NO 、NOS、SOD及氧自由基在分泌性中耳炎中耳积液和血清中的表达及意义

目的：探讨一氧化氮(nitric oxide，NO)、一氧化氮合酶(nitric oxide synthase，NOS)、超氧化物歧化酶(superoxide dismutase，SOD)及氧自由基在分泌性中耳炎(secretory otitis media，SOM)发病机制中的作用。方法：对实验性SOM和SOM患者中耳积液和血清中NO、NOS、SOD及氧自由基进行检测，并比较单纯应用抗生素与NO合成抑制荆 抗氧化荆 抗生素治疗SOM后血清中各指标的变化情况。结果：实验性SOM和SOM患者血清中NO、NOS、SOD、MDA含量均明显高于正常对照组。鼓室积液中NO、NOS、SOD、MDA含量均明显高于血清中含量。NO合成抑制荆 抗氧化荆 抗生素治疗SOM后血清NO、NOS、SOD、MDA含量明显低于单纯应用抗生素组，差别有统计学意义。结论：NO、NOS、SOD及氧自由基在分泌性中耳炎发病和转归中起重要作用，N-硝基-L-精氨酸甲酯(L-NAME)、维生素C、维生素E及SOD对SOM的治疗有效。     

揭秘维生素的代号

目前已知的维生素有20余种,一般可分为脂溶性和水溶性两类。脂溶性维生素包括维生素A、D、E、K等,水溶性维生素包括B族维生素和维生素C等,而B族维生素中又有B1、B2、B6、B12、烟酸、叶酸等。     

诃子化学成分及药理作用的研究进展

综述诃子植物中化学成分及药理作用的研究进展。诃子中的化学成分丰富多样，主要包括三萜类、酚酸类、脂肪族化合物、氨基酸、糖类、维生素、酶等成分，其提取物具有抗菌、强心、抗氧化、抗肿瘤和抗病毒等多种药理活性，在临床上的应用越来越广泛。     

老干部的营养及抗氧化营养素摄入与健康状况分析

目的了解宁波地区老干部的营养状况、抗氧化营养素摄人情况和营养相关疾病,为制定老年人营养改善措施提供依据。方法对511例宁波地区老干部进行询问调查、医学体检、实验室检测和膳食调查。结果其热能和蛋白质的摄入量稍高于推荐量,但脂肪、胆固醇和钠盐摄入过高;铁的摄入符合要求,钙、锌、维生素B,、维生素B：摄入不足;抗氧化营养素硒、维生素E、维生素C及维生素A（男）均摄入不足;肥胖、超重、高血压、糖尿病的患病率较高,分别为25．2％、30．0％、29．O％、10．6％。结论宁波地区部分老干部膳食结构不合理,营养过剩和营养不足并存,且抗氧化营养素普遍摄入不足。提示老干部因膳食失衡和不良生活方式导致的肥胖、高血压、糖尿病等慢性病不容忽视。     

梭曼中毒大鼠脂质过氧化损伤及抗氧化剂的作用

目的 以大鼠血清乙酰胆碱酯酶(AChE)活力变化为梭曼(soman)中毒程度指标，研究维生素A和维生素E对急性中毒大鼠的血清、大脑和肝脏组织中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、一氧化氮合酶(NOS)和总抗氧化力(T—AoC)的影内，探讨抗氧化剂维生素A和维生素E对梭曼中毒大鼠AChE及脂质过氧化损伤的保护作用。方法 雄性大鼠40只，按体重随机分为阴性对照组、阳性对照组、维生素A组、维生素E组。阴性对照组和阳性对照组每日灌胃5ml/kg的菜籽油；维生素A组每日灌胃2ml/kg的维生素A；维生素E组每日灌胃2．5ml/kg的维生素E，共灌胃9d。第10日除阴性对照组外其余各组大鼠均皮下注射0．9LD50梭曼，2h后断头处死并取样。测定大鼠血清、大脑、肝脏的T—AOC、SOD和NOS及血清AChE活力。结果 梭曼中毒2h后，血清乙酰胆碱酷酶(AChE)及血清、大脑、肝脏组织中SOD活力和T—AoC水平下降，NOS活力提高；维生素A和维生素E均能提高SOD、T—AOC和AChE活力，而降低NOS活力。结论 经皮下注射0．9LD50梭曼可引起AChE活力显著下降，表明大鼠已严重中毒，中毒时伴有明显的脂质过氧化损伤。中毒前大鼠用维生素A和维生素E预处理，能够保护AChE活力，降低NOS活力，减少N0自由基的生成，同时，提高SOD、T—AoC水平。提示维生素A和维生素E对梭曼中毒有较好的预防作用。     

