深圳社区精神分裂症患者症状、生存质量与残疾程度

目的:了解深圳社区精神分裂症患者精神症状、生存质量与精神残疾程度之间的关系。方法:选择深圳市龙岗区慢性病防治院精神科门诊就诊,同时接受"深圳市精神卫生工作信息管理系统"登记管理的社区精神分裂症患者60名,采用阳性与阴性症状量表(PANSS)、世界卫生组织残疾评定量表Ⅱ(WHO-DASⅡ)和世界卫生组织生存质量测定量表简表(WHOQOL-BREF)进行调查。结果:社区精神分裂症患者PANSS总分(47.9±21.4)分;精神残疾程度评分(59.4±19.1)分;生存质量量表中生理领域得分(12.7±1.6)分,心理领域得分(12.5±1.6)分,社会关系领域得分(12.3±2.8)分,环境领域得分(12.6±1.8)分;精神残疾组PANSS总分及其3个分量表得分高于非精神残疾组(P0.001),生存质量量表4个领域得分低于非精神残疾组(P0.001);多元线性逐步回归方程结果显示,患者PANSS总分越高,生存质量量表中社会关系领域和环境领域得分越低(P0.01),精神残疾程度评定得分越高。结论:精神分裂症患者精神症状越高,其社会关系及生存环境质量越低。     

社工介入对社区精神分裂症患者社会适应能力的效果

目的:探讨专业社会工作者介入对康复期社区精神分裂症患者社会适应能力康复效果的影响,为今后社区精神分裂症患者社会适应能力康复和回归社会提供经验。方法:将110例精神分裂症居家康复者随机分为干预组和对照组各55例。对照组只接受常规药物治疗和家庭护理,干预组在此基础上接受专业社工的团体介入服务,每月2次。在干预前及干预的第6个月和第12个月,分别运用阳性和阴性症状量表(PANSS)及世界卫生组织残疾评定量表Ⅱ(WHO-DASⅡ)对服务效果进行评定。结果:研究结束时,干预组有53名完成干预和评估,对照组有50名完成评估。经过专业社工1年的介入,干预组PANSS总分、阳性因子、阴性因子和一般病理得分的分组效应和时间效应的交互作用均有统计学意义(F=274.037,51.623,208.715,129.072;P0.01),干预组WHO-DASⅡ总分、理解与交流、四处走动、自我照料、与他人相处、家务劳动和社会参与得分的分组效应和时间效应的交互作用均有统计学意义(F=155.897,31.802,18.392,21.960,80.810,24.182,121.051;P0.01)。结论:社工介入有利于社区精神分裂症患者社会社会适应能力的恢复,对社区精神分裂症患者康复有积极影响。     

恢复期精神分裂症加用帕罗西汀的社会功能研究

目的探讨利培酮加用小剂量的帕罗西汀对恢复期精神分裂症患者阴性症状、情绪表达、社会功能的影响。方法将71例恢复期精神分裂症患者随机分为干预组(36例)和对照组(35例)。对干预组给予利培酮加用帕罗西汀;对照组单用利陪酮。临床疗效采用阳性与阴性症状量表(PANSS)、个人和社会功能量表(PSP)作为评价指标。结果在加药后12周时,干预组的PANSS总分低于对照组(t=-5.801,P<0.001)。阳性量表分低于对照组(P<0.01);在PSP评分中,干预组的评分大于对照组评分(t=7.08,P<0.001)。组间比较,差异有显著性(P<0.01)。结论利培酮合用帕罗西汀可改善恢复期精神分裂症患者的情绪表达,减轻病耻感、焦虑情绪、增加生活动力,促进患者社会功能的恢复。     

帕利哌酮治疗精神分裂症疗效观察

目的 观察帕利哌酮治疗精神分裂症临床疗效与安全性.方法 选取符合标准的160例住院精神分裂症患者,随机分为帕利哌酮组和利培酮组,治疗12周.于入组时及治疗2,4,6,8,12周采用阳性与阴性症状评定量表(PANSS)和副反应量表(TESS)评定疗效和副反应;SDSS(社会功能缺陷评定量表)评定社会功能状况并进行对比.结...     

帕利哌酮缓释剂与利培酮对精神分裂症患者血浆催乳素及社会功能的影响

目的比较帕利哌酮缓释剂与利培酮对精神分裂症患者血浆催乳素及社会功能的影响。方法对31例用帕利哌酮缓释剂与35例用利培酮治疗的精神分裂症患者分别于治疗前及治疗后8、16、24周末检测血浆催乳素水平,采用个人和社会功能量表(PSP)评定患者的社会功能,以阳性和阴性症状量表(PANSS)、临床疗效总评量表中的病情严重程度(CGI-SI)及锥体外系副反应评定量表(RSESE)评定疗效和不良反应。结果治疗前两组的PANSS、CGI-SI及RSESE、PSP评分及催乳素水平比较无统计学差异;治疗16、24周末两组RSESE评分(t=2.26,2.34;P<0.05)和PSP评分(t=2.10,5.33;P<0.05)差异有统计学意义。结论帕利哌酮缓释剂与利培酮均能引起血浆催乳素水平的升高,但帕利哌酮缓释剂在改善患者社会功能方面优于利培酮,且锥体外系副反应较轻。     

利培酮联用舍曲林治疗精神分裂症阴性症状的研究

目的 探讨利培酮联用舍曲林治疗精神分裂症阴性症状的疗效.方法 将78例以阴性症状为主的精神分裂症患者随机分为合用组(利培酮合并舍曲林40例)与单用组(单用利培酮38例),疗程12周.使用阳性与阴性症状量表(PANSS)和副反应量表(TESS)评定,在治疗前和治疗4、8、12周末各评定1次.结果 治疗12周后合用组有效率...     

