腓浅动脉穿支皮瓣游离移植修复手足部软组织缺损

目的 探讨应用腓浅动脉穿支皮瓣游离移植修复手足部软组织缺损的临床效果.方法 2007年6月-2009年6月,应用腓浅动脉穿支皮瓣游离移植修复手、足软组织缺损8例;其中足背缺损2例,(躅)趾背侧缺损1例,手背缺损2例,手指缺损3例;缺损面积为3.0 cm× 4.5 cm～ 5.0 cm×11.0 cm,5例供区直接缝合,3例供区小面积植皮.结果 本组8例穿支皮瓣全部成活.随访3～ 12个月,原缺损部位外形及功能恢复满意,供区外形功能无明显影响.结论 应用腓浅动脉穿支皮瓣游离移植修复手足软组织缺损,临床效果满意,是一种较好的修复方法.     

腓动脉终末穿支蒂腓浅神经营养血管岛状皮瓣修复前足供区创面

目的 总结以腓动脉终末穿支蒂腓浅神经营养血管皮瓣修复足趾游离移植后前足供区创面的手术方法 及临床应用效果. 方法 2005年3月-2007年10月,收治15例手指缺损患者.男11例,女4例:年龄20～45岁,平均33.6岁.致伤原因:机器压轧伤12例,车祸伤3例.其中拇指缺损12例,示、中、环、小指缺损2例,全手指缺损1例.急诊入院6例,伤后3～5个月行二期再造术9例.术中采用足趾游离移植重建手指后,前足供区软组织缺损范围6 cm × 4 cm～12 cm × 6 cm:以腓动脉终末穿支的降支为皮瓣旋转轴点,切取10 cm×4 cm～14 cm×6 cm腓浅神经营养血管岛状皮瓣移位修复足部供区创面,皮瓣供区以中厚皮片植皮修复. 结果 术后皮瓣均成活,供、受区伤口Ⅰ期愈合.皮瓣供区植皮成活.除1根再造示指坏死外,余再造指均成活.患者均获随访,随访时间6～18个月,平均11个月.皮瓣质地优良,外观及足部功能恢复良好,两点辨别觉为10～13 mm.供区植皮处无明显不适,未见痛性神经瘤形成.再造指感觉及抓捏功能均有一定程度恢复. 结论 腓动脉终末穿支蒂腓浅神经营养血管皮瓣血供可靠、不牺牲主干血管、厚薄及质地适中、手术操作简便,是修复足趾游离移植再造手指后前足供区缺损创面的一种较好方法 .     

游离腓浅动脉穿支皮瓣的临床研究

目的 研究腓浅动脉穿支皮瓣的应用解剖及游离移植的临床效果.方法 15具新鲜成人尸体行动脉造影及螺旋CT扫描,数据以DICOM格式输入MIMICS图像工作站,进行三维可视化处理,观测腓浅动脉穿支血管的分布规律等.临床应用游离腓浅动脉穿支皮瓣修复手足创面12例,缺损面积为3.0 cm×4.5 cm～5.0 cm×11.0 cm.结果 腓浅动脉起始外径(1.2±0.3) mm,干长(5.6±1.8)cm.其穿支多出现于小腿前外侧上、中1/3区域,平均外径(0.7±0.2) mm,与中、下1/3处腓浅下外侧动脉及腓动脉终末穿支吻合构成1条几乎不减少口径的血管链,伴行静脉1条.12例穿支皮瓣全部成活,受区外形及功能恢复满意,供区外形功能无明显影响.结论 腓浅动脉穿支皮瓣血管蒂解剖恒定,手术操作简便,临床效果满意,是游离移植修复创面的又一选择.     

