人绒毛膜促性腺激素对单侧隐睾大鼠睾丸生殖细胞凋亡的影响

目的探讨人绒毛膜促性腺激素（HCG）对单侧隐睾大鼠睾丸生殖细胞凋亡的影响。方法将sD雄性大鼠40只随机分为单侧隐睾组和假手术组，各20只，于日龄21d制备单侧隐睾模型。单侧隐睾组和假手术组各又分为HCG治疗组和未治疗组。日龄22d时HCG治疗组开始肌肉注射HCG20U，隔日1次，共7次。日龄35、60d时处死大鼠，取其睾丸，采用生物素-dUTP／酶标亲和素法（TUNEL法）检测其生殖细胞凋亡水平。结果单侧隐睾组隐睾睾丸生殖细胞凋亡指数（AI）高于假手术组，但无统计学差异（P〈0．05）；单侧隐睾各组对侧睾丸生殖细胞AI高于假手术未治疗组（P〉0．05）。假手术和单侧隐睾模型HCG治疗组阴囊内睾丸生殖细胞AI高于相应未治疗组，且35d假手术组治疗组与未治疗组间差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。60d单侧隐睾HCG治疗组大鼠隐睾侧睾丸生殖细胞AI高于相应未治疗组，但无统计学差异（P〉0．05）。结论单侧隐睾时不仅患侧睾丸生殖细胞凋亡增加，而且隐睾对侧阴囊内睾丸生殖细胞凋亡也增加；HCG的应用可加重睾丸生殖细胞凋亡，且停用后仍存在着一些不可逆的病理损害，故临床应用HCG要慎再，应尽早手术治疗。     

不同日龄隐睾复位大鼠睾丸组织结构观察

目的 观察不同13龄隐睾复位大鼠睾丸组织结构的变化.方法 72只21 d雄性SD大鼠随机分为单侧隐睾组、双侧隐睾组、假手术对照组各24只.建立单、双侧隐睾动物模型.2周后行隐睾大鼠睾丸下降固定术,于日龄40、60 d处死取睾丸,采用苏木素.伊红染色光镜下观察各组大鼠精曲小管生育力指数(TFI)和平均精曲小管直径(MTD);生物素-dUTP/酶标亲和素法(TUNEL法)检测睾丸生殖细胞凋亡情况.结果 隐睾侧睾丸MTD、TFI显著低于阴囊内睾丸,而隐睾生殖细胞凋亡指数(AI)明显增高于阴囊内睾丸(P＜0.05);单侧隐睾组阴囊内睾丸TFI低于相应日龄的假手术对照组,但无统计学意义(P＞0.05).40 d时单侧隐睾组隐睾侧睾丸生殖细胞AI较双侧隐睾组低(P＜0.05),日龄60 d,各组隐睾侧睾丸AI较40 d时明显降低(P＜0.05),但单侧隐睾和双侧隐睾AI比较无统计学差异(P＞0.05).结论 实验隐睾复位大鼠睾丸AI升高,同时单侧隐睾鼠对侧睾丸组织存在不同程度的损害.随着复位时间的延长,隐睾组织的病理损害有恢复的趋势.     

单侧隐睾对侧睾丸损害机制的实验研究

目的 神经分子水平方面探讨单侧隐睾鼠对侧睾丸损害的机制。方法 30只SD雄性大鼠,分为对照组(A组)、隐睾组(B组)、隐睾加生殖股神经(GFN)切断组(C组)。每组各10只。免疫组化技术观察降钙素基因相关肽(CGRP)阳性细胞的神经分布;生物素-dUTP/酶标亲和素测定法检测睾丸生殖细胞凋亡;透射电镜观察Sertoli细胞的超微结构;化学比色法测定丙二醛(MDA)的含量。结果 A组睾丸中含有大量CGRP的神经细胞。术后90d,与A组比较,B组对侧睾丸CGRP明显降低,MDA升高,细胞凋亡增加(P<0.01),Sertoli细胞有缺血性改变。C组的这种损害减轻(P<0.01)。结论 单侧隐睾鼠对侧睾丸的损害是通过隐睾GFN传入到交感神经,反射性引起对侧睾丸CGRP降低,睾丸缺血缺氧,氧自由基升高,生殖细胞凋亡增加所引起的。     

