both the systolic blood pressure increments and increment rates were much higher than non-salt sensitive teenagers (12.7±12.1 mmHg vs. 2.8±5.2 mmHg, P＜ 0.01; 12.2%± 12.0% vs. 2.5% ±4.4%, P＜ 0.001,respectively). There was a similar trend for diastolic blood pressure (8.4 ± 6.4 mmHg vs. 3.7 ± 6.4 mmHg, P = 0.052; 13.2% ±10.6 % vs. 6.8%± 10.1%, P = 0.053, respectively).Conclusions Salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading showed good reproducibility. Blood pressure increments with age were much higher in salt-sensitive teenagers than non-salt sensitive teenagers, especially in terms of systolic blood pressure.     

安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术后生活质量影响的研究

目的：评价使用安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术（PPCI）术后生活质量的影响.方法：将160例接受PPCI的急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者随机分为安心颗粒组（术前顿服安心颗粒8.8g,术后安心颗粒4.4 g/次,每日2次）和对照组（仅接受基础药物治疗）.所有患者均服用阿司匹林、氯吡格雷和阿托伐他汀.分别在入院时、出院前1d、出院后180 d时,应用心肌梗死多维度量表（MIDAS）、中文版SF-36评价量表对患者生活质量评分.并观察术后30 d以内的出血并发症、血小板减少症发生情况.结果：入院时和出院前1d,两组患者的心肌梗死MIDAS、SF-36量表评分比较无差异（P＞0.05）;出院后180 d时,与对照组比较,安心颗粒组MIDAS、SF-36评分明显减低（P＜0.05）;组内与入院时比较,两组出院前1d、出院后180 d时,MIDAS、SF-36评分均降低（P＜0.05）.两组患者在随访期间均无大量出血、少量出血、重度和极重度血小板减少症发生,安心颗粒组有4例、对照组有7例发生不明显出血（P＞0.05）.两组发生轻度血小板减少症的患者数比较无差异（P＞0.05）.结论：PPCI使用安心颗粒,能改善急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者的生活质量,且不增加出血风险.     

The comparative studies of the influences of Urapidil and Nicardipine on sino-atrial node function, atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics

Objective:To investigate the influences of urapidil and nicardipine on rabbit sinus function,atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics.Methods:Thirty-two Angora's rabbits were selected and randomly divided into four groups.U1 group:urapidil 0.25 mg/kg;U2 group:urapidil 0.5 mg/kg;N1 group:nicardipine 10 μg/kg;N2 group:nicardipine 20 μg/kg.All these medicine were administrated within 30 seconds.Measurements were taken before and after the administration of urapidil or nicardipine for the following data:mean blood pressure(MAP),heart rate(HR),sino-atrial conduction time(SACT),maximal sinoatrial recovery time(SNRTmax)corrected sinus node recovery time(CSNRT),index of sinus node recovery time(SNRTI),Wenckebach A-V conduction frequency (WB),and P-R interval.Results:Significant MAP and HR changes were identified in all of the four groups before and after administration of both urapidil and nicardipine.No significant changes could be found in the rest of the parameters.Intergroup analysis showed that SACT and CSNRT of N1 and N2 groups were shorter than those of the U2 group(P＜0.01);the MAP decreased(P＜0.01)and the HR increased drastically(P＜0.01).Conclusions:Neither urapidil(0.25 mg/kg,0.5 mg/kg)nor nicardipine(10μg/kg,20μg/kg)has any significant influence on rabbit sinus function or rabbit atrio-ventricular node function.Nicardipine could be a better choice than urapidil for parafunctional sinus node patients.     

Expression of OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the patients of hip fracture due to osteoporosis

Objective：To investigate the gene expression of osteoprotegerin（OPG） and osteoclast differentiation factor（ODF） in the bone tissue of patients with hip fracture due to osteoporosis. Methods：OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the bone tissue in 50 cases of osteoporosis sufferers（over 50 years old） with hip fracture（Observer Group） and 30 cases of hip facture sufferers with no osteoporosis（Control group） were analyzed with the Semi-Quantitative RT-PCR method. Results：The mRNA expressed of ODF, OPG were both high in the patients with hip fracture. In the control group, the expression of OPG mRNA was observed, while the expression of ODF mRNA was very slight. Conclusion：Aged patients contained all signals including OPG, ODF that are essential for inducing osteoclastogenesis and promoting bone resorption.     

Dynamic Changes in Serum Estradiol and Progesterone levels in Patients of Premenstrual Syndrome with Adverse Flow of Liver-qi

Objective:To probe into the influence of changes of ovarian hormones on the pathogenesis of the specific sub-type premenstrual syndrome(PMS)and reveal partial microcosmic mechanisms of adverse flow of liver-qi.Methods:Estradiol(E2)and progesterone(P)levels in serum were determined at different phases of menstrual cycle by radioimmunoassay.Results:In the group of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.the secretive peak value Of E2 and P at the follicular phase significantly decreased,and the secretive peak value at the luteal phase did not come into being.Conclusions:Low E2 and P secretive peak at the follicular phase and absence of secretive peak at the luteal phase is one of the microcosmic mechanisms of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.One of the pathophysiologic mechanisms of specific sub-type PMS is probably the continuous low level of E2and P.     

Real-time Three-dimensional Echocardiography in Assessment of Left Ventricular and Right Ventricular Volumes

Real-time three-dimensional echocardiography (RT3DE)is a new ultrasound technique that enables dynamic threedimensional visualization and quantification of the heart in real time. Investigation of feasibility and methodology of RT3DE in determining left ventricular (LV) and right ventricular (RV) volumes, RT3DE was performed in 35 normal adults using Philips SONOS 7500 system with a 2-4 MHz matrix array transducer. The 60°×60° "pyramid" volume database was obtained and analyzed on a TomTec echo workstation. Both LV and RV volumes were calculated with four 3DE methods (i.e. apical 2, 4, 8, and 16-plane) through manually tracing ventricular endocardial borders in end diastole and end systole. Stroke volumes were then calculated. LV volume was also measured by 2DE Simpson's rule using GE VIVID 7 ultrasound machine.     

SCREENING FOR A 21-CHROMOSOME ABNORMALITY IN PREIMPLANTED EMBRYOS OF ELDERLY WOMEN

Increasing maternal age is the only etiological factor unequivocally linked to Down's syndrome in humans. The occurrence rate of newborns with Down's syndrome is about 1/220 in women over 35 years old. However, the occurrence rate in embryos fertilized in vitro, of the elder woman is unclear. Using FISH we screened the number of chromosome 21 in preimplanted embryos of 5 elderly women (average age, 38.4 years) to study the feasibility and necessity of screening trisomy 21 in embryos in patients over 35 years old at the in vitro fertilization (IVF) center.     

Scientific principles and rigorous processes should be followed in developing clinical guidelines for therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine

A clinical guideline for the therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine may be defined as a written document which states a series of recommendations on therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine for a special disease or condition. The guideline may provide assistance to medical professionals in making clinical decisions aimed at improving the clinical outcome of patients and reducing the costs of medical care（~＇4~. Recommendations issued by a guideline should be based on the best available evidence in both Western and Chinese medicine. For fulfilling this purpose, the development of clinical guidelines for therapeutic interventions in the field of integrative medicine should follow scientific principles and undergo a rigorous processes.