维生素大透视

β-胡萝卜素是呈深橘红色的一种维生素,是维生素A的植物来源,具有抗氧化作用,土豆、胡萝卜、甜瓜等瓜果蔬菜中含量最为丰富。β-胡萝卜素可根据机体需要转化为维生素A。美国哈佛大学医学院的医务人员对22000名男性     

令老年人耳聪目明的食物

老年人可有听力的退行性改变，出现耳鸣、耳聋等。中医认为，老年人耳鸣、耳聋是由于肾精不足，不能生髓所致。因此，饮食上应注意以下两点。①摄入富含B族维生素、维生素C、烟酸以及维生素A和维生素E的食物。此类食物能延缓衰老，防止动脉硬化，减轻耳鸣和耳聋，如红心萝卜、胡萝卜、番茄、菠菜、苹果、橘子、香蕉、全小麦面包、鲜牛奶等。     

维生素E和2,6-二叔丁基对甲酚在维生素AD滴剂中抗氧化效果对比

目的 比较1%维生素E和0.2%2，6-二叔丁基对甲酚在维生素AD滴剂中的抗氧化效果。方法 对分别以两种抗氧化剂、同样处方、同一生产工艺制备的维生素AD滴剂的稳定性进行加速试验。结果 加速试验90 d，以1%维生素E为抗氧化剂制备的维生素AD滴剂中维生素A和维生素D3的含量下降量分别约为以0.2%2，6-二叔丁基对甲酚为抗氧化剂的2倍和1.5倍。结论 2，6-二叔丁基对甲酚在维生素AD滴剂中的抗氧化效果优于维生素E。     

泛酸和B族维生素对口腔溃疡治疗的疗效分析

目的观察分析泛酸和B族维生素对口腔溃疡治疗的临床疗效,总结其临床用药价值。方法选取我院2010年4月至2012年4月口腔溃疡的患者96例,按照数字表随机抽取法分为A、B、C三组,各有32例,A组使用泛酸和B族维生素联合治疗,B组单独使用泛酸治疗,C组单独使用B族维生素治疗,观察对比三组临床疗效。结果 A组治疗总有效率为96.9%(31/32),B组治疗总有效率为71.9%(23/32),C组治疗总有效率为78.2%(25/32),A组疗效明显优于B、C组(P<0.05),具有统计学意义;三组患者皆无明显不良反应出现。结论泛酸和B族维生素联合使用口腔溃疡治疗的临床疗效显著,分别比单独使用泛酸和B族维生素治疗占有明显优势,无不良反应,安全可靠,值得临床合理推广。     

维生素B1市场为何突然“升温”？

B族维生素向来被人视为是市场上的“小品种”产品,尤其与全球销量动辄数万吨到十几万吨的V．C和V．E等大品种相比,每年仅有二、三千吨销量的B族维生素很难引起人们关注。但从今年年初以来,B族维生素市场突然升温,就连原来一直波澜不惊的VB,现在也是订单如雪片般飞来。令我国医药业内人士觉得不可思议。     

Antioxidative effects ofCichorium intybus root extract on LDL (Low Density Lipoprotein) oxidation

The water extract of Cichorium intybus (WECI) showed a remarkable antioxidative effect on LDL, and inhibitory effects on the production of thiobarbituric acid reactive substance and the Degradation of fatty acids in LDL. Vitamin E and unsaturated fatty acids in LDL were protected by adding WECI from the effects of metal catalyzed LDL oxidation. From the results obtained, we conclude that LDL oxidation is inhibited in vitro by the addition of WECI, and that LDL is protected by WECI from oxidative attack, as shown by agarose gel electrophoresis.     