绒毛膜促性腺激素对双侧隐睾大鼠睾丸生殖细胞凋亡的影响

目的探讨绒毛膜促性腺激素(HCG)对双侧隐睾生殖细胞凋亡的影响。方法SD雄性幼鼠于日龄22d制备双侧隐睾模型(模型组)后开始隔日肌注HCG20U,共7次。假手术组作为对照。日龄35、60d时处死取睾丸,采用生物素-dUTP/酶标亲和素(TUNEL)法检测生殖细胞凋亡情况。结果模型组双侧隐睾睾丸凋亡指数(AI)高于假手术组。35d假手术HCG治疗组AI高于假手术HCG未治疗组(P<0.05)。60d各HCG治疗组睾丸的AI高于相应HCG未治疗组,组间比较无显著差异(P>0.05)。结论隐睾时睾丸生殖细胞凋亡增加;HCG可增加生殖细胞的凋亡。     

单侧隐睾大鼠对侧睾丸组织中SCF/c-kit基因表达变化及意义

目的 研究单侧隐睾大鼠对侧睾丸病理变化及SCF/c-kit基因表达,探讨单侧隐睾致对侧睾丸损害的机制.方法 30只SD大鼠随机分为对照组和实验组,实验组复制单侧(左侧)腹腔隐睾模型.3个月后分别取两组右侧睾丸组织进行real-time RT-PCR、Western blot及免疫组化检测干细胞生长因子(SCF)和其受体c-kit基因及其蛋白表达变化,TUNEL法检测细胞凋亡.结果 所有动物均存活,与对照组相比实验组对侧睾丸明显缩小,光镜下观察其曲细精管发生退化,生精上皮变薄,管腔较空,生殖细胞明显减少,细胞凋亡增加.两组凋亡指数分别为14.4±0.63和4.45±0.37,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).荧光实时定量PT-PCR检测SCF、c-kit基因mRNA含量,实验组对侧睾丸明显降低,两组相比差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).Western blot检测SCF及c-kit蛋白表达含量,实验组对侧睾丸同样明显降低,两组相比差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).免疫组化染色显示各级生精细胞膜均有c-kit表达,SCF主要表达于支持细胞膜表面,但实验组两者的表达均较对照组减弱.相关性检验SCF与AI相关系数r=-0.941,P＜0.01;c-kit与AI相关系数r=-0.908,P＜0.01;SCF与c-kit相关系数r=0.956,P＜0.01,均有统计学意义.结论 单侧隐睾可致对侧睾丸SCF/c-kit基因表达减弱,生精细胞凋亡增加引起不育.     

人绒毛膜促性腺激素对内分泌型双侧隐睾大鼠生精细胞凋亡的影响

目的探讨人绒毛膜促性腺激素(HCG)对内分泌型双侧隐睾大鼠生精细胞凋亡的影响。方法取60只SD大鼠,随机抽取20只作为正常对照组,余40只采用皮下注射17-β雌二醇方法制成双侧隐睾模型,随机分为隐睾+HCG组、隐睾+9 g.L-1盐水组(隐睾+NS组)。隐睾+HCG组自日龄26 d起隔日肌注HCG 20 U,共10次;隐睾+NS组自日龄26 d起隔日肌注9 g.L-1盐水1 mL,共10次。于日龄45 d、60 d每组各抽10只采集血清,取其睾丸组织后处死。采用ELISA间接法测定其血清抗精子抗体(AsAb)水平,放射免疫方法测其血清雌二醇(E2)、睾酮(T)水平,生物素-脱氧尿嘧啶核苷三磷酸(dUTP)/酶标亲和素(TUNEL)法检测其生殖细胞凋亡指数(AI)。结果日龄45 d和60 d时,隐睾+HCG组双侧睾丸生殖细胞AI均明显高于同日龄其他各组(Pa<0.01);隐睾+HCG组血清E2水平较同日龄其余各组均显著增高(Pa<0.01),而血清T水平均降低(Pa<0.01);隐睾+HCG组AsAb水平均高于同日龄其他组(Pa<0.01)。结论 HCG注射治疗双侧隐睾大鼠不仅能增加AsAb产生,且能加重睾丸生殖细胞的凋亡。     