穿支皮瓣游离移植修复足部创面缺损

目的 探讨应用穿支皮瓣游离移植修复足部创面缺损的临床疗效.方法 2006年3月至2009年12月,应用下肢4种穿支皮瓣游离移植修复20例足部创面缺损患者,男15例,女5例;年龄18～61岁,平均28.5岁;左侧7例,右侧13例.缺损创面部位:足背12例,足跟足底部5例,足踝部3例;创面大小为2.0 cm×3.5 cm～12.0 cm×18.0 cm.皮瓣选择:股前外侧穿支皮瓣5例,股前内侧穿支皮瓣7例,腓浅动脉穿支皮瓣5例,腓动脉穿支皮瓣3例. 结果 本组20例患者皮瓣全部成活,术中2例患者出现血管危象,经及时处理后血运恢复.20例患者术后获3～6个月(平均5.2个月)随访,皮瓣质地、外观均良好,其中13例吻合皮神经恢复了保护性感觉,供区愈合可,功能无影响.结论 应用穿支皮瓣游离移植修复足部创面缺损,临床效果满意,是修复此类创面的较理想选择.     

逆行胫前动脉穿支蒂腓浅神经营养血管皮瓣修复前足创面

目的 总结逆行胫前动脉穿支蒂腓浅神经营养血管皮瓣修复前足创面的疗效。方法 2007年3月-2012年4月,收治6例前足软组织缺损患者。男4例,女2例;年龄25~56岁,平均36岁。致伤原因:砸伤4例,碾压伤2例。创面均伴肌腱外露,合并骨折5例。软组织缺损范围13 cm×6 cm~15 cm×8 cm。采用大小为14 cm×8 cm~17 cm×9 cm的逆行胫前动脉穿支蒂腓浅神经营养血管皮瓣修复。供区游离植皮修复。结果 术后皮瓣及植皮均顺利成活,创面Ⅰ期愈合。6例均获随访,随访时间3~18个月,平均6个月。皮瓣质地柔软、外形良好,无磨损及破溃;患者穿鞋行走正常。结论 胫前动脉穿支蒂腓浅神经营养血管皮瓣血供可靠,厚薄及质地适中,是修复前足创面较好方法之一。     

游离腓动脉穿支皮瓣的临床研究

目的 探讨腓动脉穿支皮瓣修复手背、前足皮肤软组织缺损的临床疗效.方法 从2008年6月至2008年11月,结合术前彩超穿支定位,以腓骨头下(10～ 15)cm为腓动脉穿支浅出的关键区域,以腓骨头顶点到外踝后缘为轴线设计皮瓣,在深筋膜浅层解剖皮瓣,临床应用游离腓动脉穿支皮瓣修复手背和前足外伤性皮肤缺损创面共6例,皮瓣面积为5 cm× 4cm～15 cm× 12 cm.结果 本组6例,5例皮瓣全部成活,1例皮瓣皮肤层坏死,植皮后创面愈合.术后6个月～2年随访,5例皮瓣外形良好,1例较臃肿,皮瓣质地柔软,色泽良好,1例感觉恢复到S3,5例恢复到S2,皮瓣供区肢体活动无影响.结论 腓动脉的穿支来源相对恒定,皮瓣薄而柔软,外形较美观,解剖分离相对简单,手术创伤小,是修复手背和前足中小型皮肤缺损创面的理想方法之一.     

游离腓动脉穿支串联皮瓣修复腕掌背皮肤缺损

目的 探讨以腓动脉穿支为血管蒂,通过游离穿支血管链串联皮瓣修复手腕部两处不同部位皮肤缺损的临床应用及疗效.方法 2008年7月至2011年12月,采用以游离腓动脉穿支串联皮瓣修复手腕掌背部两处皮肤软组织缺损共7例.单纯皮肤缺损4例,合并骨关节、血管、神经及肌腱损伤3例;腕掌侧皮肤缺损面积5.8 cm×4.5 cm～8.2 cm×7.0 cm,腕背皮肤缺损面积4.6 cm× 3.2 cm～ 7.5 cm×6.8 cm;均为亚急诊修复.两皮瓣由腓动脉皮支血管链相连,小腿供区创面宽度小于4.0 cm直接拉拢缝合,较大创面取全厚皮片游离植皮.结果 术后7例14块皮瓣全部存活,2例远端皮瓣出现水泡,经拆线减张后结痂愈合.术后7例获得6～24个月的随访,平均10个月.皮瓣外形满意、质地柔软.皮瓣供区植皮区愈合良好,无水泡及破溃.结论 应用腓动脉穿支为血管蒂,通过游离腓动脉穿支皮动脉血管链串联皮瓣移植修复腕、掌部软组织缺损的方法可行、有效,可获得较好的临床效果.     