Combination of vitamin C and rutin on neuropathy and lung damage of diabetes mellitus rats

We investigated the role of vitamin C or rutin on neuropathy and lung damage of diabetic mellitus (DM) rats. Norepinephrine content was significantly decreased in sciatic nerves'of DM rats compared with non-DM controls but vitamin C had no effect on decreases of norepinephrine. 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine (DNPH) incorporation, which is biomarker of protein oxidation, was increased in sciatic nerve of DM rats as compared with normal control. However, vitamin C had no effects on increases of DNPH incorporation. We measured the content of conjugated dienes (CD) as a biomarker of lipid oxidation in sciatic nerve. CD was increased in DM as compared with normal control. Vitamin C or rutin had no effects on increases of CD. However, Rutin plus vitamin C significantly decreased the content of CD as compared with DM rats. In lung of DM rats, DNPH incorporation or CD was increased as compared with normal control. Vitamin C or Rutin had no effects on increases of CD. However, Rutin plus vitamin C significantly decreased the content of DNPH incorporation or CD in lung tissue. Vitamin C caused marked pathological changes such as the increases of parenchyma and the thickening of alveolar septa in the lung of DM. Rutin had protective effects on the pathological changes in the lung of DM rats. In conclusion, Vitamin C had no effects on oxidative parameter, such as DNPH incorporation or CD, and on the decreases of norepinephrine content in DM rats. Vitamin C caused the marked pathological changes in the lung of DM rats but rutin had protective effects against the pathological changes.     

The effect of pharmacological supplementation with vitamin C on low-density lipoprotein oxidation

Aims Vitamin C (ascorbic acid) is a powerful antioxidant but there is limited information on its ability to prevent LDL oxidation and its interaction with other natural antioxidants in vivo . We assessed the effect of 4 weeks pharmacological supplementation with vitamin C 1  g day⁻¹ on copper induced LDL oxidation and lipid peroxidation.
Methods Blood samples were obtained at baseline and at the end of 4 weeks supplementation from 11 healthy non-smokers and also from nine control subjects. Plasma lipid peroxides were measured as malondialdehyde (MDA) by h.p.l.c. The relationship between vitamin C and two other important antioxidants, vitamin E and glutathione, was also studied.
Results There was no difference in baseline values between the two groups and the oxidizability of LDL, assessed as the lag phase of conjugated dienes production and the formation of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), remained unchanged after 4 weeks. In the vitamin C supplemented group only, there was a 2.2-fold increase in plasma ascorbic acid level and a 28% increase in red cell reduced glutathione (GSH) ( P <0.001). Vitamin E, measured as α-tocopherol, in red cells increased significantly ( P <0.02) and plasma MDA was reduced ( P <0.01).
Conclusions Vitamin C did not alter LDL oxidation but it may have a protective role against lipid peroxidation as shown by decreased plasma MDA levels and enhanced vitamin E and GSH status.     

维生素C包衣片的制备及稳定性试验

采用羟丙基甲基纤维素（ＨＰＭＣ）和聚丙烯酸树脂将维生素Ｃ的制成薄膜衣片。高温、高湿度及加速试验研究表明，维生素Ｃ薄膜衣片具有抗热、抗变色性能，可隔离外界空气和处缓药物氧化，从而增加了稳定性     

维生素C包衣片的制备及稳定性试验

采用羟丙基甲基纤维素(HPMC)和聚丙烯酸树脂将维生素C制成薄膜衣片。高温、高湿度及加速试验研究表明,维生素C薄膜衣片具有抗热、抗变色性能,可隔离外界空气和延缓药物氧化,从而增加了稳定性。     

Combined antioxidant effects of rutin and vitamin C in Triton X-100 micelles

UV-vis spectra, fluorescence emission spectra and cyclic voltammetric measurements were used to study the influence of Vitamin C on the antioxidant of rutin in Triton X-100 micelles. Rutin can be located in Triton X-100 micelles spontaneously through hydrophobic force, and the binding constant K between rutin and Triton X-100 increases with the rutin concentration. The embedment of two hydroxyl groups on rutin into the more hydrophobic micellar microenvironment makes the oxidation of rutin harder and the radical scavenging activity decrease. With low concentration of Vitamin C, the antioxidant capacity of rutin against hydroxyl radical is enhanced, while that capacity is partly inhibited when the concentration of Vitamin C become higher.     