冷诱导RNA结合蛋白在小鼠隐睾中的表达及与生精细胞损害的关系

目的 探讨冷诱导RNA结合蛋白(cold inducible RNA-binding protein,CIRP)在小鼠隐睾睾丸中的表达,及其与隐睾生精细胞损害的关系.方法 雄性BALB/c小鼠20只用手术的方法建立左侧隐睾模型,分别于术后第7天和第10天取双侧睾丸称重,光镜下观察睾丸组织学变化,RTPCR法检测睾丸CIRP mRNA的表达水平,Western-blot检测睾丸CIRP蛋白的表达水平,并用Annexin V-FITC/PI双染流式细胞仪检测生精细胞凋亡.结果 CIRP强表达于正常小鼠睾丸中,隐睾模型建立后,隐睾睾丸CIRP mRNA和蛋白的表达水平均明显降低(P<0.05),术后第10天隐睾睾丸CIRP表达水平明显低于第7天(P<0.05).同时隐睾侧睾丸重量较对侧睾丸明显减轻(P<0.05),术后第10天对侧睾丸重量明显重于第7天(0.102±0.006)g比(0.080±0.005)g(P<0.05);而术后第7天和第10天隐睾睾丸重量相比,(0.072±0.007)g比(0.062±0.004)g(P>0.05),差异无统计学意义.另外生精细胞的凋亡明显增加(P<0.05),术后第10天隐睾侧睾丸的生精细胞凋亡率明显高于第7天(29.2%±1.3%)比(20.2%±1.6%)(P<0.05);而对侧睾丸生精细胞凋亡率无明显差异(5.8%±1.5%)比(5.6%±1.8%)(P>0.05).组织切片显示隐睾侧睾丸生精上皮变薄,生精细胞排列紊乱.结论 小鼠隐睾中CIRP的表达明显降低,CIRP表达的降低可能在隐睾生精细胞损害中起着重要的作用.     

哮喘幼年大鼠嗜酸细胞凋亡、fas mRNA和bcl-2 mRNA表达及牛膝多糖的影响

目的　观察幼年哮喘大鼠嗜酸细胞 (EOS)凋亡及凋亡基因fas和bcl 2的mRNA表达及牛膝多糖对其的作用。方法　清洁级雄性SD大鼠随机分为 5组 :正常对照组 (C) ,哮喘组 (A) ,牛膝多糖治疗组 (T1、T2、T3 )。采用卵清白蛋白复制幼年大鼠哮喘模型。用寡核苷酸探针原位杂交法和TUNEL法检测各组大鼠fas和bcl 2mRNA在气道壁EOS上的表达和气道壁EOS的凋亡率。结果 ( 1)C组大鼠肺组织EOS上fasmRNA的表达率为 ( 73 2± 11 9) % ,A组为 ( 4 3 4± 10 0 ) % (P <0 0 1) ;在T1、T2、T3组分别为 ( 59 0± 8 1) %、( 57 5± 9 6) %、( 76 2± 2 7) % ,与A组相比差异均有显著性 (P <0 0 5,0 0 1)。C组大鼠EOSbcl 2mRNA的表达率为 ( 4 7 9± 8 7) % ,在A组为 ( 67 4± 7 3 ) % (P <0 0 1) ;T1组的bcl 2mRNA表达率为 ( 57 7± 12 7) %、T3组为 ( 57 3± 6 8) % ,与A组相比差异均有显著性 (P均 <0 0 5) ,T2组与A组相比差异无显著性。 ( 2 )A组EOS凋亡率为 ( 5 3± 2 2 ) % ,而C组为( 15 9± 2 4) % (P <0 0 1)。T1、T3组EOS凋亡率分别为 ( 8 7± 2 9) %、( 9 8± 2 2 ) % ,与A组相比差异均有显著性 (P均 <0 0 5)。结论　哮喘大鼠气道EOS表现为fas、bcl 2基因表达的明显改变及凋亡率明显下降。ABPS可调节EOS上     