游离腹壁浅动脉筋膜穿支皮瓣修复手部创面

目的 报告应用游离腹壁浅动脉筋膜穿支皮瓣修复手部创面的临床效果.方法 对10例手部皮肤软组织缺损的患者,采用游离腹壁浅动脉筋膜穿支皮瓣进行修复,皮瓣切取面积为8cm×6cm～16cm×9cm.结果 术后1例皮瓣发生血管危象,经探查后存活,其余皮瓣全部顺利存活.经4～12个月的随访,皮瓣质地、外形优良,手功能恢复满意.术后供区伤口均Ⅰ期愈合,外形满意.结论 应用游离腹壁浅动脉筋膜穿支皮瓣可以一期修复创面,供区损伤小,是修复手部创面的理想选择.     

跗外侧动脉蒂小腿前外侧皮瓣的解剖基础与临床应用

目的 探讨跗外侧动脉蒂小腿前外侧皮瓣的解剖特点,以及修复足前部缺损的可行性.方法取20条经动脉灌注红色乳胶的成人下肢尸体标本,解剖观察其跗外侧动脉、腓动脉外踝上穿支、腓浅动脉等血管的分支、走行和吻合.据此设计跗外侧动脉蒂小腿前外侧皮瓣,对8例足前部组织缺损患者进行带蒂皮瓣转移修复.足背皮肤软组织缺损5例,足底皮肤软组织缺损3例.足前部缺损范围5 cm×4 cm ～ 9 cm×5 cm.供区游离植皮或直接缝合.跗外侧动脉、腓动脉穿支、胫前动脉穿支、腓浅动脉相互吻合,在足外侧、外踝前、小腿前外侧形成一条纵行血管轴.皮瓣范围6 cm×4 cm ～ 10 cm×6 cm.结果 术后8块皮瓣全部成活.所有患者均获随访,随访6～12个月,平均8个月,皮瓣色泽、质地、外形良好,皮瓣无溃疡发生.患者能自由行走.结论 以跗外侧动脉为蒂切取小腿前外侧皮瓣,皮瓣血运可靠,血管蒂长,可修复足前部任何区域,供区损伤小.     

游离腓浅动脉单一穿支皮瓣移植修复前足中小皮肤软组织缺损

目的 探讨游离腓浅动脉穿支皮瓣修复前足皮肤软组织缺损的临床疗效.方法 13例前足严重创伤患者,急诊给予骨折内固定、血管神经肌腱修复、皮肤回植及封闭式负压引流（VSD）等处理,7～10d后,待组织坏死界限清晰后,进行腓浅动脉单一穿支皮瓣游离移植术,皮瓣切取面积为3.0cm×5.0cm～6.0cm×10.0cm,供区全厚皮打包加压包扎.结果 12例皮瓣全部成活,1例术后出现动脉血管危象,探查后部分成活,植皮后痊愈.10例获得了1个月～2年随访,无色素沉着及溃疡,外观满意.8例感觉达S 3,4例达S 2.结论 游离腓浅动脉单一穿支皮瓣为穿支皮瓣的延伸,符合现代皮瓣移植的最新观点,具有可一期修薄,不牺牲主干血管,解剖相对简单,供区损伤小,手术在同一区域等优点,是修复前足皮肤软组织缺损较为理想的方法 之一.     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Immunomodulation in Transplantation with Photopheresis

Abstract: Photopheresis is a technique in which peripheral blood mononuclear cells, in the presence of a photoacti-vatable compound, are exposed extracorporeally to ultraviolet A light and reinfused, inducing a host autoregula-tory immune response. Experimental work and ongoing clinical studies are helping to define the role of this novel, safe, and non-toxic immunomodulating technology in the field of transplantation.