利培酮治疗儿童期首发精神分裂症的临床研究

目的 探讨利培酮对儿童期首发精神分裂症的临床疗效和安全性.方法 对60例年龄＜14岁首次发病患儿用利培酮治疗8周,以阳性和阴性症状量表(PANSS)评定临床疗效;以副反应量表(TESS)和实验室监测评价安全性;于基线时,实验第1、2、4、6、8周末分别评定各量表.统计方法为描述性分析和配对t检验.结果 60例患儿基本痊愈20.0%(12/60),显著进步30.0%(18/60),好转30.0%(18/60)和无效20.0%(12/60).PANSS总分及各分量表分治疗前后比较均有显著性差异(P＜0.01),利培酮对阳性、阴性症状以及一般精神病性症状均有良好疗效.无严重不良反应.结论 利培酮能缓解儿童期首发精神分裂症的精神病性症状,疗效好,安全性高.     

残留型精神分裂症患者的社会功能与精神病性症状及认知功能的相关性

目的:探讨残留型精神分裂症患者的社会功能与精神病性症状及认知功能的相关性。方法:对连续入组的181例残留型精神分裂症患者,采用阳性与阴性症状量表(Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale,PANSS)评定患者目前精神状况,个人与社会表现量表(Personal and Social Performance Scale,PSP)评定患者目前社会功能,精神分裂症认知功能成套测验共识版[Measurement and Treatment Research to Improve Cognition in Schizophrenia)MATRICSConsensus Cognitive Battery,MCCB]评定患者目前认知功能。结果:残留型精神分裂症患者总病程越长,精神病性症状越严重,社会功能越差;认知功能中的信息处理速度越快,注意警觉性越高患者的社会功能越好。结论:残留型精神分裂症患者的精神病性症状及认知功能对其社会功能均有极大影响。     

齐拉西酮与利培酮对首发精神分裂症患者生活质量影响的对照研究

目的比较齐拉西酮与利培酮对首发精神分裂症患者生活质量的影响。方法将符合条件的71例首发精神分裂症患者随机给予齐拉西酮和利培酮治疗,用阳性与阴性症状量表(PANSS)评定疗效,副反应量表和相关实验室检查评定副反应,精神分裂症病人生活质量量表评定患者的生活质量。结果治疗后两组患者在PANSS量表减分率相当(χ2=0.40,P>0.05),副反应发生率上无显著差异(χ2=0.40,P>0.05),而齐拉西酮组在改善病人生活质量方面的效果明显高于利培酮组(P<0.01)。结论齐拉西酮在提高精神分裂症患者生活质量方面的效果明显优于利培酮。     

帕利哌酮治疗精神分裂症及其对生活质量的影响

目的探讨帕利哌酮对精神分裂症患者的疗效、安全性和生活质量的影响,为临床应用提供参考。方法将符合CCMD-Ⅲ精神分裂症诊断标准的住院患者99例随机分为:实验组48例给予帕利哌酮缓释片治疗,对照组51例给予齐拉西酮治疗,观察8周。采用阳性与阴性症状量表(PANSS)评定疗效,副反应量表(TESS)和相关实验室检查评定副反应,用生活质量综合评定量表(GQOLI-74)评定生活质量。结果治疗后两组患者各周PANSS比较差异无统计学意义。但实验组锥体外系症状(EPS)、肝功能异常患者明显少于对照组(χ2=4.01,4.99;P0.05),实验组病人社会功能改善、躯体功能恢复明显优于对照组(t=2.08,2.14;P0.05)。结论帕利哌酮在提高精神分裂症患者生活质量方面的效果明显优于齐拉西酮。     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

What will studies of Fulani individuals naturally exposed to malaria teach us about protective immunity to malaria?

There are an estimated over 200 million yearly cases of malaria worldwide. Despite concerted international effort to combat the disease, it still causes approximately half a million deaths every year, the majority of which are young children with Plasmodium falciparum infection in sub-Saharan Africa. Successes are largely attributed to malaria prevention strategies, such as insecticide-treated mosquito nets and indoor spraying, as well as improved access to existing treatments. One important hurdle to new approaches for the treatment and prevention of malaria is our limited understanding of the biology of Plasmodium infection and its complex interaction with the immune system of its human host. Therefore, the elimination of malaria in Africa not only relies on existing tools to reduce malaria burden, but also requires fundamental research to develop innovative approaches. Here, we summarize our discoveries from investigations of ethnic groups of West Africa who have different susceptibility to malaria.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.