兔睾丸扭转复位后睾丸细胞凋亡的观察

目的　观察兔睾丸扭转复位后睾丸细胞凋亡情况及药物减轻睾丸凋亡的效果。方法　选用青春期雄性日本大耳白兔 2 0只 ,体重 90 0～ 110 0g ,月龄 2～ 3个月 ,随机分为 4组 ,每组 5只。手术制作幼兔睾丸扭转模型 (72 0° ,2h) ,对部分扭转组应用抗氧化剂 (抗坏血酸 )或钙离子通道拮抗剂 (维拉帕米 )。 2d后取出睾丸 ,TUNEL法观查各组动物睾丸组织细胞凋亡情况 ,HE染色检查睾丸病理组织学改变。结果　幼兔睾丸扭转复位后 ,精原细胞发生凋亡 ,而睾丸支持细胞及间质细胞未见凋亡现象。单纯扭转组精原细胞平均凋亡指数 (AI) (7.92± 1.2 9)‰ ,较对照组 (2 .6 0± 1.0 1)‰显著升高 ;睾丸扭转前后应用抗坏血酸及维拉帕米组的睾丸细胞平均AI ,分别为 (4.12± 0 .73)‰ ,(4.0 8± 0 .88)‰ ,较单纯扭转组 (7.92± 1.2 9)‰显著下降。HE染色的组织学改变与TUNEL法类似。结论　睾丸扭转损伤后可致使生精细胞凋亡。应用抗氧化剂及钙离子通道拮抗剂可以减轻扭转睾丸的精原细胞凋亡     

不同缝线行睾丸固定复位术对隐睾模型大鼠生精能力的影响

目的建立内分泌型双侧隐睾大鼠模型,通过手术复位睾丸,检测、对比应用不同缝线固定睾丸对隐睾模型大鼠生精能力的影响。方法取孕SD大鼠10只,自然分娩产仔鼠,随机选取新生雄性仔鼠40只为正常对照组,并选取80只为双侧隐睾模型组。双侧隐睾模型组大鼠从出生第3天起皮下注射17-β雌二醇,第26天观察双侧睾丸均未降入阴囊内为隐睾模型制作成功。将双侧隐睾大鼠随机分为1号丝线手术组(采用1号丝线固定睾丸)和6-0可吸收线手术组(采用6-0可吸收线固定睾丸),各40只。于日龄45 d、56 d时采集血清后处死。采用ELISA间接法测定其血清抗精子抗体(AsAb)水平。睾丸切片苏木精-伊红染色光镜下观察曲细精管生育力指数(TFI)、平均曲细精管直径(MTD)。结果 1号丝线手术组隐睾大鼠45 d、56 d时TFI、MTD水平均低于6-0可吸收线手术组(Pa<0.05);45 d、56 d时1号丝线手术组大鼠血清AsAb IgG、IgA、IgM水平均显著高于6-0可吸收线手术组(Pa<0.01)。结论采用6-0可吸收线固定睾丸可以减少AsAb的产生。     

Age-dependency of alpha- and beta-adrenoceptors on thrombocytes and lymphocytes of asthmatic and nonasthmatic children

Among the possible mechanisms which may cause wheezing or asthmatic episodes a genetically determined -adrenoceptor blockade and a hyperresponsiveness of -andrenoceptors has been postulated. Evidence to support this hypothesis stems from an increased bronchial sensitivity to -blockers, a reduced formation of cyclic AMP in response to -adrenergic stimulation and enhanced -adrenergic responses in asthmatic subjects. The recent development of techniques for measuring the specific, high-affinity binding of radiolabeled -and -adrenergic antagonists made it possible to study - and -adrenoceptors in vitro. Based upon the assumption that a change in the number and/or affinity of adrenergic receptors might be a general phenomenon, we have performed - and -receptor binding studies on lymphocytes and platelets from wheezing infants and asthmatic children as well as of infants, children, and adults not suffering from these diseases.Using ¹²⁵[I]-cyanopindolol (ICYP) and ³[H]-yohimbine (HYOH) as highly specific ligands for - and -adrenoceptors, the following results were obtained: (1) Lymphocytes and platelets from control subjects and asthamatics bound similar amounts of ICYP and HYOH and thus showed no differences either in the number or the affinity of - and -adrenoceptors. Lymphocytes and platelets of wheezing and nonwheezing infants also bound the same amounts of the radioligands. (2) In asthmatic children receiving 4×2 puffs salbutamol -adrenoceptor were down-regulated and this may mimic -adrenoceptor blockade. (3) When subjects were divided into four categories according to age (0–5, 5–10, 10–20 years, adults) the number of -adrenoceptor binding sites showed an age-dependent increase. The number and affinity of -adreneceptor binding sites on platelets was neither influenced by age nor disease.It is concluded that the - and -adrenoceptors of wheezing infants and asthmatic children at least on blood cells are normal. However the -adrenoceptors show an age-dependent maturation process, which may account for an unresponsiveness to -adrenoceptor agonists in wheezing infants.Supported by a grant from the Ministerium für Wissenschaft und Forschung, NRWPresented at the 19th Workshop for Pediatric Research, University of Göttingen, March 10–11, 1983     

Parent Preferences and Perceptions of Milliliters and Teaspoons: Role of Health Literacy and Experience

Background and Objectives

A recent American Academy of Pediatrics policy statement recommends milliliter-exclusive dosing for pediatric liquid medications. Little is known about parent preferences regarding units, perceptions about moving to milliliters only, and the role of health literacy and prior milliliter-dosing experience.