The Kinetics of Relaxin Oxidation by Hydrogen Peroxide

In this study, hydrogen peroxide was used to study the oxidation of rhRlx under various conditions. Oxidation of rhRlx occurred at both of the two methionines on the B chain, Met B(4) and Met B(25), as expected from the three-dimensional structure of the molecule, which shows that these two residues are located on the surface of the molecule and exposed to solvent. The reaction produced three different oxidized forms of rhRlx containing either Met B(4) sulfoxide, Met B(25) sulfoxide, or both residues oxidized. The corresponding sulfone was not formed under these conditions. The oxidation at the two methionines proceeded independently from each other but Met B(25) was oxidized at a significantly faster rate than Met B(4). The fact that the rate of oxidation at Met B(25) was identical to the rate of oxidation of free methionine and that of two model peptides mimicking the residues around Met B(4) and Met B(25) suggests that the lower reactivity at Met B(4) was due to steric hindrance, and at least in this case, neighboring groups do not influence the oxidation kinetics of methionine residues. The reaction was independent of pH, ionic strength, and buffer concentration in the range studied. The enthalpy of activation for the reaction was approximately 10–14 kcal mol^–1, with an entropy of activation of the order of –30 cal K^–1 mol^–1. These data are consistent with previously published mechanisms for organic sulfide oxidation by alkyl hydroperoxides.     

Application of lipid peroxidation and protein oxidation biomarkers for oxidative damage in mammalian cells. A comparison with two fluorescent probes.

We recently developed two biomarker sets for oxidative damage: one for determination of lipid peroxidation (LPO) degradation products; acetaldehyde, propanal, butanal, pentanal, hexanal, heptanal, octanal, nonanal, malondialdehyde and acetone, by a gas chromatography-electron capture detection method, and the other for protein oxidation products such as o,o'-dityrosine, by an isotope dilution high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method. In the present study, we explored the possibility to utilize these biomarkers for determining the oxidative damage in liver mammalian cells in vitro. Two different treatments were chosen for inducing oxidative stress in Chinese Hamster ovary cells: menadione and copper plus hydrogen peroxide (Cu2+/H2O2). Cells were incubated with the model compounds in the presence or absence of vitamin E and C, and cytotoxicity was evaluated by a nuclear-dye method. Results were compared to two fluorescent probes, H2DCF-DA and C11 -BODIPY581/591, which have been used for determining the formation of free radicals in the cells. From ten LPO degradation products, eight were increased significantly following incubation with menadione in cell lysate or incubation media. Menadione-induced oxidative stress was also confirmed by oxidation of fluorescent probes. However, no increased formation of protein oxidation products was observed. Vitamin E and C did not diminish the formation of LPO degradation products that were increased by menadione. Although Cu2+/H2O2 did not induce oxidation of fluorescent probes, it induced formation of six out of ten LPO degradation products. Vitamin E and C did not diminish the formation of LPO degradation products; vitamin C even substantially increased the formation of acetaldehyde and propanal, which is in line with its reported prooxidant action under certain conditions. Vitamin C also caused two-fold increase in Cu2+/H2O2-induced o,o'-dityrosine formation when applied simultaneously. In conclusion, our present results show that the LPO biomarker set can be used for evaluation of oxidant capacity and the toxic potential of various chemicals in an in vitro cell model. These biomarkers might even be more sensitive than measuring protein oxidation products or oxidation of fluorescent probes.     

不同炮制方法的巴戟天对小鼠抗氧化及细胞免疫功能的影响

目的观察不同炮制方法的巴戟天对小鼠抗氧化功能及细胞免疫功能的影响。方法分别进行小鼠血浆SOD、MDA、GSH-Px含量的测定、淋巴细胞转化、NK细胞活性试验。结果巴戟天（生晒）组及巴戟天（盐制）组能提高血浆超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）及谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶（GSH—Px）水平,降低脂质过氧化物（MDA）含量并对淋巴细胞转化、NK细胞活性均有明显的提高与对照组比较有显著性差异（P〈0．05-0．01）。结论巴戟天具有抗氧化和增强免疫功能。     

Diabetic CVD--focus on vitamin D

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of mortality and morbidity among diabetics. Vitamin D deficiency is very common all over the world. Over last few years, vitamin D has been considered as an important regulating factor for cardiovascular health. Metabolic syndrome and obesity are highly prevalent in vitamin D deficient people. In fact all components of metabolic syndrome are affected by vitamin D. Vitamin D regulates insulin secretion and its action. It has also some controlling effect on Renin-Angiotensin system, which influences cardiomyocytes positively. Vitamin D plays a role in vascular system too. This vitamin reduces vascular calcification and inflammatory processes. Given the important role of Vitamin D in cardiovascular health, this review focuses on the impacts of vitamin D on the various CVD risk factors.