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??The physiological characteristics of children determine their own particularity of their needs for the quality and quantity of proteins. Proteins not only play an important role in the development of children’s growth and development??cognitive function and immune function??but also have important effects on the long-term health of children.In this paper??the dietary protein reference intakes??amino acid patterns??dietary amino acid reference intakes??sources of high quality protein??and harm of deficiency and excess of protein in children were discussed in detail.     

婴幼儿膳食营养与生长发育指标调查

目的确定当前3岁以下儿童主要的营养问题，为制定营养改善对策提供科学依据。方法对在本院儿童保健中心定期进行体检的386例6—36个月儿童进行体格测量及智力发育检测，并同时进行膳食分析。结果膳食中能量、蛋白质、视黄醇、硫胺素、抗坏血酸及铁、钙的摄入均达到膳食营养素参考摄入量（DRIs）标准，膳食锌平均摄入量未达到DRIs的80％。Logistic回归分析提示碳水化合物摄入量过高是婴幼儿肥胖的一个危险因素。能量和碳水化合物摄入越多，智力发育指数越高。结论婴幼儿生长发育和膳食状况良好，父母要注意培养婴幼儿科学的膳食习惯。     

Prenatal and postnatal administration of prebiotics and probiotics

Colonization of the neonatal gut by beneficial bacteria is important for the establishment and maintenance of the mucosal barrier, thus protecting the neonate from enteric pathogens and local and systemic inflammation. The neonatal microbiome is influenced by infant diet, environment, and the maternal microbiome. Dysbiosis in pregnancy increases the risk of pre-eclampsia, diabetes, infection, preterm labor, and later childhood atopy. Dysbiosis of the neonatal gut plays an important role in colic in the term infant, in the disease processes which plague preterm infants, including necrotizing enterocolitis and sepsis, and in the long-term outcomes of neonates. Administration of enteral prebiotics, probiotics, and synbiotics during pregnancy, lactation, and postnatal life appears to be a safe and feasible method to alter the maternal and neonatal microbiome, thus improving pregnancy and neonatal outcomes.     

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??Bronchiolitis has been one of the hot spots in the researches on diseases of respiratory system nowadays. However?? the concepts and classifications of this disease remain unclear. In this paper?? the denotative and connotative concepts of bronchioles and bronchiolitis were analyzed from the views of anatomy and development biology?? and the classification changes of adult bronchiolitis were introduced. These content can be used as references for the systematic studies of pediatric bronchiolitis.     

Caring for the health and medical and emotional needs of children of migrants and asylum seekers

Political turmoil, military conflicts and other international sociological upheavals are causing significant immigration of large numbers of people, including infants and children, in Europe. Many of these young migrants are refugees. These youngsters have significant health needs, and medical conditions (such as infectious diseases) and mental health problems due to their previous stressful situations and the difficulties that they often experience while settling, even temporarily, into their new environments. Government authorities must screen for transmissible diseases and ensure that vaccine-preventable infections are adequately covered. Paediatricians must give the best possible care for these children and act as their advocates. This can be enhanced by collaborating with national and international paediatric societies and with international non-government agencies. This problem is not confined to Europe; world-wide, it occurs on a massive scale and causes huge burdens for poorer countries that have serious difficulties in coping with the extra financial, personnel and infrastructure needs imposed by massive, uncontrolled migration of populations that are often unhealthy and inadequately nourished. However, this should not be used as a pretext to deny safe refuge to children and their families who need it.

Conclusion: Massive movements of infant and child immigrants and refugees across European borders over recent years have brought challenges to paediatricians because of the needs for the health and medical and mental health care of these young people. Paediatricians have an important role in their care and by acting, wherever possible, as their advocates. This is a massive problem, world-wide, in which paediatricians can have a potentially significant positive impact.